فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 41، پاییز 1395)

Trust is an important factor in development of communities and also an essential element in formation of social capital. Level of trust in society is to some extent under the influence of the level of trust inside the social and cultural institutions, among which education and training office and school at its top has got a prominent importance. Trust is the requisite for the formation of sound relationships at work environment and without trust our actions and behaviors would be fabricated and so will not have the required depth. Therefore, present study aims to evaluate teacher’s level of trust and provide solutions to increase the level of organizational trust. This research is a descriptive survey which is practical in purpose. Population of the study are first grade secondary school teachers of Birjand, out of which 196 teachers ( 109 male and 87 female) were chosen as the sample of the study based on simple random stratified sampling technique. To gather the required data Ruder (2003) organizational trust questionnaire was used. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire have been approved based on expert’s suggestions and ideas. Cronbach alpha of the questionnaire was reported to be 0.88. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software based on descriptive indexes such as mean, variance, and one sample T-test. The findings of the research revealed that institutional trust has the minimum mean score and then comes vertical trust. On the other hand, trust in colleagues has the maximum mean score. At the end, solutions for increasing institutional and vertical trust are suggested.

The issue of designing and selection of an optimal and efficient electoral system has always been a matter of concern and important discussion among experts in the field of electoral geography and officials, and scholars and experts in this field have put forward various theories hereof.
In this regard, in our country (Iran), provincial parliamentary elections plan has been raised at different periods in the parliament nearly two decades, and it has been an arena for confrontation of arguments of proponents and opponents of this project. The designers of this plan, by changing the scope and scale of the current level of city electorates to the province electorates try to achieve goals such as: improving the quality level of Parliament, promoting the culture of partisanship, increasing the participation rate of citizens and political parties in the elections, reduction of electoral violations such as vote buying and Jerry Mandring, reducing violently sectarian and ethnic rivalries and ultimately achieving a more equitable electoral system.
Despite the advantages and benefits cited by proponents, also many disadvantages and shortcomings have been proposed by the opponents that each one is considerable in its place and shows that contrary to good and fair goals, this plan will be followed by numerous negative and sometimes unfair consequences.
This paper, with a descriptive-analytical approach, investigates one aspect of the consequences of this plan on centralization and decentralization in the provinces. Analysis of the findings of this study indicate that despite the claims and goals of designers and proponents, the provincial elections plan will cause the aggravation of centralization at the national and provincial level, isolation of sparsely populated and marginal areas and reduction of participation rate of these areas in election, especially parliamentary elections. Analysis and comparing the weight of the votes of the electorates of South Khorasan province represents egregious predominance of Birjand and Qaenat cities, especially the city of Birjand on other regions and electorates of the province which in case of provincial elections, sharp focus and attention of all candidates on this city and defeat of the other electorates against its high weight, in addition to intensification of centralization, according to the provincial ethnic distribution, will result in tensions.

Amount of study is of utmost importance in the communities because it is considered one of the most important indicators of development. So investigating the factors and components affecting the amount of study have been noticed by researchers in the field. Hence, one of the factors affecting the amount of study is the reading culture. This research was designed to investigate the reading culture of students in Birjand city in terms of gender, parental education and place of residence. This study is a descriptive survey. The statistical population consisted of all male and female students in fifth and sixth grades of Birjand city in academic year of 92-93 which a total of 300 subjects were selected and evaluated as sample from among them based on Morgan table and by random cluster sampling,. The tool used in this study was a researcher-developed questionnaire of reading culture. For data analysis, the independent T-test and variance analysis were used. The results showed that a significant difference was observed in the study of reading culture in terms of gender in aspect of norm, male students compared to female students, were at a higher level. In terms of parental education in aspects of norm and family, statistically significant difference was observed, students with parents with higher education, had higher levels of reading culture. In terms of location in aspect of value a significant difference was observed. Value to reading component was valued at a higher level by downtown students compared to uptown students. According to the results in the study of reading culture by gender, paying attention to the girls’ reading culture is necessary. Also according to the results of the study on the role of parental education in students reading culture, it seems essential to pay attention and hold workshops for this purpose.

Purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of quadruplet aspects of minor order, because of double aspects of conflict between couples, on divorce. Theoretical framework of the research includes mixed theory of Chalaby’ s minor order (taken from Parsonez’ s theory) and Zimel’ s social opposition theory, in which family is considered as a social system and it consists of four minor systems: empathy, consultation, partnership and joint concordance, and based on social conflict theory, in a small group like family, conflict may happen between couples and contexts may be provided for divorce. Methodology of this research contains a survey of cross-sectional, extensive, descriptive-explanatory and practical studies in middle sociology level, because it has studied divorce proceedings in families. The statistical population involves all couples, dwelled in Mashhad city, that one of them (wife or husband) has been martyr’ s offspring in 2006 (according to the Islamic Revolution Martyrs Foundation). Data analyzing was done by LISREL software. The results show that minor order affects conflict variable (quantitative or qualitative conflict) (-0.71), and conflict variable affects divorce proceedings (0.89) as well. The final result is that minor order in family affects divorce proceedings through conflict, and conflict plays the role of mediator.

The ritual of mourning in Moharram month has had special position in social life of Iranian people and it is held in special methods in each part of country regarding to its particular culture and geography. Among the rituals of Moharram is Nakhl handling held in a vast domain of our country. Dorokhsh as a village with a historical value is considered one of the centers of holding this ritual. Because of significant distinctions which exist between the form of Dorokhsh’s Nakhl and other country’s regions and also the method and special rites of Nakhl handling which is performed by precise division of social tasks, this issue was studied. The purpose of the present paper is the description and understanding of Ashura ritual in Dorokhsh and anthropological analysis of this symbolic custom as a part of religious and cultural heritage in the east of the country. The present study attempts to investigate Nakhl handling ritual of Moharram in Dorokhsh using qualitative research method of the kind of field study (ethnography) and applying the technique of interviewing and observation and based on interpretive views of Clifford Geertz.
The findings of the research indicate that ritual and rites of Nakhl handling in Dorokhsh, while maintaining the relationship of individual and society, causes strengthening social coherence, group identity, cultural correlation, strengthening group consciousness and generation communications in this village. On the other hand, it is effective on individual’s worldview and formation of norms in his mind. Among the findings of this research is that this ritual is unique in South Khorasan and despite similarities to Nakhl handling in other regions of the country, it is different in terms of form, appearance of Nakhl, time and method of holding custom from other regions of the country.