فصلنامه حقوق پزشکی
پیاپی 40 (بهار 1396)

Non-Governmental Organizations are non-profit and non-dependent to the Governmental Organizations and can participate at all levels of society activities such as Health issues. One of the international NGOs is International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) that is active on health and especially on prevention of HIV/AIDS. The survey has been implemented by independent variable on IPPF activities and dependent variable on Human Rights. The main objective is to study the role of IPPF in promotion health aspects of Human Rights by prevention of HIV/AIDS. The survey follow up the subject (what is the main role of IPPF in promoting health aspects of human rights). Survey method is data gathering by questionnaire distributed between 161 member associations of IPPF, the sample size is 65 that questionnaires has been filled out by CEOs, volunteers, program managers and stakeholders of Member Associations . The methods are Delphi and 0/9 Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis are upon presumption indicators by Statistic and in addition of calculating distribution of frequencies tables, percentages and indicators of averages and variances. According the result of this survey indicates that Non–Governmental Organizations and especially International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) has a main role in promotion of human rights on health issue by prevention of HIV/AIDS.
Please cite this article as: Javid MJ, Shahriari Afshar S, Souri A. Role of NGOs on Promotion of Human Rights: Case Study of International Planned Parenthood Federation on HIV/AIDS Prevention. Iran J Med Law 2017; 10(40): 7-29.

The most important human concession than other beings is the ability to grow, talent and perfection in his/her existence; But this advantage requires that parents do their responsibilities properly against children and provide a suitable and adequate facilities for they. Hence, the appropriate age of marriage is very important in formation of family; therefore, couples must have been necessary conditions for marriage, such as: physical and mental growth, and social readiness. Unfortunately, sometimes early marriage happens for different reasons, which often involves abuse, violence against children and serious conflicts with their rights. Because, it is often forcible and usually without the consent of the parties and no doubt the child in this process is not able to understand the options, more opportunities and benefit of better rights and conditions.
In the present study, a descriptive - analysis - comparative method was applied by relying on Imamiya jurisprudence and human rights international system to the causes and effects of early marriage on children's sexual health and its prevention strategies. The results showed that the causes as: poverty, social and cultural factors, family honor and dignity and etc. provide the field of early marriage, that despite the clear characteristics of childhood in marriage and lack of education and social necessary awareness could be lead to violation of the child rights and violence against he/she. On the other hand, it can affect children's sexual health and lead to physical and mental illness, an increase the pregnancies, preterm parturition and etc. Hence, the promotion of awareness and anticipation assignments and determining appropriate penalties, such a phenomenon limited and reduces the possibility of such consequences.

Nowadays, the development of new technologies and sciences has had a great impact in human life. Genetic Science for instance, has significantly changed the medical world and provided better treatments. There is no doubt that genetics as a new and outstanding science offers helpful aids to humanities. The rising of numbers of genetic laboratories that offers medical and preventive services demonstrate the magnitude of this new arrival science. Having said that, it can be clearly seen the inevitable role of Genetic Science in recent medical development in treatment of some incurable diseases such as cancer diseases. Therefore, there is no exaggeration to say that a fundamental genetic change in a short time have created a new world for us.
However, the negative aspects of this science in human life should not be neglected. Although this development is positive for the human civilization, it has also brought some problems and challenges. This could be the ability of human to make its own organisms, which has provoked many religious and ethical concerns. For example, genetics enable us to produce its own human organism as clonage. This fact issued the ethical and religious concerns. In this context, legislators of different countries have created ethical roles and restrictions for geneticists to prevent these concerns. However, this restriction seems to be inadequate. So, how we could control the Genetic Science in a way that it can be useful for human life and also respect ethical values? However, the restrictions seems that it is not enough and the genetic concerns should be addressed with more restrictions.On the other hand, increased restrictions in terms of basic principles of human rights can also be problematic, itself. Study of some European court of human rights’ decision insist on the fact that the member states should review their restrictive policies in term of genetics. These limits are mainly in the area of privacy and a fair trial and particularly article 6 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
This article will review all limitations of genetic research in European countries.

Predecessors Create Cities That All People Were Proud of Them. We Are Also Making History. Will Posterity Speak Proudly of Their Ancestors? Iranian Cities Gradually Keep Away from the Environmental Requirements and Their Fundamental Role as a Place of Tranquility and Improving Quality of Life. Extending the Cities without Rules, Selling the Law of the City, Encroachment on Forests and Natural Resources are Uncivilized Behavior and Unforgivable Mistake. Sovereignty in Creating the Balance between the Urban Environment and Organizing a Large Part of the Human Habitat has not been Successful. With the Power of Community, This Situation Will Be Better. The Result of Citizenship Rights is Participation in Urbanism, Urban Management and Efforts to Establish the Rule of Law and Remove Incompetent Managers. Making Citizenship and Moving toward an Efficient, Transparent and Comprehensive Legal System Provide a way to the Justice, Rule of Law, Security and compatible with Environment.

The main purpose of economic sanctions is to exercise pressure on one country or governing state to force it to abide by a specific attitude or action, and finally these are the people in target state who feel the severest consequences of sanctions. Human rights is one of the most important aspects of international law and a vital issue the international community is dealing with. Violation of basic principles of international law by imposing economic sanctions will fall also in the rein of international human rights.
Hence, it is necessary to note that Security Council, unilateral and secondary sanctions will have severe consequences on human rights.
In accordance with international law, the states are the main actors in the process of treaty building and the main task to ensure protection of human rights rests on them and they are legally responsible in case of its violation. Sanctions not only affect the life of those who live in the territory of the target state, but also affect the rights of individuals. This has been globally accepted that the comprehensive sanction regimes will have destructive effect on the enjoyment of right to health and right to food by the population in the target state. Sanctions have dramatic consequences on the rights which have been recognised by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights. Sanctions mostly endanger the right to life and severely affect the functioning of educational and health systems and diminish rights such as right to work, adequate life standards, development and self-determination.

Le pouvoir social dun pays est l’un des éléments les plus importants pour parvenir à un développement durable. Le développement durable dépend de la réalisation du document de l’économie de la résistance de chaque pays. Tous les défis peuvent être résolus que par lEtat qui peut résoudre les obstacles juridiques à lutilisation du potentiel de la société civile dans la réalisation des objectifs de l’économie de la Résistance. Des mesures telles que : Lactivation et la réadaptation des Forums et les associations, activation des ONG, Consultation et résoudre les obstacles juridiques, Comprendre la grande pouvoir sociale de la société civile, indépendance des syndicats, Garantir de la liberté dexpression et lindépendance des médias Comme le bras pour prévenir la corruption, garantir les droits de lhomme et les droits des citoyennes, les droits du travail et les droits des femmes et des enfants, Utiliser des installations éducatifs appropriées.

The cultural rights is a new branch of the legal studies whose literature have been developed gradually during 1970s as a global spectrum of accepted rights namely from the time when the cultural development was set forwarded in general management issues and national and international level and was noted as a fundamental right by the UN and its affiliated commissions, UNESCO, international and local NGOs and there were taken measures for its recognition and execution in the form of convention approval, resolution and various declarations topped with Freiburg declaration and was defines as a human right to participate in the cultural life, protection of intellectual and material rights, education acquisition, and protecting lingual identity and traditions and customs. However, in the domestic legal level, the legislator has not discussed the cultural right separately and there are few researches performed on this topic. Investigating certain examples mentioned on the cultural rights, it is possible to obtain the legislator’s approach to the cultural rights in the Constitution in the form of people’s rights and certain regulations in the infralegislative level. The main focus of this research was to define the legal obligations of Islamic Republic for obtaining the cultural rights that given the diversity of examples of the cultural rights from one hand and given the priority and significance of some of those examples in the state cultural plans, right of education, right of participating in the cultural society life and freedom of speech will be discussed.

Being responsible is one of the most salient features of human and humanitarian governments. Sadi, an experienced literary scholar, has a great deal of theories about citizenship rights. From his point of view, government should be responsible for people's problems and try to solve them. This study aims to analyze citizenship rights in Sadi's Bustan. This research is a descriptive-analytical one based on documents. Impotence of this article is to analyze citizenship rights in Sadi's Bustan that can be useful for nowadays governments. Authorities want to compare Sadi's social viewpoints and citizenship rights with those of his utopia. The results show that purpose of legal regulations and common laws monitoring society is to keep human beings status, regulate social relations among individuals, and especially reach to equality and justice.