فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال هشتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1395)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance-resistance training on serum changes of homocysteine, interleukin-6, and IL-10 in men with heart disease. For this purpose, 38 patients who referred to medical cardiovascular centers of Shahin Shahr city were selected by convenience sampling method. The patients had undergone bypass surgery or angioplasty balloon. Patients filled out a demographic questionnaire and necessary tests were conducted to determine their risk factors. Before and after the training, anthropometric indexes (weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and subcutaneous fat in three regions) were measured and blood tests for IL-6, IL-10, homocysteine and walk test for 6 min. (to determine physical capacity) were carried out. The training protocol lasted 24 sessions, 3 days a week, one hour each session. Results showed that the rehabilitation program significantly reduced homocysteine and inflammatory cytokines. Overall, the present study showed that a rehabilitation program with concurrent resistanceendurance training can be a suitable method to improve functional capacity in patients with heart disease given the specific effect of each type of training.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaching competency and satisfaction of volleyball and judo players of North Khorasan province. The method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population comprised of volleyball and judo players of North Khorasan province. Due to a limitation in population, the statistical sample was equal to statistical population (n=N). So, 153 subjects (48 judo players and 105 volleyball players) completed a demographic questionnaire, Athletes’ Perceptions of Coaching Competency (APCC II–HST) of Myers et al. (2010) and Athlete Satisfaction of Riemer & Chelladurai (1998) questionnaires. The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by constructive comments of sport management professors, coaches and players and their reliability was determined by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as 0.954 and 0.953 respectively. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov – Smirnov test (K–S test), Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariable regression and independent t test) (α≤0.05). The results of this study indicated that coaching competency correlated with athlete satisfaction positively and significantly (r=0.710, P=0.001). Also, coaching competency predicted athlete satisfaction and there was a significant difference in coaching competency by type of sport field. These results emphasize the necessity to pay attention to athletes’ perceptions and evaluations in coache's training programs especially in individual sports and highlight the importance of selecting competent coaches for more athletes’ satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inhaling peppermint essence on respiratory capacity and aerobic performance in female basketball players. The participants were 12 female basketball players (mean age 22. 5 yr) who were tested based on cross-sectional design in two phases of placebo and peppermint essence intervention. After 30 minutes of inhalation in placebo phase, the first respiratory capacity test was conducted. YIRT2 test was performed and then the second respiratory capacity test was carried out. After one week, all of the above steps were repeated with a replacement of peppermint essential instead of placebo. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV) and FVC/FEV ratio were measured by a spirometer. SPSS software was used to analyze data. The results showed that peppermint essential inhalation increased respiratory capacity and aerobic performance, but no statistical significant changes were observed which may be due to factors such as the intensity and duration of exercise or the amount of the essence inhaled in this study .

Sport successes and failures in international competitions affect national pride of citizens but this relationship has been scientifically studied to a lesser extent. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of success of Iran national football team in advancing to World Cup on national pride of citizens. Research method was longitudinal survey conducted in two stages. The population consisted of citizens aged between 18 and 60 in Yasouj city. 320 subjects were selected as the sample using random multi-stage sampling method. National Pride Questionnaire (ISSP) was used to collect data. Its psychometric properties had been studied in Iran. The results showed that national pride of citizens significantly increased after the success of Iran national football team. This increase was not significant in 'national pride in specific achievement' dimension but it was significant in 'general national pride' dimension. It can be concluded that national pride, as one of the essentials in Iran, can be improved by an investment in sport and planning for Iran national team's success in important international competitions.

The aim of this study was to compare the response of some salivary inflammatory markers including interferon gamma (IFN-) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in men with different ages following an exhaustive exercise with hand and leg ergometer. 36 healthy men in three age groups of children (12.7± 1.7 yr), middle-aged (34.3± 4.9 yr) and elderly (55±2.1 yr) performed two types of leg and arm ergometer protocols to exhaustion. Initial intensity of leg ergometer was 50 watt and arm ergometer was 25 watt. 25 watts were added to both protocols every 2 minutes. Salivary markers were measured before and immediately after both protocols. The data were analyzed by dependent t test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. Both protocols significantly increased the values of the IFN- and IL-6 in all three groups, but no significant differences were observed in the values of these markers in arm and leg exercises among the groups. When groups were compared in arm exercises, the amounts of IFN- in middle-aged and elderly groups showed a greater increase than children group, but there was no significant difference in values of IL-6 among the groups. Also, while comparing the groups in the leg exercises, no significant differences were observed in levels of IFN- and IL-6. Given these results, it can be noted that increased salivary cytokines of IL-6 and IFN- following exhaustive exercise, particularly in the elderly and children groups, may be a defensive mechanism against exercise-induced stress.

In the marketing of professional sport clubs, loyal fans are a source of income and the main component of success of sport clubs. So, this study aimed at examining brand association model from viewpoints of fans of Iran football premier league (11th league). The study was descriptive – survey and an applied research. The study population consisted of fans of Iran football premier league. 617 fans filled out a brand association questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that three dimensions of brand association influenced fan's brand loyalty; 'attitudes of brand association' was the most effective dimension. 'Benefit's and 'attribute's dimensions were placed in the second and third ranks respectively. In addition, strong interactional effects among the three dimensions of brand association were observed in the obtained model.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of omega- 3 supplementation including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) along with a period of selected aerobic activity on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inflammatory marker in trained female students for 6 weeks. For this purpose, 32 female students of physical education in Alzahra University (mean age 22.5.2 yr and body mass index 21.59.2 kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: control, supplementation, exercise and supplementation with exercise. PGE2 was measured as the dependent variable at the beginning and the end of the study. Data were analyzed using paired t test, one-way ANOVA and Gabriel test. All tests were significant at 0.05. The results showed a significant difference in PGE2 between the control and exercise groups (P=0.035) and between control and supplementation exercise groups (P=0.0001) while there were no significant differences between control and supplementation groups and between supplementation exercise and exercise groups. According to these findings, serum level of PGE2 in supplementation, exercise and supplementation exercise groups (P

Today, human resources are the first priority in organizational entrepreneurship throughout the country. This paper studied the relationship between psychological empowerment dimensions (decision making, professional growth, status, autonomy, influence and self-efficacy) and entrepreneurship. This study was descriptive correlation. The population consisted of all employees of Sport and Youth general office in Ilam city in 2013 (N=75) who they were selected by census sampling method. Empowerment Questionnaire of Shert and Reinhardt (1992) with a reliability of 0.86, 6 subscales and 18 items was used to measure empowerment and Aghayee's Questionnaire with 0.96 reliability and 30 items was used to measure organizational entrepreneurship. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between psychological empowerment and demographic factors of employees and their entrepreneurship. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that self-efficacy variable and status variable had the ability to predict organizational entrepreneurship respectively. Thus, psychological empowerment must be considered as one of the predisposing factors for organizational entrepreneurship.

This study was conducted to explore and compare official websites of professional football clubs of Europe, Asia and Iran with regard to providing contents and interaction with fans using official websites of clubs and their online marketing. For this purpose, official websites of all clubs participating in the final stages of UEFA Champions League (16 teams), AFC Champions League (16 teams), and Iran Premier League (18 teams) were examined. A researcher-made questionnaire was used in this study and its validity was approved by sport management experts and professors. The results showed that Iranian clubs websites offered the lowest online services (mean 26.90 out of 100) and had the lowest score of interaction with fans (14.89 out of 100) and the lowest online marketing and selling their products and services (mean 8.19 out of 100). The results of one-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference in the official websites of football clubs between Iran and Asia and Europe leagues in all three elements of online marketing, media content and interaction with fans.

Change in adipose tissue phenotype caused by exercise training is a new theory manifested as the result of muscle FNDC5 gene expression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on PGC-1α and FNDC5 gene expression of diabetic male rats. In this study, 18 diabetic male rats (12 weeks old, weight 220-240 gr) were divided into three groups: immediately after aerobic exercise (AE0) (n=6), 2 hours after aerobic exercise (AE2) (n=6) and control (C) (n=5). Both aerobic exercise (AE) groups exercised on the treadmill with 60-65% VO2max for 40 minutes. Real time PCR method was used to examine the mRNA relative expression of FNDC5 and PGC-1α genes of muscle tissue. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze data at significance level of 0.05. Data analysis showed a significant difference in PGC-1α gene expression among the groups (P≤0.01.) Tukey test showed that PGC-1α gene expression significantly increased in the immediately after aerobic exercise (AE0) group compared to the control group (P≤0.01). However, there were no significant differences in FNDC5 gene expression among the groups (P>0.01). Therefore, the results of this study showed that despite PGC-1α expression, aerobic exercise has no effects on the FNDC5 gene expression in diabetic male rats.