مجله مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 41 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1396)

This study aims to recognize and ultimately prioritize barriers to the privatization of soccer industry in Iran using the integrated approach of multi-criteria analysis and Coplands; this investigation is also based on the opinions of experts and informing sport policy makers about strengths and weaknesses of the privatization of soccer industry in Iran as well as the barriers to do so. This research is a survey-based study and it follows a practical application. The data was quantitatively collected using a research-made questionnaire. After confirming the content validity of the questionnaire by the opinions of 10 experts in the field of sport management. Both descriptive and inferential data analyses were conducted. In this study, barriers to the privatization of soccer industry in Iran were initially identified and then ranked using various models of multi-attribute decision making (MADM). As the results obtained from the above-mentioned models did not conform to each other in some cases, an integrated model called Copland approach was used to reach a general consensus in ranking obstacles to the privatization of soccer clubs in Iran. Ranking results obtained from Copland technique revealed that the three main barriers to the privatization of soccer industry in Iran are lack of proper planning for privatization, lack of television broadcasting right for soccer industry in Iran and lack of appropriate infrastructure for privatization of soccer industry in this country, respectively. Therefore, paying attention to the existing obstacles can be very useful in the realization of soccer industry privatization in Iran.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effectiveness model of sponsoring in Iran Football Pro-League. The research method was descriptive-survey. Data were collected by field method and via a researcher-made questionnaire. 515 spectators (by Cochran Formula) of Iran Football Pro-League participated in study. The questionnaire reliability and validity investigated by experts’ opinion, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Cronbach Alpha Test and confirmed. Data analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling. Testing of conceptual model showed that, by some corrections, proposed model approved. Result showed that sponsoring in pro-league increased product awareness, improved sponsor image, enhanced social responsibility and increased intention to purchase from sponsor. Product awareness, sponsor image, and social responsibility affected intention to purchase positively and, negative behavior and ambush marketing affected intention to purchase negatively. In general, sponsoring in Iran Football Pro-League affected purpose population opinion positively and is effectiveness.

The current study aimed to prioritize and rank factors affecting famous athletes’ endorsement of sports products from customers’ points of view. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female and male customers in Shiraz buying Majid’s products endorsed by Ali Karimi. Considering the uncertain size of the statistical population, we determined the size of the sample through Cochran formula (N=185). Data collection instrument was Braunstein & Zhang’s endorsement questionnaire (2005), face and content validity of which were already verified by Rasuli et al. (2014) and its reliability was measured using Cronbach alpha (α=0.927). To analyze data, we employed descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation as well as inferential statistics like confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL, factor analysis-Varimax rotation and Friedman test. The results showed that among all components, likeable personality had the greatest importance with a load factor of 0.906 and components such as professional trustworthiness, source attractiveness, character style and the star power with a load factor of 0.705 had the least importance. Thus, identifying factors affecting customers’ purchase intention through athletic endorsement is of paramount importance for industrial organizations’ managers and athletes in order to invest and focus on them to attract more customers.

This study was to identify and compare the barriers of donors’ participation in construction and development of sporting venues in Kerman’s. It’s a survey research and the statistical population includes 180 subjects from donors of Kerman , 118 of whom were studied by available sampling and 100 perfect questionnaires were evaluated in the final analysis. Morgan table was employed . Face and content questionnaires validity was obtained by interviewing university experts and some of donors. To determine the structure validity exploratory factor analysis was employed. Internal reliability was studied and confirmed through Cronbach’s Alpha (α=0.91). Descriptive and inferential statistics (exploratory factor analysis , on-sample t-test and repeated measure) and SPSS software were used for data analysis. Results showed that all of the studied factors preventing donors’ participation was as follow in order of importance: legal-administrative barriers , economic and socio-cultural barriers and self sport related barriers.

The purpose of this research is to study and explanation the ARMA model import of sports goods in over 20 years. This is the practical purpose of research and analytic- documental in kind of type. For modeling of sporting goods imports time series data of the Central Bank and customs of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the years 1391- 1371 were used. Auto regression integrated moving average model of the research group investigated and eventually model ARMA was chosen as the optimum model for the final importing sporting goods. The results showed that all coefficients of autocorrelation lag is significant in (AR) and moving average (MA). 91% of sporting goods imports explained by changes in the autoregressive variables. The imports variable was stationary, which means that it entering any shock or government policies that change the import, will be in the short term and the change is not permanent and with the passage long periods shock effect gradually vanished and imports return as well as the period of time before its shock. Therefore, the adoption of fiscal and monetary policy will not work on Iran's import of sporting goods.

This study assessed entrepreneurial attitudes of women managers in sports clubs of Tehran province (22 regions). This research includes identifying and evaluating of attitude and prioritizes characteristics of entrepreneurship among women managers and provides them the solution. Study population included all sports club managers are women in Tehran in 1390, & according to Statistics Department of Sport ministry in Tehran province are the 550 clubs. The numbers of subjects was 116 persons & were randomly chosen. Data collection instrument in this study is the standard questionnaire. To measure five factors of personal characteristics are important in entrepreneurship deals. That include: risk, locus of control, seeking success, tolerance of ambiguity, creativity under three sub-domains (dreaming, clearness of thought and pragmatism) and some items related to the success around seeking a new operating name of the challenges were seeking. Statistical method used in this study included descriptive and inferential. The inferential statistics, single-sample t test, & Friedman test for testing the research hypotheses. The results of this study showed those women’s sports clubs in Tehran managers with entrepreneurial attitude are classified based on the priorities between these features had the highest internal locus of control and had the challenge of seeking the lowest rating. The significant difference between entrepreneurial attitude sports clubs managers and managers of public private sports clubs was seen too.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of business intelligence through innovation and brand success on the financial performance of private sport clubs in Rasht. This is a descriptive - survey research. Due to limited statistical population, the sample size was equal to population (total number) were considered (N=n=49). To analyze the data and relationships between variables, Smart PLS 2 software was used. Findings show business Intelligence respectively had effect on financial performance of private clubs. Business Intelligence also had significant effect on innovation, but it had no significant effect on success of brand. Innovation, also respectively had significant effect on success of brand and financial performance. Success of brand also had on financial performance. Based on these finding, although business intelligence has the ability to predict financial performance, but understanding of this mechanism and achievement of financial performance, needs to pay attention to performance of innovation system and efficacy of brand management.

The Purpose of this research study was to Construction and Validation a competency scale for sport coaches. For this purpose, 300 coaches were chosen by purposive sampling and completed the sport coaches’ competencies researcher-made questionnaire. The method applied in this research was descriptive – correlation. The content and face validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by expert university panel and confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of questionnaire. Based on exploratory factor analysis by varimax rotation, 29 items placed in 7 factors, total variance of these factors explained %68.64 variance of sport coaches’ competencies, also the results of research showed that first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’ alpha coefficient supported 7-factor and 29-item structure of the questionnaire, and confirm construct validity, internal consistency and temporal reliability. The findings of the study provide important insights into the competencies required by sport coaches. The findings of this study can be implemented to develop training programs for sport coaches and develop performance appraisal tools.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version work ability index and its relationship with the physical fitness indicators among employees in Kermanshah in 868 (250 females, 618 males) were selected through multi-stage sampling method. The research instrument consisted of questionnaire and physical fitness tests. Questionnaire validity was determined via content validity, convergent and divergent validity and exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were utilized to test the factor structure. Internal consistency was determined Cronbach’s alpha. Finally, the data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression model
The principal component analysis with varimax rotation identified two factors subjective health related work ability) 41.86% of the variance) and ill- health related work ability (19.47% of the variance) in the index construct. Results convergent validity showed high correlation between questions of ability to work, and intraclass coefficient correlation 0.72-0.81 also was high. Mean WAI index score was higher among employees with low absenteeism (40.46 points) than among those with high absenteeism (32.04 points). Reliability of the index with Cronbach’s alpha 0.74 was acceptable. Goodness-of-fit indices of second-order factor analysis confirmed the tow extracted factors and two-factor model had a superior fit compared to the one-dimensional model. Finally multiple linear regression showed physical fitness tests were predictor factors for the work ability among employees. In conclusion, Persian version of the Work Ability Index showed satisfactory psychometric properties among employees.

The purpose of this research is investigation of effect of the relationship marketing on relationship quality with the spectators of Iran women's volleyball professional league. The Research method was corelational research that it was performed field research. Therefore, 306 persons were selected randomly as the sample of research among all the spectators older than 14 years. Research instrument was standard questionnaire. Theirs validity and reliability were confirmed. In order to analysis the research data were used descriptive statistics and structural equity model by LISREL 8.80 and SPSS 22 softwares. In the proposed model, relationship marketing plays a role in explaining the relationship quality at a rate of 74% (0/862). In addition, social benefits with the highest load factor (0/65) is most important dimension in relationship marketing, and trust with the highest load factor (0/69) is most important dimension in relationship quality. This results can ensure to the Iranian Volleyball Federation and sports clubs that to create a sustainable competitive advantage to increase the relationship quality with spectators by use of social benefits and structural bonds. The other consideration suggestions are Holding regular and consistent volleyball leagues, the use of modern communication tools and socialization, Improve the interaction with the spectators by staff and also, Special attention to the needs and demands of spectators to enhancing relationship quality with their.

The purpose of this study was the relationship between coaching behavior with group cohesion and collective efficacy of women players in Iranian hockey pro – league. The research method is descriptive – survey. The statistical population was including of hockey women's Players of the sixth Premier League (130 people). 90 players were voluntarily participated in the study and finally 70 questionnaires were correctly analyzed. We used to (CBQ) Martin and Barnes Questionnaire (1999), (GEQ) Caron et al Questionnaire (1985) and (CEQ) and Fletz and Lirch Questionnaire (1998). Validity was approved from viewpoint of sport management specialist (10 people) and their reliability also with Cronbach's alpha in order 0/81, 0/83, 0/85 was approved. Descriptive statistics (mean Standard deviation) and inferential statistics (k-s, multiple regressions) were used. There is a significant positive relationship between coaching behaviors (Reinforcement, contingency technical training, General technical training, organizing) with group cohesion. And there is a significant negative relationship between coaching behaviors (punitive technical education, punishment) with group cohesion Also there is a significant positive relationship between coaching behaviors (Mistake contingency technical education, general Encouragement, General technical training, Reinforcement, public relations, Keeping control) with collective efficacy. And there is a significant negative relationship between coaching behaviors (Mistake contingency Encouragement and Organizing) with collective efficacy . Also there is a significant positive relationship between collective efficacies with group cohesion. Then, it's concluding that Women hockey coaches to improve of group cohesion and collective efficacy to operate Coaching behaviors mentioned in your team.