فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی سیاستگذاری عمومی
پیاپی 25 (زمستان 1396)

One of the arguments in justifying the necessity of education is its externalities. A case of these external outcomes appears as improvement of environmental quality or prohibition of natural destruction that benefits all of people. In other words, it is claimed that education leads to the better atmosphere of life and less hazardous environment. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate that idea, with special reference to preservation of forests, and then to provide some evidence. The used method is regression analysis on the basis of documented data sources. Accordingly, a sample including 158 countries throughout the world is used which classified to three sub-samples. The data are related to 2010. Results suggest that enrolment in secondary and higher education in low income countries and enrolment in secondary education in middle income countries have negative impact on deforestation. Therefore, it can be said that education is one of the determinants in lowering deforestation in worldwide.

In this study, the advantages and limitations of implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach given the rules and regulations in Iran are analyzed. As IWRM does not exist at the level of basin in Iran, eventually the legal framework of establishment of IWRM is suggested considering the structural complexities of the water management systems at a national level. Accordingly, establishment of such an approach is generally missing in Iran so that sustainable solutions are obtained for all round development of the country in the area of water. The values of water basin sustainability Index are low while water deficiency index is high in basins. In addition, the environmental degradation of water and soil in basins has resulted in migration of rural people to urban regions. All these factors have contributed to development of a great complexity in the IWRM in Iran. In this study, considering the principles of IWRM establishment across the water basin, proposals and solutions for modifying the rights and rules of the water in basins have been presented. The results indicated that the best solution for solving the problems associated with IWRM is ever increasing interaction between the beneficiaries and the available tools for achieving a sustainable strategy for the IWRM in Iran.
Management; Water Resources; Law; Legal Framework

A serious examination of water and crises related indicates that the past issues arising in water management are rooted in hasty decisions, reliance on non-expert advice and a flawed policy. Lake Urmia crisis is a grave issue which incited many national and international sensitivities and response. To address the crisis, the present study takes a grounded-theory approach and in-depth interview with West Azerbaijan Regional Water and Waste Water Co. Ltd. expert-officials. Purposive sampling helped achieve data saturation by interviewing 6 interviewees. Results concluded several possible causes contributing to the Lake Urmia crisis: absolute absence of land use planning, lending little or no importance to social and environmental impact assessment, legal loopholes on responsibility, commitment, and duties of water stakeholders, and absence of a transparent coordination and administrative procedures among different organizations involved. Lack of education for stakeholders including those in agriculture, lack of alternative cropping system, lack of sustainable livelihoods and subsidies on water are major grounds for crisis, with climate change and illicit practice of deepwater drilling of recent years having played also a role. The crisis has dire consequences for the region’s environment which includes but are not limited to severely shrinking plant and animal ecosystems and declining human habitats in present and the future. The study recommends strategies to prevent and alleviate the effects of crisis: introducing changes into cropping patterns, sealing illegal deepwater drilling wells, and a general policy on restricting public water use as reforms and interventions.

Social movements are considered as a source of transformations in different societies. The global trend of environmental degradation has highlighted the importance of understanding the environmental movements. In this study, we firstly, try to present contextual Characteristics of one of the emerging environmental movements in Iran, secondly to evaluate the level of using different news sources among participants and finally to assess media usage influence on the intensity of participation in the Nature Cleaners movement (NCm). In this vein, we conducted a survey across the Iran in a two months period. We applied both structured interviewing and distributing questionnaires methods to gather data from 261 cases in ten various areas. Our results rejected applying the mass society theory to explain NCm. In addition, the findings demonstrated that online social networks are most used, as well as the most influential news source among other Medias. In the rest of paper, the influence of other kinds of used news sources was evaluated and finally suggestions for the future research were provided.

Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world. It is an increasingly important source of income, employment and wealth in many countries. Tourism can be considered one of the most remarkable socio-economic phenomena of the twentieth century. Economical, cultural, social, and political and security benefits of tourism cause that all the governments use of it. But tourism situation is different among countries. Iran has a lot of tourism attractions but does not success in this industry. This country is one of the first countries that legislated law for tourism development in Middle East and even Asia from 80 year ago. The tourism industry in Iran has affected in the past by politics part. Iran's national documents and laws are one of the factors that can determine tourism situation in Iran. This article surveyed the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the view document of Iran in 2025, the document of the comprehensive scientific map of Iran, the plans of five-annual development (five programs from first to fifth) and law of establishing cultural heritage tourism organization. We used container analysis method. The results show that tourism does not attend in national documents and laws and these documents and laws have reduction view to tourism industry.

Nowadays, good governance known as a successful model for states public affairs. This pattern comprise of indicators such as accountability, rule of law, transparency,participation, etc.. For this reason, by involving of all actors trying to play a role in the communities. In this article 4 Indicator including accountability, rule of law, transparency,participationconsiders as main assumptions of the study and we are trying to identify obstacles to the realization of these indicators in Minoodasht. Therefore, the main research question is:What are the obstacles to the realization of good governance in public affairs? In gathering resources library - survey method is used and research methodology is causal - correlation. The research hypothesis is that administrative integrity is achieved by applying removing barriers the four index including accountability, rule of law, transparency,participation.Information required by field survey and questionnaires collected and using the software spss and valuation variables using the Likert scale were analyzed by Friedman test. The findings of the research indicate that the rankings of accountability indicators respectively2.40, rankings of Rule of Law2.40, rankings of Transparency2.80 ,rankings of Participation 2.81 at the top priority and So Asymp. Sig the result obtained from this test is 0.000, which is less than the significance level of the test (Asymp. Sig = 5). And indicate high barriers to good governance in the city studied and and to address it, it had to prioritize accountability, rule of law, transparency, and participation.

Study of Development Studies suggest that the spread of freedom, the aim and tools for development. In the other hand, type and style of governance is a prerequisite for achieving freedom. But there is some evidence that these relationships do not always exist. However, in this study, using indices of economic freedom, political freedom, the quality of governance and human development in 172 countries for the period 1995 to 2015 it was tried to examine the interactions between some kinds of freedoms and human development which were emphasized by Amartya Sen, using panel data and Dumitrescu -Hurlin causality approach. The results obtained showed that freedom and develop have a very close relationship, and perhaps without improvement in indicators of freedom, achievement to development will be misleading. Based on these results, economic freedom, political freedom, the quality of governance and human development affect each other mutually and have a direct relationship. Also causality results shows that human development and quality of governance are two important pillars in improvement in freedom indices. But political freedom and especially economic freedom, have not been the cause of human development and the quality of governance.

Citizenship refers to a realm of social Life that somehow is related to the State. This research intends to study quality of attitude to the state and governmental organizations among citizenry and influence of it to orientation toward active social citizenship by applying qualitative approach and thematic method. Contributors of this study were chosen with Targeted Sampling Method which contain 26 Single Interviews and 5 Group Interviews in Yazd Province. After coding and extraction, it was obtained that “assuming contrary interests with the state” , “defective and dysfunctional transparence” , “symbolism and generalization Stereotype imagery” and “dissatisfaction and circle discontent” are constituent the main theme named “alienation of the state”. This alienation is linked with “fragile trust toward administrative organization”, “feeling of economic insecurity” and “learned powerlessness”. Under the attitude phase, some action strategies maybe occurred such as “passive spectator”, “actively contrast” and “informal participation”. In this study we have identified ‘institutional trust’ and ‘feeling of economic security’ as the main determinants of orientation toward active social citizenship and so offered some policy suggestions based on regard to its two key factors.

What are anti-corruption policies? This research with its realistic methodology approach tends to determine what outcomes would these policies have, if applied successfully? And how will these outcomes reduce corruption? Studying evidence indicate that the major party of these policies are not active. In Iran, there are 7 anti-corruption policies that each one has its own outcomes and by this way, the corruption is to be reduced. The 7 programs are as follows: Budget Act and Public Account Act(by action logic of Financial control), Privatization(by action logic of Liberating), declaration of assets(by action logic of), public accounts and general inspectorate of Iran ACTs(by action logic of Calculation), the constitution of management and organizational culture(by action logic of responsiveness) ,making them transparency(by action logic of Freedom of Information ), judiciary(by action logic of The trial). In the Privatization, program mechanism is not active because context has fundamental difficulties such as economical freedom.

Collection of institutional inefficiencies and inconveniences are an obstacle to local governments in Iran, one of which is the ruling rentier structure of the country. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the construction of a rentier system in non-developed or developing countries dependent on oil revenues is continually modifying itself. It is crucial to realize the influence of history, beliefs and ideologies created over time on this matter. Consequently, even in the face of the decline in oil revenues and the movement towards the creation of democratic institutions and the significant presence of people at the polls, it can be observed that these institutions become a tool in which expand rentier structure. To understand this, new institutionalism literature is to be used.

The present paper examines the application of the political makeup approach to studying and understanding trends and policies of state development. Obtaining this approach is in response to the lack of an informal and hidden study in development policy studies. In this context, political transactions show that the processes of a state are a way to understand how very similar formal institutions, such as the laws of democracy or the laws that focus on macroeconomic management or trade liberalization, or industrial policy, bring about very different results at different times. They find. Using an analysis of the political arrangement approach can lead to a new understanding of the "motivations of change" in developing countries. This approach helps to better analyze the rival and existing interests of any country where its major developmental changes are facilitated or delayed. It also provides a framework for analyzing how the state and society interact with each other, and what lies behind official government policy. The political arrangement, followed by the elite deal, are the main components of the pattern of stability and stability of the state. The role of the political organization in political arrangement is crucial both in terms of the stability of this arrangement and the direction it takes over time. The analysis and analysis of political makeup shows that the formation of a government is not just a set of technical formulas but also a very political process.

Natural disasters affect lives of millions of people around the world and create economic and social costs. Management of natural disasters can reduce these costs and immune the societies to the crisis. The aim of this study was to compare the disasters management structure of Iran, Japan, India and Turkey. The research method is qualitative comparison. Data was collected from the researches, documents and reports of related organizations.
The findings illustrate differences of common natural disasters, differences of level and focus of the disasters management between the countries studied. The organizations of disaster management in these countries have gained more power over time and in three countries: Turkey, Japan and India are under the highest executive authority but disaster management of Iran is under the ministry of interior affairs. The associated Rules of disaster management over time changed from sectional rules to comprehensive rules and this rules set the tasks and aims of related organizations. The comprehensive crisis management law in Iran was approved later than other countries.

This research is based on James N. Rosenau's hypothesis in foreign policy decision-making who believed that changing political behavior of the governments relies on the total of five variables: the decision maker characteristic, his part and position, government structure, inside the state variable and universal structure variable. The principle speculation of the research is that the Eleventh Government of Iran, under the influence of media and non-media general inner state variables within the systematic model , by changing the delegation and interactive attitudes, and structural shift from National Security Council to the Foreign Ministry, provided the factors for achieving the nuclear deal (JCPOA). In order to be reassured about the after effects of the research, a questionnaire including 14 questions was designed and distributed among some of the political, academic and media experts; these people had the most articles and positive or negative comments on nuclear talks. The experts of the nuclear issues express the effect of each component of the negotiators, institutional movement, interactive policy of the Eleventh Government, and domestic and foreign environments. The analysis and data survey questionnaires confirmed the hypothesis of the research

With the increase of natural and human disasters and their wide-ranging consequences, the need for more resilient communities and governments is felt more and more. This has led to resilience as the greatest national challenge in the present day. The devastating consequences of recent international sanctions on Iran's economy reflect the low resilience of the national economy in dealing with foreign shocks. Hence, the Iranian government is facing more and more challenges to the political, economic and social crises, and will face them in the future. Among the topics of resilience, national resilience has been less researched. This paper aims to examine the theoretical foundations and literature of the existing research on national resilience. In this paper, firstly, glossary and genealogy of resilience have been studied, then researched on the resilience typology of individual, organizational, social and national levels as well as some indicators of national resilience measurements. Finally, there are gaps and weaknesses in the research literature.

Most policy-relevant work on climate change in the social sciences either analyzes costs and benefits of particular policy options against important but often narrow sets of objectives or attempts to explain past successes or failures. We argue that an “applied forward reasoning” approach is better suited for social scientists seeking to address climate change, which we characterize as a “super wicked” problem comprising four key features: time is running out; those who cause the problem also seek to provide a solution; the central authority needed to address it is weak or non-existent; and, partly as a result, policy responses discount the future irrationally. These four features combine to create a policy-making “tragedy” where traditional analytical techniques are ill equipped to identify solutions, even when it is well recognized that actions must take place soon to avoid catastrophic future impacts. To overcome this tragedy, greater attention must be given to the generation of path-dependent policy interventions that can “constrain our future collective selves.