فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1395)

The aim of this study was to identify barriers facing mechanical ticketing in Iran football premier league. A descriptive-survey research method was used. A questionnaire was administered; its face validity was confirmed by professors and content validity by exploratory factor analysis. Using Cronbach's alpha, reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed ( α=89%). Statistical sample equaled the whole population consisting of 34 authorities of the Football Federation, current managers in the premier league clubs and some university professors of sport management related to the research topic. The data were analyzed using the exploratory factor analysis (with Varimax rotation) and Kolmogorov-Smirnoff and U Mann Whitney tests. The results of factor analysis showed that obstacles facing mechanical ticketing could be categorized into seven factors: ticket pricing, promotion and advancement of sales, tournament venue, current rules and regulations, management, education and awareness, and economic status.

The most important mitochondrial biogenesis regulator is PGC-1α that is a cell receptor and facilitates the mitochondrial protein release, while VEGF is the most important growth factor involved in this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on the expression of PGC-1α and VEGF genes in male healthy rat's myocardial muscle by fundamental experimental method. 12 male Wistar rats (mean weight 180±20 gr and age 8 weeks) were divided into control (n=6) and exercise (n=6) groups. The exercise group had 30 minutes of running on a treadmill with an intensity of 50-60 VO2max for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week while the control group had ran on the treadmill for 15 minutes with 2 m/min. speed. On the day after the last session, rats were dissected and the samples were transferred to the laboratory to extract RNA. To investigate the expression of PGC1 and VEGF genes, SYBER Green Real-time PCR technique was used. REST software (version 2009) was used to determine the relative expression of exercise group relative to the control group (P˂0.05). The expressions of PGC-1α and VEGF genes were 0.97 and 0.85 in exercise group relative to the control group (not statistically significant, P=0.95 and P=0.63 respectively). The results indicated the insignificant change in the expression of PGC-1α and VEGF genes in myocardial muscle following 8 weeks of aerobic exercise.

The aim of this study was to investigate the hurdles of sport sponsorship of companies in the province of North Khorasan. The research method was descriptive survey. The statistical population consisted of 106 managing directors, marketing managers, financial managers and directors of sport departments from 54 production, service and commercial large companies in the province of North Khorasan who had the ability of sport sponsorship. The statistical sample was equal to the statistical population and 84 questionnaires were used. The data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire in a 5-point Likert scale; its validity was confirmed by 15 sport management experts and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability (r=0.79). To measure construct validity and determine the factors, exploratory factor analysis with a Varimax rotation was used. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and LSD post hoc test were used to test the hypotheses (P≤0.05.). According to the factor analysis, 24 items were classified into three categories. The results showed a significant difference among 3 hurdles of sport sponsorship (management-advertising, economic-social and communication-environmental). With the interaction of the government, companies and sport clubs, it is suggested that necessary facilities should be provided to encourage companies and to decrease the effect of hurdles. Also, advertising factors such as desirable image of sponsor companies should be used to improve sponsorship.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interactional effect of omega-3 and progressive aerobic training on the levels of apelin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in obese inactive women. 60 subjects were divided into four groups (each group 15 subjects): exercise, exercise-omega, omega and control. The exercise and exercise-omega groups performed progressive aerobic training for 12 weeks. The training started from six 3-minute repetitions and ended to thirteen 3-minute repetitions in intervals. A 1-2-minute rest was assigned based on subject's physical condition and ended to 1 minute in the last 4 weeks. The exercise-omega and omega groups took 7 omega-3 capsules every week while exercise and control groups took placebo during the same period. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the study. The results of one-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated the significant effect of progressive aerobic training and omega-3 supplementation on the decrease of (P≤0.05) apelin levels and HOMA-IR in experimental groups compared with the control group. Decreasing fat mass and inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors, progressive aerobic training combined with omega-3 supplementation may reduce more apelin and HOMA-IR in obese inactive women.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between work ethics and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in physical education teachers of Semnan province. The research method was descriptive-correlation. The sample consisted of 141 Semnan physical education teachers who were selected by stratified sampling method. To collect the data, Occupational Work Ethics Inventory (OWEI) and Organizational Citizenship Behavior questionnaire (OCBQ) were used. A panel of experts examined the questionnaires and confirmed content and face validity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaires (α=0.80 for OWEI & α=0.76 for OCBQ). For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient, two- and multivariate regression were used at significance level (α≤0.05). The results indicated a significant and positive relationship between teacher's work ethics and OCB (r=0.65) and work ethics explained 42% of variance of OCB. Although all four dimensions of work ethics had a positive and significant relationship with OCB, only “cooperation” and “dependability” were OCB predictors and accounted for 49% and 25% of OCB. Generally, work ethics is an important and predictive factor of OCB in physical education teachers.

The effect of plants containing phenols and antioxidants along with resistance training on diabetes, atherosclerosis and lipid disorders has always been concerned. The aim of this study was to determine the interactional effect of resistance training and coriandrum sativum extract consumption on apolipoprotein A and lipid profile in male diabetic rats. The present experimental study was conducted on 40 male diabetic rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1-resistance training, 2-resistance training- extract, 3-extract and 4-control. Diabetes was induced by STZ injection (55 mg/kg of body weight of mice); then, they performed resistance training on a ladder for 6 weeks (5 days a week with an intensity of 30-100% of body weight) and coriandrum sativum extract (150 mg/kg of body weight daily) was consumed orally. After 6 weeks of training, serum levels of the APO-A1, LDL, HDL, TC and TG were measured. The results showed that resistance training and coriandrum sativum extract insignificantly increased APO-A1 in experimental groups. Serum HDL significantly increased and LDL and TC levels decreased in experimental groups (P

This aim of this study was to prioritize and examine the relationship between coache's leadership styles and athletic identity subscales in players of handball super league in Iran. The statistical population was equal to the sample including all the players playing in handball super league (n=144). The Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS) by Chelladurai and Saleh (1980) with 5 behavioral modes and athletic identity questionnaire (AIMS Plus) of Cieslak (2004) with 5 subscales of identity (reliability of 93% and 89% respectively) were used to collect data. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman correlation coefficient, variance analysis with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test and Friedman test with SPSS software were used (P≤0.05). The results showed that education and training style (3.59±0.68 M±SD) was mostly used and democratic style (2.94±0.84 M±SD) had the least application by coaches. Likewise, positive influence subscale had the highest and monopolizing had lowest mean scores in athletic identity scale. The results of correlation was significant and positive only in the relationship between coache's education and training style and player's athletic identity in handball super league (r: 0.23). According to these findings, it seems that Coaches can take essential measures to maintain player's strong athletic identity through an awareness of suitable behavioral aspects during training and education.

The aim of this study was to examine the supporting effect of vitamin C supplement on changes of liver injury biomarkers stemming from exhaustive and endurance swimming training in serum of male Wistar rats. 36 male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were randomly divided into six groups: 1- exhaustive (EX), 2- exhaustive with VC (EX), 3-endurance (EN), 4-endurance with VC (EN), 5-control (C), and 6- control with VC (C). Endurance groups swam for 1 hour while exhaustive groups swam for 3 hours each session, 5 sessions per week for 10 weeks. VC supplement (100 mg/kg) started one week before starting the training protocol, and continued to the end of the 10th week. To estimate the indexes (ALT, AST, ATP), blood samples were collected from vena cava. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey test (α˂0.05). Results showed that levels of ALT significantly decreased in EX (P=0.02) and EN groups (P=0.005) compared with EX group. Levels of AST reduced in EN group in comparison with C (P=0.03) and and EX groups (P=0.04). Also, levels of ALP reduced in EN group in comparison with EX group (P=0.03). Therefore, vitamin C supplement reduced liver injury in training groups especially endurance training group.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and burnout of physical education teachers. The research method was descriptive – correlation and the population consisted of all physical education teachers in the Semnan province. According to Morgan Table, 148 teachers (77 males and 71 females) were selected through cluster random sampling method as the sample. Participants completed the Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (Badie et al., 2010) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) (Maslach et al., 1996). 141 completed questionnaires were examined. The results showed a significant reverse relationship between spiritual intelligence and burnout (P0.05).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of isometric exercises with different pressures of blood flow restriction on EMG changes. 10 male healthy university students (mean age: 25.8±0.33 yr, height: 176.6±1.67 cm, weight: 75.2±2.1 kg) who had a history of resistance exercises voluntarily participated in this study. Firstly, subject's ankle blood pressure was determined by color Doppler ultrasound and a sonography specialist. Then, in the exercise sessions with blood flow restriction, similar amount of pressure was applied to the highest point of the thigh of subject's dominant legs by the cuff to occlude blood flow. The study protocol consisted of six 10-sec. isometric contractions; participants had 60 seconds of rest between every two sets. The protocol was repeated in every 4 sessions conducted with 0, 70, 100 and 130% of systolic pressure. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality of the data and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used to detect significant changes in iEMG among the 4 sessions. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant differences between sessions of 100 and 130 of systolic pressure in iEMG (P>0.05), But a significant difference was observed among other sessions in iEMG (P

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of repetitive sprint training in hypoxia and normoxia conditions on swimming record of female elite swimmers. The subjects included 30 female elite swimmers who were randomly divided into 3 groups (each group 10 subjects): 2 experimental groups (hypoxia and) and one control group. Training protocol was administered to both experimental groups for 8 weeks, 2 sessions per week with swimming ergometer and 3 sessions in the swimming pool. The protocol was designed for both experimental groups with similar intensity and duration (nine 30-sec. attempts at the intensity of 80% of maximum performance with two minutes of rest) on swimming ergometer. Hypoxia group performed the training in hypoxia condition with %14 of Fio2. The control group had only 5 session of regular swimming in the pool. Results were analyzed using ANOVA at P≤0.05. The results showed that 8 weeks of repeated sprint training improved 100 m swimming record (P=0.013) and 200 m swimming record (P=0.009) in hypoxic condition compared with normoxia condition.