فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال دهم شماره 1 (بهار 1397)

The parpose of this study was to Prioritization and compare the effecting factors on creat market demand in the selected sports leagues.the research method used for the study was descriptive – survey and the data needed to track and questionnaire were collected.the survey audience was older than 15 years who have purchased tickets to matches and watch premier league football-volleyball and basketball in the gym where it held the 92-93 season the presence of. Using a random of morgan – class was selected. Inferential statistical analysis of the test fridman and anova was performed. Results indicated that influeneing factors are ranked in order of importance including:home team -Schedule convenience -Opposing team - Game promotion and Economic consideration. Compare five factors affecting market demand selected sport league showed that only the home team there is on significant difference between the three selected league iran with four orther factors are significantly different from each orther

Exposure to air pollution affects central nervous system and leads to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and carbon black exposure on TLR4 and TLR2 mRNA gene expression in the hippocampus of rats. 24 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: A: control, B: exposure to pollution, C: exercise, D: exercise-pollution. B and D groups were exposed to PM10 carbon black for 4 weeks. The D and C groups carried out aerobic exercise program with 50% of their own maximal speed (60 minutes per session) after each session of pollution. The mRNA gene expression of TLR4 and TLR2 were analyzed in hippocampus tissue of rats by Real time – PCR. In order to determine the significance of the effect of exercise and pollution, two-way ANOVA test was used. Carbon black air pollution significantly increased TLR4 (P=0.005) and TLR2 (P=0.033) mRNA gene expression. The exercise had no significant effect on the mRNA gene expression of TLR4 (P=0.137) and TLR2 (P=0.113). The exercise following an exposure to polluted air had no significant effect on mRNA gene expression of TLR4 (P=0.063) and TLR2 (P=0.867) in hippocampus tissue of male rats. Also, the exercise was associated with a significant decrease in body mass in carbon black exposed groups. It seems that aerobic exercise reduces TLR4 and TLR2 in hippocampus tissue of rats after an exposure to polluted air and may be able to moderate the neuroinflammatory effects resulted from pollution.

The aim of this study was to determine the role of employees’ work ethics in effectiveness of managers in Sport and Youth general office in Hamedan province. This study was descriptive correlation. Work Ethic Questionnaire of Gregory, C., Petty and Management Effectiveness Questionnaire of Jeffry et al. were used in this study. The statistical population consisted of all employees of Sport and Youth general office in Hamedan province in 2013 (N=150). Shapiro-Wilk test, Pearson correlation and stepwise regression were used. The findings revealed a direct and significant relationship between employees’ work ethics and 3 out of its 4 comprising factors (dependability, ambition and cooperation) and effectiveness of managers. But no significant relationship was found between consideration and the dependent variable. The results of stepwise regression showed that only dependability factor had the ability to predict the effectiveness of managers (23.6%) and other factors could not predict the variance related to the effectiveness of managers. Managers can predict a high effectiveness for managers in the organization through internalizing the role of ethical factors among the employees, specifically paying attention to the regression coefficient of employees’ dependability in explaining management effectiveness and having employees with such a decent feature.

Today herbal supplements are common to reduce the effects of free radicals. Since thyme is one of the richest sources of antioxidants in traditional medicine, the aim of this study was the effect of thyme drink on total anti-oxidative capacity (TAC) and MDA in young active men after a session of exhaustive exercise. In a quasi-experimental design, 20 young men who met the criteria for inclusion were randomly assigned to two groups: experimental and control. The first group received natural thyme (300 ml daily) for two weeks and the second group received the same amount of a placebo daily. After two weeks, both groups participated in a session of exhaustive exercise and blood samples were evaluated at the beginning and end of the study. Results showed that thyme significant increased TAC in the posttest compared with the pretest (P=0.032). The comparison of placebo group indicated no significant differences in TAC between pretest and posttest (P=0.39). The results showed that the thyme significantly reduced MDA in posttest compared with the pretest (P=0.002). But there were no significant differences in MDA between pretest and posttest in placebo group (P=0.24). According to these results, thyme supplementation can be used to reduce oxidative damages due to intense exercise

The extension of technology and industrialization of communities have changed active lifestyle to a sedentary lifestyle. This inactivity has many negative consequences. Being physically active or having “physical activity” can reduce this inactivity and its side effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of family in institutionalizing physical activity in children. Institutionalization means providing context and circumstances which leads to stability, resistance and prevalence of desired behaviors. The research method was qualitative and exploratory. The statistical population consisted of individuals who had experience in physical activity, sport and institutionalization. The sample was selected by snowball sampling method. 15 subjects were interviewed to reach theatrical saturation. Professors investigated the validity of interviews by a review of form and content of questions and the reliability of interviews was calculated by the retest method and the reliability coefficient of the interviews was calculated as %83. The results revealed that family could play four key and important roles including role modeling, incentive, supporter and coaction in institutionalizing physical activity in children. These important roles can be played by father, mother, sisters and brothers, in other words, members of a family.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short-term pomegranate supplementation on lipid damage and antioxidant capacity following a session of exhaustive exercise in non-athletes. 30 male non-athlete students (mean age: 21.78±1.54 years, weight: 72.29±6.11 kg, height: 178.54±6.97 cm, BMI: 22.25±3.13 kg/m2) were selected as the sample and were randomly assigned to two groups: pomegranate capsules supplement (200 mg daily, one meal a day for 14 days) and placebo. The first blood samples were collected at the baseline before supplementation; the second blood samples were collected after 14 days of supplementation and before Bruce test; the third blood samples were collected after this test. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test (P≤0.05). The results showed that MDA concentration significantly reduced after 14 days in the supplement group in comparison with the control group after the exhaustive exercise (P≤0.001). Also, the total antioxidant capacity index significantly increased after 14 days in the supplement group compared with the control group after the exhaustive exercise (P≤0.001). Therefore, pomegranate capsules supplementation can be used to reduce lipid damage due to severe physical exercise. However, since few studies have been conducted in this area, more research is needed.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived organizational justice dimensions and physical education faculty members’ willingness to participate in teamwork in Tehran city. This ​​study was descriptive and correlation conducted as a filed. The statistical population consisted of all physical education faculty members in Tehran city (N=102). All statistical population was considered as the sample. Nihov and Moorman (1993) Organizational Justice Questionnaire and Alamouti (1997) Teamwork Questionnaire were used to collect data. Their reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient as α=0.84 for Organizational Justice Questionnaire and α=0.86 for Teamwork Questionnaire while their validity was confirmed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normal distribution of data and descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and stepwise regression) were used to analyze data by SPSS software. Results showed that organizational justice (P=0.001, r=0.55), distributive justice (P=0.001, r=0.49), procedural justice (P=0.001, r=0.48) and interactional justice (P=0.001, r=0.46) had a positive and significant relationship with faculty members’ willingness to participate in teamwork. In stepwise regression, distributive justice in the first step and distributive and procedural justice in the second step were recognized as predictors of willingness to participate in teamwork.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ultrasound on the changes in lactate dehydrogenase (DHL), creatine kinase (CK) enzymes, the perception of pain and maximum strength induced by delayed onset muscle soreness in non-athlete girls. 30 non-athlete female students (mean age: 20.95±1.61 years; weight: 55.68±7.58 kg; height: 161.03±4.87 cm and body mass index: 22.35 kg/m2) who had no history of muscular soreness for the last six months volunteered to participate in study. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups (each group 15 subjects): experimental and control. To produce delayed onset muscle soreness, the subjects were asked to stretch their hamstring muscles up to 80% of 1RM in 3 sets, 15 repetitions each set by a special bodybuilder device. One-minute rest was determined between each two sets. The lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, the perception of pain and maximum strength were examined in two steps (before the exercise and 48 hours after the completion of exercise). The dependent and independent t tests were used to analyze the data (P

The aim of this study was to investigate risk management behaviors of managers and coaches in private and public sport clubs in Amol city. This study was applied and of causal - comparative method carried out as a field study. The statistical population consisted of managers and coaches in public and private clubs. All managers (n=94) and coaches (n=120) were selected as the sample and data were collected by a questionnaire. Standard questionnaire of Gray (1991), which was edited in 2004 by Aaron, was used to investigate risk management behaviors. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experienced professors and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha for manager's questionnaire as 0.87 and coache's questionnaire as 0.82. For data analysis, two-variable analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) and student t test in independent groups were used to compare the variables. Results showed no significant difference in the risk management behaviors between viewpoints of managers and coaches in public and private clubs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of indomethacin on improving delayed onset muscle soreness) DOMS(. 20 healthy men were divided into two equal groups: experimental and control. The experimental group received 3 capsules of indomethacin (each capsule 25 mg) and control group received placebo daily. Before and 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the exercise protocol, the variables were measured. After the consumption of indomethacin or placebo capsules for 3 days, the exercise protocol was performed with 85% 1RM in four sets and every set until exhaustion. The analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the results. The results showed a significant reduction in CK and LDH enzyme concentration and pain and inflammation in the indomethacin group compared with the control group. Maximal isotonic force showed lower and significant reduction in the experimental group than the control group. Knee range of motion in the indomethacin group had less inflammation than the control group. It can be said that the consumption of indomethacin during recovery has beneficial effects on improving DOMS.

The aim of the present study was to compare the educational position of physical education course among other subjects from the viewpoints of principals, teachers, parents, and students. The statistical population consisted of all male and female principals and teachers (76 principals and 1537 teachers), and all high school students of Rasht city (20830 subjects) and their parents. The sample consisted of all principals, 310 teachers, 400 students (177 boys and 223 girls) and their parents (400 subjects). A researcher-made questionnaire (25 items) was used which compared different educational positions of this subject with other school subjects of first to third grades. Content and face validity was approved by 12 academic professors, 20 supervisors of different educational groups and experienced teachers; the reliability was also approved by Cronbach Alpha method (r=0.77 to r=0.82). To test the research hypotheses, Friedman test, Wilcoxon test, U Mann Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. The results showed a significant difference between the position of physical education subject and other school subjects from the viewpoints of students, parents, principals, and teachers. Also, boys attached higher priority to physical education than girls.

Controlling and preventing most diseases and reducing medical expenses is considered as one of the economic benefits of sport industry. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 3 months of regular exercise on the medical expenses of type 2 diabetic patients. In this semi-experimental and descriptive-correlation study, a questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability of 0.72 was distributed among the subjects in 2 steps. The statistical population consisted of 110 women with type 2 diabetes in Bonab city and 52 women were selected as the sample in two groups: control and exercise. To test the hypotheses, paired and independent t tests at significance level of 0.05 were used. The findings showed that regular exercise had an effect on direct and indirect medical expenses and reduced these expenses and there was a significant difference between direct and indirect expenses before and after the exercise. Therefore, it can be concluded that 3 months of regular exercise improved quality of life in type 2 diabetes patients and affected the economy of family and government health through influencing and significantly reducing direct and indirect medical expenses.