فصلنامه مطالعات جامعه شناختی شهری
پیاپی 17 (زمستان 1394)

Nowadays the progress of any society depends on the efficient use of human resources and one of the most important principles in the field of urban management is the attention to citizen's happiness .The present article intends to study the level of and sociological factors affecting happiness among the residents of the city of Kerman who are older-than-18 years old. Social factors included feeling of social security, social capital, social identity, and social anomie. Considering the nature of variables and the relationships among them, the research method is correlational descriptive. Research population consists of all citizens in Kerman who were older than 18years old which numbered 508984 citizens. 384 individuals were selected as the sample through multistage clustering sampling method. OHI was administered where the reliability and validity were reported 0.917 and 0.876 for this researcher-made questionnaire, respectively. Findings indicate that happiness level is in medium level among the respondents. Regression analysis results showed that variables feeling of social security, social capital, social identity, age, and income together could explain 39 per cent of the variance of happiness. Among independent variables, the variable of social security had the highest score. Although other variables were directly and indirectly related to happiness, but they were related to the feeling of social security in complex ways.

Citizenship as a social phenomenon is a central component of modern democratic political systems and a key indicator to demonstrate democracy in a modern society. Citizenship requires a sense of community membership. Cultural and social developments require active citizens and active citizenship requires a sense of citizenship. The present study is an evaluation of the role of social capital and cultural capital in the creation of a sense of citizenship among people in the city of Kashan. The research population consisted of all the residents of Kashan who were 18-year-old and above, of which a sample of 318 individuals was taken. Four dimensions of sense of citizenship were considered: sense of equality of opportunity, sense of distributive justice, sense of equality of participation, and a sense of social identity. The results showed that the average sense of citizenship among Kashani citizens was 2/47 in the range of 1-4. The average for social capital, including trust, cohesion, participation and social knowledge, was 2/98 in the range of 1-5 and for cultural capital, consisting of mental, physical and institutional dimensions; it was 1/88 in the range of 1-5. The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of social capital (p

The process of exclusion / social inclusion of migrants has always been an important factor in the host country`s social order. In the absence of migrant's inclusion in society, these groups will be a threat to social order and security. Therefore, studying the status of their exclusion / inclusion and the factors affecting it, will be influential in the development of better policies related to immigration. For this reason, the exclusion / inclusion of Afghan and Iraqi immigrants living in Isfahan metropolitan area, in relations with access to economic and social opportunities was measured and compared with the native inhabitants of the city. The research population consisted of immigrants and native families residing in Isfahan city. The research method is qualitative- quantitative, the sampling technique is synthetic (theoretical, multistage cluster and purposive) and sample size is 232 family. Lisrel and Spss software were used for data analysis. The results showed that immigrants have less access to resources and experience much more intense social discrimination and social exclusion. The culture of nativism that leads to ethnic`s social discrimination has not disappeared, and foreign immigrants have not been include into the host society. It is suggested that the government must provide economic and educational support for immigrants to prevent potential political and social disorders by outside immigrants.

This paper, utilizing qualitative methodology and detailed morphology, provides a sociological study of the economic structure of Odlajan’s quarter of Tehran as one of the primary historic quarters of Tehran. First, field observations of Odlajan’s quarter were conducted and all conflict-arising and interactive nodes were studied. At the same time, in-depth interviews with various people in the Odlajan’s quarter were performed. These interviews were 27 cases. The duration of field observations was five months (from May 2014 to September 2014). Research findings showed that Odlajan’s quarter is comprised of three main layers that include the core layer, the periphery layer and the Semi-periphery layer. In the core layer, traditional practices are dominant, dilapidated and worn out structures and major warehouses are located in this layer, so much so that we can consider this layer as “Bazaar’s surplus”. In the semi-periphery, economic practices move towards rationalization and modernization and finally, these economic practices are converted to rational practices in periphery layer. In general, as one moves from the core layer to the periphery layer, economic practices are more reasonable and the intensity of dilapidated warehouses and the economic and social problems is reduced

Under the impact of urbanization, a variety of socio-cultural and economic factors influence to change people's lifestyle. Lifestyle preferences of people are demonstrated in their leisure activities, clothing, nutrition, body management, architecture and interior layout of their homes. This study aimed to examine impact of social, cultural and economic factors on the lifestyle of the inhabitants of the villages that have become as a city in Khorasan Razavi Province of khaf and Rushtkhvar. The theoretical framework of the study was based on the ideas of IbnKhaldun, Weber, Veblen, Simmel, Bourdieu, Giddens and Cheney. The research method utilized was survey and data gathering tool was a questionnaire. The research population consisted of all the residents of three centers in the provinces of Khaf and Roshtkhar in horasan Razavi state of which, using a quota sampling technique, 337 individuals were selected as the sample. The results showed that social participation (r=0.116), political and administrative organizations (r=0.013), transportations and communication network (r=0.030), the spirit of individualism (r=0.218), class identity (r=-0.006)' indirect and secondary relationships (r=0.083), (as social factors), cultural and educational facilities (r=0.019), media consumption (r=0.276) and cultural capital (r=0.043) (as cultural factors), and consumerism (r=0.229), shopping (r=0.007), inclination to speculate (r=0.038), the fading of mutual support (r=0.001) , and economic prosperity (r=0.128) (as economic factors) are significantly related to lifestyle.

Adolescents, as the main asset of any society, play an important part in the dynamics, survival, growth and development of its social system. On the other hand, the delinquency of this group can be considered as a serious obstacle in the way of their development and self-actualization. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the structural and social learning factors that are related to the delinquency of the youth in slum areas of the city of Tabriz. The research method used in this study was the survey method. Research population consisted of all 53 866 juveniles who were 14 to 19 years old, of which 320 were selected through purposive sampling. The results showed that juvenile delinquency was not significantly correlated with structural variables of social anomie, social disorganization, age, economic and social status and family structure, but it was significantly related to various dimensions of social learning: positive definitions of religion (R =-0/18), positive definitions of law (R = -0/17), and the chances for achieving positive goals (R = -0/18) reverse, but with neutral definitions of criminal act (301/0 r =), criminal friends (R =0/63), depression (R = 0/14), negative relationships with parents (R = 0/209). The results of the regression analysis showed that of the different dimensions of social learning, delinquency of friends had the greatest impact on juvenile delinquency, and all remaining variables in the model explained 32% of variance of the dependent variable. Furthermore, in structural equation, modeling, it was shown that structural theoretical variables (social anomie and social disorganization) as non-immediate causes of crime can create an atmosphere of social learning and the atmosphere of social learning acts as the immediate cause of crime and deviance.

Nowadays, collective action and new social movements are modern phenomena which have derived from urbanization, the development of economic relations, new values, expectations and new social activities. Confrontation between the government and new social movements is usually manifested in urban areas, and because of government control, can become a protest movement or revolution. These movements are not after major changes in governments and often have limited demands and aim for changes in small institutions of power, lifestyle, environment, social issues. urban spaces have important roles in socio-political life, and play a role as the center of communication and transformation in cities. By providing a different time –space perspective, places like squares and parks, can offer, in a different form, the right atmosphere for the carnival collective actions and demands of the middle classes. Drawing on the ideas of Bakhtin, this article, with a view to Istanbul in 2013 and using the documentary method and direct observation, attempts to study the impact of urban spaces to prepare the perfect platform for the formation of collective action and new social movements, Places like Taksim Square in Istanbul, creates a space to talk, discuss and comment in a free form and open place. By creating a platform for continuous discourses, it is possible to create targeted collective actions and reformative movements and help the development of civil society and political development.