نشریه ورزش و علوم زیست حرکتی
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 11، بهار و تابستان1393)

Endurance activities induce cardiac hypertrophy; also it was observed the hdac4 gene expression rate in skeletal muscle is affected by endurance activities. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on cardiac expression of HDAC4. For this purpose، 14 rats under controlled conditions (temperature، light/dark (12:12) cycle، with ad Libitum access to food and water) were housed and randomly was divided into control and Experimental groups، the experimental group performed 14-weeks endurance exercise on motorized treadmill، and then 48 hours after the end of the last session were anesthetized as sacrificed. The left ventricle of the heart was removed. Real time RT-PCR method was used to determine of expression levels of hdac4 gene، and the obtained data were evaluated using t-test. The results showed the mean of left ventricle hdac4 gene expression was higher in experimental group significantly (P=. 002) than control group. It appears differences in the type of left ventricle Hypertrophy is Due to difference in response of HDAC4 factor.

Background and The use of antioxidant supplements is vital for reduction of damaging effects of free radicals after acute exercises. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the impact of jujube fruit consumption on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in young women after a single bout of the intense resistance exercise. Eighteen young non-athletes female were randomly divided into two equal groups including jujube fruit consumption+intensive resistance exercise and intensive resistance exercise groups. The first group received jujube daily 0/4 g/kg of body weight for 3 weeks. Both groups carried out a session of intensive resistance exercise consisted of 5 movements at 90% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Blood samples were measured in three phases included baseline, after 3 weeks of the jujube consumption, and after the resistance exercise session. TAC and MDA were measured using Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), respectively. For extraction of results the repeated measures ANOVA and LSD tests were applied at a significance level of p≤ 0/05. In intensive resistance group, TAC significantly decreased (p<0/02), but in the jujube+intense resistance group it is observed a significant increases in the TAC (p<0/03) after a 3-weeks of jujube consumption, which had accompanied with absence of significant changes (p<0/11) in this parameter immediately after exercise session. On the other hand, the MDA did not change significantly (p>0/05) in both groups in different phases on study which indicator of non-influencing of jujube consumption and intensive resistance session on this parameter. Jujube fruit consumption before performing of intensive resistance training can be a suitable stimulus for strengthen of antioxidant system and control of damaging effects of free radicals following resistance exercises.

The aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of unilateral and bilateral squats performing (post-activation potentiation) on vertical jump performance and EMG activity of the selected muscles in athlete men during a vertical jumping. The subjects were 20 trained athlete men (10 volleyball players, 10 basketball players) with the characteristics of age: 20/94± 2/56 years, weight: 74/64± 6/72 kg, height: 180± 6/55 cm) that voluntary participate in this study. the subjects performed each of the three protocols: 1. Common warm up (the running on the treadmill with the speed of 9 km/h in 5 minutes and stretch movements on 3 minutes), 2. warm up and 1 set with two repetitions of dynamic bilateral half-squat with 90% 1RM, 3. warm up and 1 set with two repetitions of dynamic unilateral half-squat with 90% 1RM in three different days and randomized condition. in 5 minutes of recovery from each protocol, subjects were examined with the vertical jump test, and EMG activity of quadriceps and hamstring muscles were recorded in concentric phases of the jumping and during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). the RMS/MVC index was derived from muscle's EMG signals. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to data analysis. The vertical jumping height have significantly improved after the second and third protocols (post-activation potentiation) compared to common traditional warm up (P= 0/043, 0/018 respectively), but no significant differences was found among the quadriceps and hamstring muscles electrical activity in three different conditions (P≥0/05). The specific warm up method via using unilateral or bilateral half-squat probably can improve the athlete's subsequent vertical jumping performance. these changes are related to intramuscular variations.

interleukin-18, and C-Reactive protein (CRP) are two Cardio - Vascular risk factors that have been raised in recent years and independently show the risk of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of eight weeks roping on IL-18 and C-reactive protein in overweight and obese adolescents. This is a semi experimental study in which Thirty overweight or obese adolescents willing to cooperate voluntarily were randomly divided in two groups: experimental group (15 people, height 165.28 cm, weight 83.02 kg, age 13.73 years old and BMI 31.046) and control group (15 people, height 164.54 cm, weight 83.02 kg, age 13.93 years and BMI 30.404). Then, the experimental group was influenced by increasing roping exercise program which consisted of 8 sessions per week. While the control group received no intervention but were just followed. Variables including weight, body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI), VO2max were measured in both groups before and after exercises. Blood samples were collected in two stages, 48 hours before and after exercise to measure leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and levels of IL-18, CRP levels. Paired t-test was used for intergroup comparisons and two way variance analysis was used for comparison between two groups. All statistical calculations were performed by SPSS software version 19. After eight weeks roping in within groups comparison the variables weight (P=0.001), BMI (P=0.001), percent body fat (P=0.001), IL-18 (P=0.001) and CRP (P=0.001) were significantly decreased but in between groups comparison with variance analysis the variables weight (P=0.501), BMI (P=0.257), percent body fat (P=0.068), had an insignificant decrease, IL-18 (p=0.001) and CRP (p=0.001) significantly decreased and V02max (P=0.009) significantly increased. Based on these results, roping exercise reduced IL-18 and decreased inflammation in overweight and obese adolescents, so it would be possible and useful to perform this exercise to prevent and reduce atherosclerosis in obese adolescents.

Cortisol and BDNF are two factors that affect the human brain neurogenesis. The purpose of this study was to comparison the effect of two exhaustive aerobic and anaerobic physical activity on serum BDNF and cortisol levels and their relationship together in active men. 16 active students divided into two groups randomly. Tests used in this study consisted of Cunningham and Faulkner test for anaerobic group and Astrand test for aerobic group. blood sample was taken before and immediately after exhaustion. T-test results showed that both acute exhaustive anaerobic and aerobic exercise increases significantly BDNF level (P<0/05). Also, Serum cortisol levels following Implementation of aerobic and anaerobic exercise to exhaustion decreased significantly (P<0/05) and increased non significantly (P>0/05), respectively. There was no significant correlation between cortisol and BDNF levels in the two groups. Likewise, independent samples t-test showed no significantly different between aerobic and anaerobic groups in BDNF and COR levels. The present results indicate exhaustive aerobic and anaerobic exercise had significant and positive impact on serum BDNF. Due to the lack of correlation between these two factors can be stated that probably run acute aerobic and anaerobic activity is not increased COR to the extent that suppresses BDNF levels in active individuals, therefore is not a threat to the health of the nervous system.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training and methadone as an alternative to morphine on serum levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-17. Twenty four male Wistar rats (220 ± 10 g) were divided into four groups of Addicted Control (AC), Addicted Trained (AT), Addicted Methadone (AM) and Addicted Methadone Trained (AMT). All groups were made addicted with morphine sulfate 0.4mg/mL (in 21 days). To ensure their dependence on morphine, Naloxone (3mg/kg, i.p.) was injected into a number of the rats. Methadone hydrochloride powder was added to the drinking water AM and AMT groups. AT and AMT groups were made run on treadmill for 8 weeks. Running time and speed gradually increased. Both prior to the exercises and 24 hours after the last training session, blood samples were collected from all the animals and the IFN-γ and IL-17 serum levels were measured using the ELISA method. Serum levels of interferon-gamma increased in the AMT group compared with AM (P<0.001) and serum levels of IL-17 showed a significant decrease (P<0.01). Also, a significant increase in serum levels of interferon-gamma (P<0.01) and a significant decrease in the levels of IL-17 (P<0.001) was observed in the AT compared with AMT. Endurance training caused increased interferon-gamma and decreased interleukin-17 in the active groups compared with the sedentary groups, and it had a greater effect on these cytokines during withdrawal. Therefore, this type of exercise can improve the function of the immune system during withdrawal syndrome.

It suggested that cytokines or other peptides that are produced, expressed and released by muscle fibres (usually during contraction) and exert endocrine effects should be classified as myokines. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction. Therefore, it is likely that myokines may contribute in the mediation of the health benefits of exercise. Our aim was to investigate effect of intensive resistance exercise training on protein expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α myokines in skeletal muscle in rats with diabetes. Rats were divided into control, training, streptozotocin induced diabetic and diabetic training groups. Training groups performed for Resistance training consisted of climbing a 1 m ladder with increasing weight added to the tail. Protein expression of myokines in FHL skeletal muscle measured by ELIZA method. The results of this study indicate that training and diabetes interaction was significant for IL-6 in FHL muscle (P<0.05). Also, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-1β levels were increased by diabetes, but not changed by training. Discussion and In conclusion, we found that in diabetic rats, resistance training decreased muscle IL-6 levels, and preserved FHL muscle mass. It is probably increased inflammatory cytokines in skeletal muscle with resistance training is a mechanism for skeletal muscle adaptation.