نشریه رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 25 (پاییز 1395)

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two methods of practice for emerging motor flexibility in basketball free throw. For this purpose, 12 students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were selected and randomly divided into two groups (constant and variable). After a pre- test, participants practiced the aforementioned skill. At each trial, the variable group should randomly throw the ball over an obstacle with different height but the obstacle's height was fixed for constant group. After 7 consecutive days of practice participants performed two transfer tests that one of them was similar to the conditions of constant group and the other one was similar to the conditions of variable group. Also, these tests were repeated after a week. The results showed that participant's performance had a significance improvement during acquisition period. But the results did not show a significance difference between groups in immediate and late transfer tests. It seems that practice with different kinds of a skill don’t has an advantage for emerging flexibility in movement.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of aerobic versus Pilates training on cognitive function of elderly females. A total of 54 elderly females were randomly divided into aerobic (mean age= 67.78±4.85 years), Pilates (mean age= 66.50±5.49 years) and control (mean age= 68.58±6.27 years) groups. The experimental groups exercised for 12 weeks, three sessions per week, 60 minutes per session. The participants of the control group were required not to participate in any organized physical activity and just were asked to do their normal and regular daily activities. To assess cognitive function, we used Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). We used one way ANOVA for data analysis via SPSS software version 16. Results showed that both Pilates and aerobic training resulted in improving preservative errors (a cognitive item which forms concepts and helps to create cognitive flexibility) of elderly females (P

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of skill level and predictability of conditionson taekwondo players’ timing. Twenty-three elite taekwondo players attending the camp of the national team and twenty-three none elite taekwondo players from the gyms of Tehran were chosen respectively at convenience and random sampling method. Practitioners were examined in psychology laboratory of Tarbiat Modarres University. They were asked to perform a computerized version of timing task in predictable and non-predictable conditions. Data were analyzed by MANOVA test. Results indicated significant differences between elite and non elite taekwondo players’ timing, not only in predictable and non-predictable conditions, but also in different intervals of predictable condition (significant level for predictable conditions’interval and non-predictable condition are respectively including: P=0.0001, P=0.019, P=0.005).Thus we can say that taekwondo players with better timing, have better performance in motor skills and react to stimulus needed time prediction. So timing can be accounted as perceptual- motor skills in selecting elite taekwondo players.

The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of dual task, single task, and combined task on older adults’ gait, with or without the experience of falling. For this purpose, we have chosen 120 volunteers in Babol in the 60- 80 age range. The participants were divided into different groups by random. These groups were inclusive of two controlled groups, two practical groups assigned to single task, two practical groups assigned to dual task, and two groups assigned to combined task. To evaluate the quality of gait in older adults, we have applied the ‘Timed up and go test (TUG)’. After pre- examining participants according to the task to which their groups were assigned, they also participated in single task, dual task, and combined task exercises. After about two months, samples participated in TUG again. Single task and dual task condition were used for the entire participant. Mix ANOVA test shows that the effect of interference and the effect of Interference interactive on groups under both test conditions of single task and dual task exercises were meaningful but the difference between these two after the test was not meaningful. Probably, the increase in cognitive and physical ability is the key reason for a better quality of gait.

The purpose of this study was to determine validity, reliability of the Persian shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international in People with Multiple Sclerosis. In this regard and to confirm the construct validity of the Persian shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international, 170 (95 male and 75 female) people with Multiple Sclerosis by Convenience Sampling and then completed the Persian shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international. The first, with use of translation-back translation methods, face validity and translate accuracy of Persian version of questionnaires were confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of questionnaire, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency of questionnaire, and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to study temporal reliability of items and percentile points were used for normalization. Fit index (RMSEA = 0.067, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 0.99), internal consistency (0.94) and temporal reliability (0.83),This finding indicates good validity and reliability of the Persian Persian shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international. Therefore, The Persian shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international (FES-I) can be characterized as a tool to study and evaluate the fear of falling of Iranian people with Multiple Sclerosis will benefit.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different type of second stimulus (simple, discrimination, choice) in difference time interval on the first stimulus reaction time in the psychology refractory period paradigm. 36 girl students with 21 age average (18-24) were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to three experimental groups with 12 subjects: simple, discrimination and choice. For each group, there were five measurement phases based on the time interval between two stimulus (50,100,200,400, 1000 ms). The data have been analyzed with repeated measure and mixed factorial analysis of variance including factors as time intervals and groups. Results showed that in the first stimuli reaction time, the main effect of group (F2, 33=15.40, P=0.001), the main effect of different time interval (F3, 93=16.79, P=0.001) and the interaction between group and time interval (F5, 93=2.42, P=0.03) was significant. In the second stimuli reaction time, the main effect of group (F2, 33=12.040, P=0.001) was significant; the main effect of different time interval (F3, 100=2.57, P=0.05) and the interaction between group and time interval (F3, 100=1.63, P=0.05) was not significant. Findings showed that the second stimulus type also interval between two stimuli not only affect significantly the second stimuli reaction time delay but also the first stimuli reaction time.

The purpose of the following research was the comparison of the exercise effect concerning in phase and anti-phase coordinated movements in executed by arms and legs. A number of 12 female students of the Farhangian University of Isfahan were randomly selected by virtue of their age 22±5 without any background in rhythmic sports what so ever. Then, in a six-month chronological span, according to holding practical training under supervision of hip-hop instructor, they were all to drill the exercises based on research. The participants were present at the sessions three times a week during the period of six months every attendance was considered as a level of skill. Using motion analyzer machine, performance of four chosen exercises of in phase and anti-phase were filmed by seven cameras. All the data were processed by programming, using Mat Lab software and the variable error of the participants were specified. Afterwards, using ANOVA with repeated measure the data analysis was at the level of (P=0.005). The results indicate meaningful difference between variable error of performance which will be enforced firmer in their levels than the former level. Studying of interactive effect of the pattern, levels and limbs showed that the variable error of anti-phase movement was more significant from variable error of in phase movement in each level and both limbs. Over all, the results proofed that exercise will improve the in phase and anti-phase movement model performance in hands and legs at the same level.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of physical and observational practices on electromyography features of active muscles in high badminton serve. 30 nonathletic girl students (age 18 – 24 years) randomly assigned to tree physical, observational and combination groups after pre-test. Surface electromyography was done from biceps, triceps and middle part of the deltoid, in the observational group during and in all groups before and after 4 sessions practice. A mixed model of variance analysis was used to analyze data. There was significant decrease between pre and posttest in activity time, mean and peak normalized activity of biceps and deltoid muscles. At neurophysiology point of view, observation will activate a mirror mechanism that leads to facilitation of movement for imitating act.