مجله پژوهش در نشخوار کنندگان
سال ششم شماره 4 (زمستان 1397)

Improved efficiency in the use of animal feed is important. The use of algae extract (Tasco) in domestic animal feeding improves digestibility of the diet and consequently increases production and profitability. This feedstuff is used as a source of vitamins to increase economic longevity of livestock, and the use of this substance plays a role in reducing the effects of heat stress. Ascophyllum nodosum is an algae that has several uses, including increasing the digestibility of fibrous materials. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of using an extract of Ascophyllum nodosum algae (with Tasco brand) on feed digestibility and finishing performance of buffalo calves. Fifteen buffalo calves (262±18 kg) were allocated to three treatments as a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were including 1- basal diet without supplement (control diet), 2- basal diet supplemented with 1% Tasco, and 3- basal diet supplemented with 2% Tasco. Dry matter intake and ort was recorded daily and live weight each fifteenth days. The average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and feed performance were calculated. The digestibility of feed nutrients were measured by total feces collection method. The average feed intake of the whole period of experiment in control and treatment containing 1% Tasco was highest and lowest amount, respectively. The treatment containing 1% Tasco had the highest final weight and weight gain from day 0.0 to 75 and 30 to 60 of the experiment (P<0.05). In comparison to control, feed conversion ratio in treat contains 1 and 2% Tasco was improved about 21 and 25%. The treatment containing 1% Tasco showed the most suitable feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). In comparison to control, supplementation of diets with Tasco, significantly increased the intake and digestibility of NDF (P<0.05). The digestibility of crude protein and NDF was increased linearly with increasing amount of Tasco in the diet (P<0.05), compared with control the most percentage was belonged to treat containing 2% of Tasco. According to the results of present experiment, using Tasco had beneficial effects on performance and digestibility of nutrients in finishing buffaloes and for performance diet containing 1% compared to 2% Tasco and control diet had the best results. Therefore, it may be beneficial to use Tasco especially in finishing livestocks. According to the results of present experiment, using Tasco had beneficial effects on performance and digestibility of nutrients in finishing buffaloes and for performance diet containing 1% compared to 2% Tasco and control diet had the best results. Therefore, it may be beneficial to use Tasco especially in finishing livestocks.

Compensatory growth is usually considered as an integral part of studies on feed restriction and there is little information about ruminant’s fattening performance under continuous long term feed restriction (throughout all fattening period), especially in high concentrate diets. The aims of this study were, therefore, to evaluate the effects of quantitative feed restriction on growth performance, serum metabolites concentration, diet chemical components digestibility and the weights of offal components in male Sanjabi lambs. This study was conducted based on a completely randomized design, including three treatments and seven replicates using 21 male Sanjabi lambs (90±9 days old; 29.5±3.25 kg). Experimental diet was formulated based on NRC (2007) recommendations. After weaning, lambs were randomly distributed between 3 treatments. Treatments were: 1) ad libitum consumption of diet throughout the fattening period (control); 2) restricted feeding at 90 % of ad libitum intake, and 3) restricted feeding at 80 % of ad libitum intake throughout the fattening period. The amount of feed consumption for each lamb was recorded daily and body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded and calculated triweekly. To Blood samples were collected from jugular vein at days 1, 42 and 84 to measurement serum metabolites concentration. The digestibility of diet’s chemical components was determined using acid-insoluble ash marker. Upon completion of the 84-day recording period, 4 lambs from each treatment were slaughtered and weights of noncarcass components and carcass percentage were measured. Average daily weight gain decreased significantly and in a linear manner by reduction in feed intake level (P<0.01) and feed conversion ratio did not affect by feed restriction. Body and empty body weights, hot carcass weight and weights of head, fat tail, kidneys, omental fat and empty gastrointestinal tract reduced significantly by 20% reducing in feed consumption comparison to lambs in control group (P<0.05). With the exception of significant decrease in serum insulin and glucose concentrations (P<0.05), feed restriction had no significant effect on concentration of other measured blood serum metabolites including total protein, creatinine, urea, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids and also thyroxine and triiodothyronine hormones. Digestibility of dry matter and other diet chemical ingredients, regardless significant reduce in ether extract digestibility (P<0.05), were not affected by restricting feed consumption. Results showed that slight feed restriction caused downfall in fattening male lambs growth performance. Thus, restriction the feed offered to fattening lambs during the total fattening period is not recommended.

Inbreeding is the increase in homozygosity of offspring resulted from mating between related animals or animals that have common ancestors. The main effect of inbreeding is decline in performance of inbred animals known as inbreeding depression. The magnitude of inbreeding depression is not the same across the various traits and population. Recent studies revealed that inbreeding depression also shows variation among founders within a population. Variability of inbreeding depression arises when distribution of deleterious recessive alleles among founders are not equal. Furthermore, the detrimental effects of inbreeding can be reduced if deleterious recessive alleles were removed (purged) by selection against homozygotes in earlier generations. Estimating the partial and ancestral inbreeding coefficients makes it possible to assess the balance of distribution of recessive alleles among founders and incidence of purging of deleterious alleles in population. The objective of this study was to estimate wright inbreeding, partial inbreeding, Ballou ancestral inbreeding and Kalinowski ancestral inbreeding coefficients in the breeding flock of Karakul sheep. In this study the pedigree file of the breeding flock of Karakul sheep containing 7477 pedigree records collected during 1989-2014 was used to estimate wright inbreeding, partial inbreeding and ancestral inbreeding coefficients of animals. Pedigree completeness index was calculated to evaluate the quality of pedigree. Animals that born in the last 4 years of the pedigree with pedigree completeness index of greater than 0.6 was considered as a reference population to decomposition of the inbreeding to partial inbreeding arises from founders. Ballou ancestral inbreeding of all animals was estimated. Also, inbreeding coefficients of animals were decomposed to the New and Kalinowski ancestral inbreeding. The mean of wright inbreeding coefficients of animals in all population and reference population were 0.85 and 1.36, respectively. A total of 108 of 280 founder animals (38%) have a positive contribution to the inbreeding of the reference population. Mean and standard deviation of the partial inbreeding coefficients of these 108 animals were 5.19 and 7.37%, respectively. The 10 and 25 founders contributing the most to inbreeding explained a large part of the inbreeding of the reference population (i.e., 42 and 66%, respectively). Mean Ballou ancestral inbreeding of the whole and reference population were 1.17 and 2.12, respectively. Most of the animals in the population have positive Ballou ancestral inbreeding. Kalinowski ancestral inbreeding of animals was low and its mean was 0.07% in the population. Ancestral inbreeding in this population was in accordance with Ballou definition of ancestral inbreeding. Correlation of wright inbreeding coefficient with Ballou ancestral inbreeding, Kalinowski ancestral inbreeding and New inbreeding coefficients was 0.1, 0.37 and 0.99, respectively. Based on the results of this study, Ballou ancestral inbreeding coefficients of animals in this flock has increasing trend which can lead to purging of deleterious alleles in this population. Therefore, for assessing the incidence of purging of deleterious alleles in this population, estimating of the effects of ancestral inbreeding on reproductive and production traits are suggested. Also, the estimated partial inbreeding coefficients of animals can be used to determine the contribution of each founder to observed inbreeding depression. On the other hand, estimated partial inbreeding coefficients can help to detect founders that carry the deleterious alleles. Then, these information could be used in mating programs so that new born lambs have a less partial inbreeding arises from carrier animals or those animals which have greater contribution to inbreeding depression.

Generally, the causes of mastitis classified into two types of infectious factores ( eg Staphylococcus aureus ) and environmental factors such as ( Escherichia coli ). The common method to treat this disease is to use antibiotics Which can cause problems related to human health. the Peptides created in the laboratory or In living organisms from incomplete digestion of proteins and have a specific biological function called bioactive peptides. Casein contains antibacterial peptides called israchidine, Which by destroying the cell membrane or mitochondria membrane, It causes the destruction of bacterial cells. The purpose of this study, was to identify the protein and bioactive anti-bacterial peptides of alpha-s1 casein in eight different species of mammals and Comparison of the antibacterial properties of these peptides in these eight species of mammals against two major bacteria producing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. first, genomic and protein data for eight different species of mammals ( cattle , sheep , camels, horses , humans , ewes and pigs ) was collected from the National Center for Bioinformatics Information Center ( NCBI ) And then, The prediction of bioactive peptide alpha s1 casein and its three-dimensional structure was done with the help of the online software ACCLUSTERServer, I-TASSER and Galaxy WEB. In order to evaluate protein and peptide stability under dynamic conditions ( intracellular conditions ), 3Drefine and YASARA software were used. Finally, the simulation of the interaction ( docking ) of alpha-s1 casein and the bioactive peptides of israchidine with mastitis producing bacteria inside the cell was done using ClusPro 2.0 software online. Bioinformatics analysis on The molecular interaction of this protein and its bioactive peptides in eight different species of mammals with surface proteins in the membrane of two major mastitis producing bacteria shows that milk " sheep and pig " has the highest performance in destroying Staphylococcus bacteria , " Human and ewes "also have the best performance against Escherichia coli and prevent mastitis ( mastitis ). Therefore, it seems that israchidine peptides can be used as natural factors and antibiotic substitute materials to reduce the destructive effects of mastitis on human health through the possibility of transferring resistant bacterial strains to antibiotics from livestock to humans and also increase the quality of milk consumed ( reducing the number of body cells in milk , increasing milk production and less damage to Mustache ).

Reproductive traits in sheep are the most important traits affecting profitability. These traits have categorical nature, but in practice the continuous distribution of traits is analyzed. In addition, to have true and accurate pedigree records, applying the appropriate model for analyzing the characteristics of high precision in the estimation of genetic parameters will be evaluated.Accurate prediction of animals breeding values is one of the best tools available to maximize the response to a selection program. Development of effective genetic evaluation and improvement programs requires knowledge of the genetic parameters for these economically important production traits. many studies, LS is analyzed by linear models, and the variance components are obtained by REML methods. Compared to linear models, non-linear models have disadvantages in goodness of fit or predictivty and they are time consuming in computation, which might be prohibitive for routine calculations The main objective of this study was to obtain effects of genetic estimates of reproductive traits in Makooei sheep using repeatability linear and threshold models that are necessary to develop an efficient selection strategy for improvement of reproduction. For this purpose, were estimated using linear and threshold univariate animal model on the data of 4319 records of 1629 ewes, collected during 1996 to 2014 in rearing and improvement of Makooei sheep for conception rate, number of lambs born, number of lambs alive at weaning, number of lambs born per ewe exposed and number of lambs born per ewe exposed traits. The model was included fixed effects (year and age of ewe) and random effects additive genetic of ewe, permanent environmental of ewe and residual. The overall mean of traits were as 0.93 for conception rate, 1.16 for number of lambs born, 0.98, for number of lambs alive at weaning, 1.07 for number of lambs born per ewe exposed and 0.91 for number of lambs born per ewe exposed. The heritability coefficient of traits were estimated as 0.05, 0.11, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.04 respectively, resulted from linear analysis and 0.12, 0.20, 0.15, 0.18 and 0.10 respectively, resulted from threshold analysis. The estimation of repeatability coefficient of traits were as 0.09, 0.16, 0.18, 0.15 and 0.12 respectively, for linear analysis and 0.48, 0.51, 0.34, 0.50 and 0.41 respectively for threshold analysis. The results of this study showed that, using threshold models for analyzing reproductive traits in genetic evaluations, comparison with linear models, caused relatively increasing genetic parameters and accuracy of evaluations.

Numerous investigations with dairy cow supported the positive effects of live yeast supplementation on productive efficiency, which were mainly linked to the improved efficiency of rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion. live yeast supplementation has positive effects on reproduction performance with increase of feed intake in high ambient temperature. Recent findings are also revealing the immunomodulating effect of yeast culture in dairy cows, which is possibly linked to the improved energy status as well as the interaction between yeast components in the gut that contributes to the activation of the immune response. The objectives were to determine effects of feeding a live yeast culture as a probiotic on the productive performance, feed intake and some blood metabolic profiles of dairy cows under the hot months of summer. The study was implemented 85 days (from June to September 2017) at the FKA Agri-Animal Production Co (Isfahan, Iran). Two groups of 6 periparturient Holstein cows were fed a diet without or with 4 g yeast/d/head (15*109 CFU/g) starting 21 d prepartum through 8 wk postpartum to investigate the changes of blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate and Urea-N. Blood was collected on d −14, 0, 14, 28, and 60 d relative to parturition. Diets were mixed twice daily in prepartum and three dailies in postpartum and offered as a TMR. Weekly milk samples were obtained from each cow from 3 consecutive milking (08:00, 16:00, and 00:00), and individual milk weights were recorded at each milking for each cow using a Waikato MKV milk meters (Inter Ag, Hamilton, New Zealand). Relative to control, cows receiving yeast culture had higher milk yield, milk fat content, and milk solids content. Prepartum DMI was greater in yeast-fed cows than those receiving no yeast but postpartum no significant effect in two groups. None of the blood metabolites analyzed were affected with yeast supplementation, However, a significant day of sampling was found in all blood metabolites assayed, which is indicative of the considerable alterations in metabolic status of dairy cows around the time of calving. In treatment group percentage of glucose increase and BUN decrease. Yeast supplementation of dairy cows during the high ambient temperature improved lactation performance. Overall, it appears that Probiotics would beneficially improve the blood concentrations of glucose and reduction of BUN in day 60 postpartum (on DFS day). To put into and pay attention to positive results of probiotics to milk production, reproduction, immune function and etc. they are useful in ration of dairy cows in all the sessions to make the peak of generation into the minimum condition.

Precise prediction of milk yield is essential for management and modeling of farmer’s income in analysis of cost-benefit. Such that, accurate prediction of future records can decrease recording time. Early estimation of bull breeding value using partly records of parity can lower generation interval and increase selection intensity and genetic progress. Linear model is the most commonly used modeling method in research on different field of science. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is based on artificial intelligent that uses working principles of human brain. Ease of application and power to model complex functions and relationships is factor of wide use of Artificial Neural Network. Revolutionized use of artificial neural network modeling in different aspects of science in the last two decades, is indication of successful application of this powerful technique to solve wide range of problems in different scientific issues. Therefore, object of current research is prediction milk yield of different parity milk production of dairy cattle using production of first recorded parity and artificial neural networks modeling. Furthermore, results of artificial neural network model compared with linear model. In current research, two sequential records of 2460 dairy cattle of a herd were investigated. Pedigree of used data set contained 2517 individuals. Data divided into two sub data of training and testing, to fitting Artificial Neural Network model. Artificial Network model learned the relationship between output and inputs of training data set. Adequacy parameters of the model investigated using model predicted outputs of testing data set and original outputs of the data. Network structure with the beast adequacy parameters were used for Artificial Neural Network model. Finally, linear model was fitted and compared with artificial neural network model. The best structure of Neural Network had 8 inputs, 4 neuron at first hidden layer, 2 neuron at second hidden layer and output of milk production that inputs were breeding value of average milk yield of first recorded parity, parity, sire group, age at first registered parturition, number of records for each parity and mean, minimum and maximum of recorded days in milk for each parity. The used artificial neural network model, predicted the parity milk production with RMSE and R2 of 7.94 and 0.625, respectively. R2 and RMSE of considered linear model was 0.39 and 26.63, respectively. The applied model of artificial neural network appropriately predicted the subsequent parity production using precedent parity data. This research indicated that use of artificial network model can be beneficial for decreasing recording period for dairy cattle genetic evaluation specially in sire evaluation and will decrease generation interval. The results showed that incomplete data can be used for genetic evaluation using artificial neural network model. Comparison of the results with past reports indicated that use of effective inputs for milk production can increase accuracy and precision of the ANN model.

Degradation in rumen often results in wastage of dietary proteins, particularly in productive ruminants. For this purpose, protection of proteins is essential for productive animals, where the protein requirement of these animals cannot be met from microbial protein synthesis. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of green tea waste extract on ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of soybean meal dry matter and crude protein. For extraction from green tea waste, a solvent was prepared with a ratio of 10 ml of methanol, 10 ml of ethanol and 80 ml of distilled water per 100 ml. The soybean meal treated at 0 (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent of dry matter with this extract. Ruminal degradability of dry matter and crude protein determined using two Taleshi bulls by nylon bag method in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours. Intestinal digestibility measured In vitro. Treatment decreased the amount of dry matter (DM) degradability of soybean meal in all incubation times (P<0.05). Crude protein (CP) degradability of processing treatments by 5% and 10% extract were not different significantly in comparison to control group (P>0.05) but 15% and 20% extract significantly reduced CP degradability related to control (P<0.05). Rapidly degraded fraction (a) of DM degradability of soybean meal in treatments processing with 15% and 20% extract, significantly decreased related to control (P < 0.05). Fraction of CP degradability significantly reduced by processing in all treated group related to control (P<0.05). Slowly degraded fraction (b) and potential degradability (a+b) of DM in 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% extract treatments significantly decreased related to control (P<0.05). b fraction of CP degradability in control, 5% and 10% extract treatments had no significant difference, but 15% and 20% level of extract significantly decreased this fraction related to control (P<0.05). Constant rate of degradability of DM and CP were not different between treatments. Effective degradability of DM and CP (in 2%, 5% and 8% out flow rates) significantly reduced by treatment (P<0.05). Intestinal digestibility of DM was significantly higher in soybean meal treated with 5 and 10% extract than other treatments, but 20% extract significantly reduced it (P<0.05). In addition, intestinal digestibility of CP was significantly higher in soybean meal treated with 5% and 10% extract than other treatments, but 20% extract significantly reduced it (P<0.05). Soybean meal treatment by green tea waste extract can decrease its ruminal degradability. According to results from DM and CP intestinal digestibility, 5% and 10% levels of green tea waste extract improved soybean meal intestinal absorption and can use for protein protection against ruminal degradability.