فهرست مطالب

نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی - سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، تابستان 1395)

فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، تابستان 1395)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/07/15
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
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  • محمد لطیفی، خسرو دانشجو صفحات 5-15
    «خلق» فعل خدای تعالی است و خالقیت و خلاقیت هم صفت اوست، ولی از آنجا که خداوند آدمی را بر صورت خود آفریده و در گل او روح دمیده است، به واسطه خلیفه الله بودن باید متصف به اوصاف پروردگار و مظهر اسماء و صفات خداوندی بر روی زمین باشد.
    این پژوهش به دنبال آن است تا با مقایسه روند آفرینش طبیعت از منظر قرآن کریم نقشه راهی در جهت آفرینش و خلق آثار هنری و بالاخص معماری به دست آورد و در ادامه عملکرد یک معمار را در تعامل با چرخه هستی به بحث گذاشته و کلیتی نمودار گونه از روند آفرینشی وی ترسیم نماید.در این راه از روش تحلیلی- تفسیری بهره گرفته شده است که جمع آوری مطالب نیز به صورت کتابخانه ای و میدانی انجام گرفته است.
    در پایان این مطالعه نشان می دهد، همان گونه که خداوند با دمیدن روح خلاقه خود در جسم بی جان، آدمی را می آفریند؛ انسان نیز در مقام جانشین وی با دمیدن روح خلاقه خود در کالبد مواد خام و بی جان به آنها زندگی می بخشد و بدینسان هنر از انسان زاییده می شود. از سویی آفرینش همواره به صورت فرآیندی انجام پذیر است و در تمامی مراحل آفرینش همواره عناصر متضاد در کنار یکدیگر وجود داشته و نقش تکاملی برای یکدیگر دارند؛ نوعی تنوع که همگی از یک سرچشمه جاری، و با هم به تکامل می رسند. به عبارت دیگر می توان چنین بیان کرد: در آفرینش؛ خداوند با تشابه پیوستگی را نمایان ساخته و با تنزیه؛ هویت و شخصیت را به هر عنصری عطا نموده است.
    کلیدواژگان: آفرینش، جهان خلقت، معماری، تشبیه و تنزیه
  • حمیدرضا عظمتی، زینت امینی فر، سمیه پورباقر صفحات 16-23
    بهره گیری از الگوهای معماری مدارس اسامی در راستای ارائه ی راهکارهایی برای طراحی کالبد محیط مدارس جدید، مبتنی بر ارتقاء یادگیری کاربران، هدف اصلی این پژوهش است. مدارس به عنوان مه مترین فضاهای تربیتک ننده ی نیروی انسانی، نقش به سزایی در افزایش یادگیری افراد جامعه ایفا میک ند. ازای نرو طراحی محیط هایی مناسب در راستای تکامل هم هجانبه ی دانش آموزان، یک ضرورت است. مطالعه و بررسی معماری مدارس اسامی به شناخت معیارهای کالبدی موثر بر طراحی مدارس مطلوب کمک خواهد کرد. تحقیق حاضر به بررسی عوامل تعیین کننده ی چیدمان فضایی در مدارس دوران اسامی و نمود و مصدا قهای آن در مدارس جدید، با رویکرد بهبود یادگیری م یپردازد. روش تحقیق صورت تحلیلی و پیمایشی انجام شده است. جامعه ی آماری موردبررسی شامل تمامی هنرآموزان کمی - کیفی بوده و به در شهرستان زاهدان مشغول به فعالیت بوده اند. در این تحقیق از روش - و دبیرانی است که در سال تحصیلی 1394 نمونه گیری خوشه ایچندمرحله ای استفاده شده ؛ و حجم نمونه 310 نفر بوده است. پژوهشگران با مطالعات کتابخانه ای و بررسی نمونه های مدارس دوره ی اسامی در ایران متغیرهای تاثیرگذار را استخراج نموده اند. در گام بعدی متغیرهای به دست آمده در پرسشنامه های ساخته شده، موردسنجش قرارگرفته اند و پس از تعیین روایی و پایایی پرسشنامه از آن تحلیل شده اند. نتایج حاصل SPSS برای سنجش دیدگاه حجم نمونه استفاده شده است. داده های حاصل در نرم افزار بیانگر بیانگر تاثیر مثبت معیارهای چیدمان فضایی محیط مدرسه بر یادگیری کاربران است. این معیارها شامل نحوه ی گردش در فضا، انعطاف پذیری، سرانه ی فضای باز و مسقف، ارتباط فضای درون با بیرون، مبلمان و عرصه بندی است. درنهایت ؛ یافته های تحقیق به صورت اصول طراحی محیط مدارس جدید در جهت افزایش یادگیری کاربران تدوین و تبیین شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: مدارس اسلامی، ارتقاء یادگیری، چیدمان فضایی، فضای آموزشی، فرایند طراحی، مخاطب، تعادل پویا
  • مهدی حمزه نژاد، مینا دشتی صفحات 24-35
    تفسیر پدیدارشناسانه از خانه یکی از مهمترین رویکردهای کیفی در این حوزه در ادبیات نظری معماری جهان است که در مورد خانه های ایرانی کمتر مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است . در مقابل در ایران همچون بسیاری از کشورهای شرقی رویکردهای معنویت گراتری مثل نگرش سنت گرایان معنوی بیشتر مورد توجه قرار دارد . پژوهش حاضر در پی بررسی این مسئله است که معیارهای کدام یک از دو دیدگاه پدیدارشناسی و سنت گرایی معنوی با مفاهیم خانه سنتی ایرانی بیشتر همخوانی را دارد. و چگونه با استفاده از هردو نظر به عنوان نگرش های مکمل می توان به ابعاد کشف نشده ای از خانه ایرانی دست یافت . هدف از طرح این مسئله کشف معنا و مفهوم درست زندگی در خانه های سنتی به صورت تحلیلی و مبنایی به منظور اصاح روند ساخت خانه های قوطی وار و بی روح امروز است. از آنجا که مبانی این دو رویکرد شرقی و غربی که امروزه توسط طراحان ایرانی مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند تفاوتهایی دارند لازم است با بررسی عالمانه شباهت ها و تفاوت های این دو نگرش مطالعه گردد.
    این پژوهش ابتدا مفاهیم خانه را از منظر سنت گرایان معنوی و پدیدارشناسان معرفی می کند و سپس به بررسی کالبدی خانه های سنتی ایرانی با این دو نگاه می پردازد و در نهایت با مقایسه این دو رویکرد نظام چند لایه ای از ارزشهای خانه های سنتی ایرانی دست پیدا می کند. همچنین مبانی و شاخصه های ناهماهنگ با خانه ایرانی نیز معرفی می گردد . این تحقیق نشان می دهد که خانه های ایرانی سنتی از جنبه های مختلف پاسخگو هستند و تحلیل آنها با رویکردهای مختلف می تواند دریچه هایی نو از این هنر ارزشمند را در اختیار ما قرار دهد. برای مثال می توان به جوابگویی خانه سنتی ایرانی به ابعاد روان شناختی، وجودی و طبیعت گرا در نگرش پدیدارشناسانه و ابعاد ملکوتی، شهودی و معنوی در نگرش سنت گرایی معنوی اشاره کرد.
    کلیدواژگان: پدیدارشناسی، سنت گرایی معنوی، خانه سنتی ایرانی
  • رحمت محمدزاده، کاوان جوانرودی صفحات 36-47
    مقاله ی حاضر به بازطراحی فضاهای جمعی و خصوصی مجتمع بهارستان 2 سنندج با رویکرد ارتقاء سامت اجتماعی در از کوچک و دلگیر » مجتمع بهارستان « ساختار شهر ایرانی - اسامی می پردازد. مطالعات بیانگر آن است که اغلب سکنه بودن فضاها، نادیده انگاری تباینات فرهنگی و اجتماعی و در نتیجه تجانس و همگرائی کم فضاهای خصوصی و عمومی ناراضی هستند. از این رو،کاهش نسبی مشکلات، ارتقاء زیست اجتماعی سا کنین و طبعا افزایش سازگاری با رویکرد طراحی معماری هدف اصلی این مقاله را تشکیل می دهد. مطالعه موجود به روش پیمایشی انجام گرفت و 30 خانوار به عنوان افراد نمونه به روش تصادفی در دسترس انتخاب شدند. عاوه بر پرسشنامه، بررسی مدارک، نقشه ها و برقراری جلسات نقد با تعدادی از سا کنین ساختمان از ابزارهای دیگر روش مطالعه بود.
    پس از تبیین دقیق مسائل و مشکلات، با استفاده از نقشه های دو بعدی، گزینه های مختلف ارائه و پس از بحث و بررسی و برگزاری جلسات متعدد، گزینه نهائی در چارچوب شهر ایرانی-اسامی انتخاب شد و در نهایت نسبت به طراحی جزئیات فضاها اقدام گردید. به عنوان نتیجه بر این نکته تاکید شد که لازمه طراحی و معماری سالم توجه خاص به نیازها، خواسته ها، الگوهای اجتماعی و عمومی سا کنین به عنوان صاحبان اصلی مجتمع مسکونی می باشد. طبیعی است که با گفتگو و ایجاد تفاهم و برجسته نمودن مشترکات می توان به سهم خود به توسعه جامعه ایرانی-اسامی کمک نمود.
    کلیدواژگان: فضاهای جمعی و خصوصی، سلامت اجتماعی، آپارتمان های دولتی، سنندج
  • لیلا مدقالچی، مجتبی انصاری، محمدرضا بمانیان، محمدرضا پورجعفر صفحات 48-59
    عقل و تعقل، مفاهیمی هستند که همواره، از سوی فلاسفه و متفکران ، در ظرف جهان بین ی های مختلف و به تناسب تعریف از انسان و تمایز وی از سایر موجودات «حیوان»، به صورت غایتمند مورد تامل قرارگرفته اند. «تفکر تعقلی شیعی» به عنوان عنصری متمایزک ننده از سایر اندیشه های اسامی، آثار فلاسفه شیعه را تحت تاثیر قرار داده و باعث به وجو دآمدن،
    تعاریفی از عوالم عقلی و نیز تجلی آن در عالم جسمانی یا محسوسات گشته است. در این میان، هنر و آثار انسان ساخت به واسطه متجلی نمودن انوارعالم عقلی در عالم محسوسات، سیر در قوس نزولی «سیر من الله » ، و نیز فراه مآوردن زمینه های سیر نف سانسانی در قوس صعودی«سیر الی الله » همواره مورد توجه بسیاری از متفکران بود هاست. در دوره صفوی ب هزعم زمین هسازی حضور تفکر شیعی، موجبات تجلی کالبدی این اندیشه در معمار ی منظر را شاهد هستیم، که با دار ابودن مفاهیم غنی، بالقوه و نیز متاثر از دیدگاه های فلسفی این دوران، توانسته است، عنصر ماندگاری را در خود تقویت کرده و به بالا بردن ادراک عقلانی منجر شود. مقاله حاضر سع ی دارد تا با اتکا به قرآن، احادیث و اندیشه های ملاصدرا ، معمار ی منظ ر دور ه صفوی شهراصفهان را در حیطه تفکر تعقل شیعی مورد بررسی قرار داده و شاخص ها و تجلیات کالبدی آنرا به موجب ادراک تعقلی انسان، آشکار نماید. این پژوهش با بهره گیری از مطالعات کتابخانه ای ، غور در مباحث فلسفی و دینی ، به دنبال ارائه ی تاویلی ب رگرفته از تفکر تعقلی شیعی در منظر دوره صفوی است. یافت ه های این پژوهش نشان می دهند که معماری منظ رایرانی، و ب هطور شاخص باغ ایرانی، که دارای الگوی شناخت هشده و ماندگار با پیشینه تاریخی سده های مختلف است ؛ در این دوره با بهره گیری از مفاهیم برخاسته از این تفکر، به مفاهیمی چون عالم مثال، عدالت و قدر بیشتر پرداخته است.
    کلیدواژگان: ساحت عقلانی، هنر شیعی، تفکر تعقلی، هندسه، معماری منظر دوره صفوی
  • اسماعیل ضرغامی، سیده اشرف سادات صفحات 60-72
    امروزه بحث پیرامون بازشناسی هویت ایرانی اسامی در معماری معاصر کشور در سطح وسیعی گسترش یافته است. موضوع مسکن بزرگ ترین سهم را در این امر داراست که به نحوی تمام اقشار جامعه با آن در ارتباط اند. احداث یک خانه پدیده ای فرهنگی محسوب شده و شکل و سازمان فضایی آن به شدت تحت تاثیر فرهنگی است که به آن تعلق دارد. بی توجهی یا عدم توجه کافی مسکن با رویکرد ایرانی- اسامی باعث شده که ارز شها و سنت های قدیمی در کالبد و سیمای مسکن زیر پا گذاشته شود، و مردم نیز از حسنات و ارزش های آن بی بهره بمانند. هدف مقاله آگاهی به اصول معماری مسکن ایرانی در گذشته و حال شروع می گردد و در ادامه اصول معماری مسکن ایرانی با اصول اجتماعی اسام تطبیق داده می شود، تا مشخص شود کدام یک از اصول مسکن ایرانی با اصول اسامی هماهنگی دارد، پیش بینی می گردد بدین ترتیب، اصولی برای مسکن ایرانی معاصر براساس احکام اسام استخراج گردد. این پژوهش به روش توصیفی پیمایشی و با هدف شناخت ضرور تها و نیازهای طراحی معماری ایرانی- اسامی در شرایط کنونی جامعه انجام گرفته است. جامعه آماری مربوط متخصصین و دانش آموختگان رشته معماری که از میان آن ها 150 نمونه، با روش تصادفی ساده مورد پرسش نسخه 21 روابط SPSS گری قرار گرفته اند. پس از جمع آوری اطلاعات میدانی از طریق ابزار پرسش نامه با بکارگیری نرم افزار بین متغیرهای تحقیق مورد آزمون قرار گرفته است. نتایج حاصل از تحقیق نشان می دهدکه برای بازگشت به الگوی ایرانی اسامی در طراحی و اجراء مجتمع های مسکونی امروزی چهار عامل «امنیت و آسایش»، «داشتن حریم خصوصی»، «استفاده از عوامل طبیعی» و «تواضع در خانه» به عنوان شاخصه های مشترک، مسکن بر مبنای فرهنگ ایرانی- اسلامی و مسکن آپارتمانی امروز هستند.
    کلیدواژگان: مسکن، اصول شاخص خانه های ایرانی، مسکن سنتی، معماری اسلامی
  • سمیه زیاری، کرامت الله زیاری، محمدرضا عبدلی صفحات 73-85
    فرا شهرنشینی که در کشورهای جنوب باعث ایجاد مادرشهرهای چند میلیون نفری می شود، نشان دهنده ی ژرفای ناخوشی ساخت های اجتماعی اقتصادی است. یکی از مسایلی که در رابطه با سازمان یابی کالبدی- فضایی مادرشهرهای ایرانی - اسامی مورد توجه می باشد، دگرگونی کانون های روستایی و مرا کز شهری واقع در حریم آنها، در پیوند با شهر مرکزی است. از آنجا که رشد شهرنشینی به عنوان یک پدیده جمعیتی تا حدودی در ارتباط با نوع فعالیت ها در شهر صورت می گیرد، بایستی ساماندهی و صیانت از است و توسعه مرزهای کالبدی شهر با توجه به انباشت جمعیت در آن حریم مادرشهرها براساس مطالعه روابط متقابل میان اسکان جمعیت و اشتغال در چارچوب حریم تبیین گردد. پژوهش حاضر از الگوی پس رویدادی و تکوینی بهره گرفته و از نظر روش شناسی، از روش کیفی با رویکرد متکی به توصیفی- تحلیلی استفاده کرده است. این پژوهش، نخست به بررسی وضعیت موجود فعالیت و جمعیت در حریم مادرشهر تهران پرداخته و بینی جمعیت و روش های برآورد فعالیت، تحولات آتی آن ها را تشریح نموده است. سپس با استفاده از مدل های پیش نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که رشد جمعیت و فعالیت در گستره حریم مادرشهر تهران به صورت مسمتر ادامه دارد و کاهش تعداد سکونتگاه ها و مرا کز فعالیت در برخی از دوره های زمانی، به معنای مهاجر فرستی، زوال کانون های جمعیت و ایستایی مرا کز فعالیت نیست؛ بلکه به دلیل گسترش محدوده مادرشهر تهران، پدیده شهرشدگی زودهنگام نقاط روستایی، ادغام آنها و تغییر محدوده های آماری در سرشماری هاست. بدین ترتیب تکوین نواحی شهر- بنیاد جدید با مشکلاتی ای نزدیک، دور از انتظار نیست؛ در پایان نیز مشابه مادرشهر تهران، در سایر شهرهای بزرگ واقع در پیرامون تهران، در آینده و بر اساس یافته های پژوهش، راهبردهای مناسب به منظور مدیریت جمعیت و فعالیت در حریم SWOT با استفاده از روش مادرشهر تهران استخراج گردید.
    کلیدواژگان: تحولات جمعیت، پیش بینی فعالیت، حریم شهر، مدیریت شهری، مادرشهر تهران
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  • Mohhamad Latifie, Khosro Daneshjoo Pages 5-15
    Create” is the Lord’s act and “creator” and “creativity” are among his characteristics. Since he has created the man from his effigy and has blown through his soil, as the Lord’s Caliph on earth, the man requires to be a symbol of the God’s characteristics. “Create” and “creation” are virtually ascribed to the man, as well, indicating the creation of artistic works and creativity in acts and deeds. They are meant to signify inventiveness, capability of dominating the creatures, tackling the problems, providing, preparing and constructing the most appropriate living conditions. This seems to be quite plausible in the present era since the man has gained power in dominating the creatures.
    The present study investigates a path to the creation of artistic works, in particular, architecture by comparing it to the procedure of creation in nature and generally to the universe regarding Islam and the Holy Quran. Also, it discusses the interaction between an architect and the whole universe and envisages a general perspective based upon his own creation.
    In this regard, this study seeks answers to the following questions:● Is the man_ himself as a creature _capable of creating?
    ● What are the principles and features taken into account regarding the creation of the universe?
    ● What are the commonalities between the creation of the universe and the creation of an architectural work?
    In so doing, a library research and a field study is applied considering interpretational analysis. It, then, follows that as the Lord endows the spirit of creation into the man’s corpse, the man his Caliph on earth_ also gives life to raw materials by blowing his spirit of creation and there comes the birth of Art from mankind. In a sense, creation is always performable and within the procedures of creation opposite elements are juxtaposed to supplement each other; a kind of variation from the same origin to perfection. In other words it can be pointed out that in creation the Lord has manifested integrity by similarity and has endowed identity to every element by purification.
    Keywords: Creation, Universe, Architecture, Similarity, Purification
  • Hamidreza Azemati, Zinat Aminifar, Somayeh Pourbagher Pages 16-23
    The purpose of the present study was to use the architectural patterns of Islamic schools in order to provide guidelines for physical environmental design of modern schools based on enhancing users’ learning. Schools, as the most important places to train human forces, play an important role in enhancing learning levels of people. Therefore, designing appropriate environments regarding students’ comprehensive development is a necessity. Spatial order and the relationship between spaces are important factors in providing physical and mental comfort for users. The spatial arrangements define communications, events and experiences within the space of interest. On the other hand, study of Islamic schools’ architecture can help the understanding of physical criteria affecting school design. The present study investigated the determining factors of physical arrangements in Islamic period schools and comparing them with modern schools, with the purpose of enhancing learning. The method of this study was quantitative-qualitative that has been conducted analytically and as survey. The sample of this study consisted of all art teachers and high school teachers of Zahedan province in the academic year of 2015-2016. In this study, Multistage Cluster Sampling method was used and the sample consisted of 310 subjects. The researchers extracted effective variables through library investigations and studying the samples of Islamic period schools in Iran. In the next stage, the obtained variables were analyzed and after confirming the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, it was used to assess the sample’s point of view. The obtained results were analyzed in SPSS software. The results indicate that the physical arrangements have positive effects on users’ learning. These criteria consist of walking in the environment, flexibility, open and roofed spaces, the relationship between inside and outside spaces, furniture, and space categories. Finally, the research findings have been formulated as the design principles of modern schools in order to enhance users’ learning.
    Considering each of the environmental criteria as design principles of modern schools based on enhancing leaning will be as follows:1. Space categories:Putting together the spaces with similar performance
    Separating spaces with different functions to avoid noise pollution transmission
    2. Hierarchy and movement in space:Designing appropriate dimensions for the classes by predicting the movement space around the benches
    Observing the communicative hierarchies of various spaces
    Converting movement and communicative routes to learning environments by predicting seating and study spaces to adjust corridors and stairs spaces
    3. Designing flexible spaces:The possibility to change class space for various individual and group activities
    Dedicating flexible and independent space to educational and cultural activities
    Designing collective spaces as open plan and the possibility to divide spaces with light and movable walls
    Creating multipurpose spaces for rest, study, etc.
    Participation of users in changing the furniture and space arrangements
    4. Open and roofed spaces
    Designing learning yards by providing the opportunity for empirical learning
    Crating differences in yard floor and resting spaces for small and large groups
    Combining open and green spaces between closed spaces in a scattered manner
    5. The relationship between inside and outside spaces
    Designing semi-open spaces for group activities
    Providing good prospects towards the outdoor in the corridors, halls and classrooms
    Extending the closed spaces towards yard using terraces, semi-open corridors and using canopy walls
    Designing semi-open spaces for resting along with the green spaces
    6. Furniture
    Designing furniture through providing easy mobility and verbal and visual communication
    Keywords: Islamic schools, promote learning, spatial layout, educational space
  • Mahdi Hamzenejad, Mina Dashti Pages 24-35
    Home is the space which man lives in. The man along with families will find comfort and belonging in their home. Houses are important in shaping human character and behavior, therefore It is necessary to deal with it, especially in today›s time. Home is the place where people need to spend a lot of time in it. They do their own work in it, spend time with their family and give meaning to it by living there, home and humans give two sided meaning. The Issue that home is a meaningful place and nowadays by reducing qualities, it›s means has been greatly faded and homes sometimes are as diminished as a shelter, is the fact that is common in the two perspectives of «phenomenology» and «sacred traditionalism». The point is how the values of home are defined in these two views. Each of these approaches provide a definition of houses which are similar to traditional home. Investigating the similarities is done in conclusion of the study. In fact the question is that which one of the dimensions of the Iranian traditional house are understandable in structure of the two sacred traditionalism and phenomenological approaches, and what are the commonalities and differences between the two approaches in Iranian traditional house.
    Analysis of Iranian traditional home with this two approaches, is important because both approaches have differences and strengths which can help us in deep and deeper understanding. Nowadays phenomenology is one of the most important approaches of Western which has done many studies to understand the quality of home and its concepts, and it also emphasizes the historical dimension of homes and old houses. Therefore it is one of the most appropriate approaches to recognition of traditional eastern homes, and nowadays its promoting by many theorists in this communities. On the other hand sacred traditionalism approach has an important insights in East, which are supported by religion and eastern view, and offers specific approach in defining architecture and therefore its appropriate for Better understanding of the Iranian traditional homes. The phenomenological interpretation of home is one of the most important qualitative approaches in this area on the world architecture theoretical literature. That little has been done about Iranian homes. Versus in Iran, as in many countries of Eastern spiritually oriented approaches such moral traditionalism are considered more. This study sought to examine that criteria of which of the two views of phenomenology and moral traditionalism is more consistent with the concept of traditional Iranian home And how to use both as complementary approaches can demonstrate unexplored dimensions of Iranian home. The purpose of designing this issue is discovering the meaning of true living in traditional houses as a basis for analyzing in order to correct the process of building box-like and lifeless houses nowadays. Since the Basics of this two Eastern and Western approaches which have been considered by Iranian designers nowadays have differences Scholarly study of the similarities and differences between the two approaches is needed.
    This study at first defines the Home concepts in terms of moral traditionalists and phenomenologists. Sacred traditionalists are in blive that home is the place in which with declining daily concern man can find a relaxation to think about itself and his God. A peace for growth and development of the member of family and Achieve a feeling of relaxation. To understand the qualities of a home in this view, it is essential to understand the basics of traditional Islamic architecture. Nader Ardalan and Laleh Bakhtiar (1999) introduce the essential elements of traditional Islamic architecture as the key of understanding these principles, which include: Orientation of the space, qualitative Polarization and the relationship between space and symbolic forms. these qualities will be enhanced by perceptional playing in the form of light, geometry and weight. These three elements are the main elements of Islamic architecture introduced by Burckhardt (Sartipipour, 2008). Phenomenologists (Bachelard, 1994) defines the house as a collection of imaginations that provides reasons or delusions of stability. Phenomenologists deem artistic works as the representation of life condition and the architecture as the tangible realization of existential space (Shultz, 1980). Bachelard explores residency in imagination and dreams; accordingly the house is regarded as the inner sanctum (Bachelard. 1994). It detaches the type of memories occurred in the house from those be fallen in the world outside in a way that the memories pertaining to the house augment the treasury of our dreams. He introduces the house space as a poetic and romantic space in which understanding of its poetic depth is feasible via the brilliant evocation through poems rather than memories. The concept of «past» is highlighted in the interpretation of the house propounded by Heidegger (2009, p. 34); he asserts «like a strayed ship, house is an outstanding piece of the past». The character of houses, are replete with life, peace, and comfort owing to their centralism and introspection as well as to the presence of Nature (yard) in their center. Walls and borders with their unique quality and plentiful penumbra are integral portion of the house and various open spaces in the walls of the rooms impart miscellaneous qualities of the dialectical relationship between Nature and rooms. Due to the spaces with diverse qualities and special manifestation of lights and colors, the rooms are crammed full of fantasy and memorable moments.
    Secondly the study evaluate the physical of traditional Iranian home with this both approaches. Traditionalists interpret home with symbols such as light, colors and mirrors. According to this Approach, Iranian House has formed from the «yard», » balcony» and «rooms» which respectively represent the «spirit» and «soul» and «body». In phenomenology approache, Iranian houses are generally center-oriented and the center is nature. Border have defined courtyard and the rooms with diverse qualities. Different openings in wall of the porch and rooms are maked diverse qualities of the dialectic between courtyard and rooms. The character of Iranian home is full of peace and life because of the nature, and full of fancy and memory because of spaces with different qualities, and the special light and color in a room.
    Finally, by comparing these two approaches a multi-layered system of values in Iranian traditional houses will find. The Uncoordinated principles and features of an Iranian home are also introduced. This study shows that traditional Persian houses are accountable in various aspects and their analysis in different approaches can provide us new valves of this valuable art. For example Iranian traditional houses can response psychological, existential and nature-oriented dimensions of phenomenological approach and heavenly, spiritual and intuition dimensions of traditionalism. The research also shows that Iranian traditional houses has reached to a level of art and truth that can appear different levels of meaning. The spaces of such house, in addition to responding to the daily needs, connect the human life to memories and dreams and is Responsive to different mental needs. Iranian traditional home takes his identity from human and gives identity to him and by engaging the five senses of human beings, helps to connotation understanding of the house.
    Keywords: Phenomenology, moral traditionalism, Iranian traditional houses
  • Rahmat Mohamadzade, Kavan Javanroudi Pages 36-47
    This article is an attempted to redesign of communal and private spaces in public apartments to enhancing social health with the case study of Baharestan 2 complex of Sanandaj city. The Baharestan complex is a public apartment which is built by governmental organizations. The complex is placed on southern part of the city and in a half-old and half-modern context. This residential complex construction process has begun in 2007 by Bonyad-Maskan (Housing Institute) organization and now all constructions are done. Studies indicates that most of residents are dissatisfied from limited spaces, ignoring cultural and social contrast which result in low congruence and convergence of collective and private spaces. In the first look, uniformity of buildings and similarity of blocks over the complex will result visual confusion and reduces sense of place in residents. Also residents complained about some collective, semi collective and private spaces like lobby, waiting hall, corridors and interior plan. This kind of construction reduces value of home in to building which result in increasing soulless spaces. Thus problems of Baharestan 2 complex can be consider as Social health issues. Hence, the relative reduction of problems and subsequently enhancing residents Social-environment statues with architectural design approach is the main purpose of this study.
    Housing as a place of residence and mental comfort, is one of the human basic needs. Bachelard defines home as internal space regarding external spaces like cities, streets, farms, seas, nature and even universe; a place for fostering dreams. At other hand, Heidegger thinks basic crisis of home is not lack of construction, but is human desire to residence. Schultz defines residence as establishment of a deep relationship between human and surrounded environment. This relationship is an attempt to granting identity and sense of place to a place and emphasizes that human would consolidate if he finds his home. Rappaport believes that home is consist of several parameters but social and cultural aspects are the most important. At other hand WHO defines “Health” as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. The Definition has not been amended since 1948. Also in 1986 WHO said that “a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.” In this definition, each member of a family is a member of society and welfare of a member is connected to welfare and health of others. In a residential complex underlying motivations as social stability, reduce conflict and social problems, strengthening social stimuli or perhaps local support is of particular importance. According to Mead (1973) there are several factors which makes a residential complex in to a desired one. These factors are: Compatible neighbors, sense of community and a sense of continuity, knowledge of the biosphere and sense of common destiny. Also diversity, avoiding social-separation, social integration, coexistence, sharing values, lack of social stress, lack of inhibition to develop links with local citizens, ownership, encourage collaboration, safety, security and trust, protection of accidents, theft and vandalism , feedback, participation, effectiveness in decisionmaking, planning and open decision-making, active control mechanisms and appropriate services, are other included factors. Whereas social environment should be compatible with community values. It means that social environment should encourage individual to control and monitor, not to pushing stress on them and deprived them of necessary drivers. Lynch believes human should be able to see well and hear well and interact with others in the community. Elements and components such as the environment, hallway, door, stairs and slopes must comply with individual and social needs of residents. According to Levine, social health is to answer to this fundamental question that whether it be natural method (peaceful or compatible) and acceptable to continue to live with others. Also a method presented to define social health in physical environment design. As social integration concept three subject defined: Social facilitation (social initiation, observability, convergence and accommodation) regarding to intermediary space like corridor, hall and entrance space, social participation (Possibility of choice, productive participation) regarding to personal space like housing unit and social mingling in relation with local community assumed as apartment building.
    With this background, this paper is dealing with serious problems in residential plans, and specially focused on redesigning collective and semi collective spaces like lobby, waiting hall and corridors, and also possible considerations applied in private plans.
    This article is a resaerch with survey method. For selecting the respondent›s imporbable sampling method was used. Research has been consist of visionary part (articles, books, specialty Journals, consulting with professors and experts), and operational (analyzing architectural palns, documents, questionaries, workshops with some residents, providing photos and Maping). Workshops with public notification and the presence of a number of heads of household and board of directors in buildings held three sessions. In addition existing and corrective plans evaluated by thirty resident with simple random sampling method. The main assumption was that the proposed plans was to reduce the costs of interventions so that no financial pressure felt by residents and also increases amount of community participation. The questionnaire includes four existing and proposed plans and results in the form of bar graphs extracted and presented in each section. Also data has been analysed with SPSS17.0. Statstical software.
    Proposed plans defined and designed according to workshops and data obtained from survey research. Quaternaries results indicated that 85 percent of residents are not satisfied with existing plans and about 74 percent are satisfied with proposed plan of lobby. 73 percent of residents are not satisfied with existing plans and about 50 percent are satisfied with proposed plan waiting hall. 70 percent of residents are not satisfied with existing plans and about 74 percent are satisfied with proposed plan corridors. 67 percent of residents are not satisfied with existing plans and about 70 percent are satisfied with proposed interior plan. All in all results indicated that resident are not satisfied with collective, semi collective and private spaces.
    After accurate explaining of problems and issues, by two-dimension plans, various options presented and after analyzing and discussions and also holding numerous specialty meetings with some residents, final option was chosen and finally plans in details was designed. Main hypothesis of the study was reduction of interventions Costs, to minimizing financial pressure on resident sand increases community participation of residents. Results of the paper has a good agreement with previous studies in this field like Newman (1974), Beer and Higgins (2011), Lynch (2010), Greenbie (1974), and Cooper and Sarkissian (1986), as presented in discussion. All in all, the article as a result emphasizes on requisite of healthy, design, pleasant and sustainable, Particular attention to the needs, desires, and social patterns of the residents general population as main owners of building. There is no doubt that alongside this issue, a lot of mental, social, economic factors have roles in how people behave towards the environment, thus planners and designers should consider appropriate manners.
    Keywords: collective, private spaces, social health, public apartments, Sanandaj
  • Leila Medghalchi, Mojtaba Ansari, Mohammadreza Bemanian, Mohammadreza Pourjafar Pages 48-59
    Will you not then think? (Al-A›raf/ 169), Almighty God has invited the man to think and reason out anywhere of Qur›an.
    Intellect and reasoning are concepts that always have been reflected purposively, by philosophers and thinkers, in a different world view and to fit within the definition of man and his distinction from other creatures (animals). For in Shi›ism as a result of the impact of these substantive issues, it became distinguishing school from other schools of thought. » Shia Intellectual Thought» is as a distinctive element of other Islamic thought, affects Shia philosophers, result the definitions of intellectual worlds, and has been manifested in the physical or tangible world. In the meantime, manifests and arts of man-made due to manifesting glories of intellectual world in the world of the senses, the downward trend (trend from God), as well as preparing the ground for development of the human soul in the arc of ascent (trend to God) was considered by many thinkers.
    So the study, assuming that the art of landscape architecture of the Safavid period, with an emphasis on Shi›ism and thought of philosophers such as MullaSadra as Shiite thinkers could qualify as lasting in the minds of Iranian- Islamic national identity, survey the idea that the rational is this thought. This article attempts to answer this question that components and dimensions of the field of rational thinking and the how Safavid Shi›a architecture are reflected in landscape architecture?
    This article by considering the implications of appearance and reality, truth and the world of justice, magnitude and geometry as influential concepts in Islamic thought and Shia, is trying to find the relationship between these concepts in landscape architecture of the Safavid period. As the studies show that the Islamic world view has considered for anything outward and inner meaning, as know the birthplace of this world and introduce their meaning in the worlds of meaning and understanding of the essence of the person, even though at the levels of perception. If, as in all affairs are the internal and external traits, man also has the rational soul, not isolated and has both of these attributes. It can be concluded that the effect of landscape architecture and generally any man-made will stay good and durability that is capable of understanding it for appearance and reality. It looks trend or pass from appearance to reality of the body of architecture; means that the matter at the possession of architect became a material distances of its physical mode and closes up to its inner mode. Therefore, the requisite of this trend in the face of material is that to make their essential physical aspects hidden and this could be done by smoothing the levels, generally transparent and delicate, ”removing featuring physical adjectives».
    Artist man by using the capabilities and capacities of its existence (appearance) and also by resorting to inside can after ascending trend in the world receive intellectual intuition, with the creation of the signs of the world’s top witness in the world (by art and architecture here), be the underlying growth of origin, intellectual and other creatures is to receive the vision. And in these ways need to be able to exhibit these meanings in it.
    Of the other reviewed concepts in this article can be referred to the concept of justice; Islamic philosophers, hold noumenal true for justice, so that the stability of the world as it is and whatever it outside is doomed to fall and straying and it mediates communication with the realm of the sensible world knows and expresses the position of each object in its place. Islamic thinkers have been written books and numerous articles on this subject and many fields have expressed to justice but here it is enough to pay attention to only the meanings of justice and equity that the purpose of the article and indicate its relationship to the words, and its relation to the brains. With regard to the characteristics and meanings of the word of righteousness and justice, we can fit the words, the balance (for stability), survival, intermediate between the sensible and intelligible world in a set. On the other hand some of these words could have physical meanings, in space design and landscape architecture influence as a result of the intelligible world and the world of the senses are the belts and this is exactly (= proportion, balance and fit everything in its place) is what itcan be used as one of the physical dimensions of rational named one hand, the importance of the sense in Shi›ism (If you are a member of the Shiite religious principles) is next marker of Shiite rational thinking.
    Designing landscape architecture by worldview of Islamic thinkers and philosophers of Islam, to become inner meanings and the meanings supernatural world of the senses, and to reach outward to the inward journey and vice versa and also a manifestation of the concept of justice requires a tool by which a body of material life, and the divine spirit in which brightens up this way, architecture is a platform for the emergence of rational universe works, and flowering of reason and intellection of its audience, to feed in much higher existence. Organize the space through architecture and landscape architecture, with the aim of reason (and connect with the divine) requires a quality space that is associated. In this regard, according to the divine attribute such a geometry that semantic connection between the sensible and intelligible world is established, the words of the Quran and hadith assistance is intended, and the word ”Magnitude» according to the research conducted and appropriate interpretations of this theme. If more researchers, the geometry of Islamic science in the Quran is so closely linked to the concept and it recreated some sort of divine destiny and determine architectural and geometric forms of art introduced. The relationship between the magnitude and the world, for example, that the importance of the traditions of Islamic art on the principles verify. And in a sense, geometry noted the creation of permanent freezing of the sensible world to the world of the intellectual world that exists and is a language of reason.
    According to pave the presence of Shi›ism in the Safavid period, causing physical manifestation we see these concepts in landscape architecture, which have a rich concepts, as well as the potential impact of philosophical views during this period, have managed, lasting element in strengthening and lead to enhancing the rational perceptions.
    This paper tries to rely on the Qur›an, the traditions and ideas of Mulla Sadra, examined landscape architecture of Shiite Safavid of Isfahan within the realm of thinking, reasoning and criteria and physical manifestations of it under rational human perception. This research by using library studies, delving into the philosophical and religious studies, seeking to provide interpretation based on rational thinking in terms of Shia Safavid period. Findings show that the Iranian landscape architecture, especially Iran garden, which has well-known and long-lasting historical background, is a pattern for different centuries; during this period, by using the concepts emerging from this thinking, to concepts like world of justice and much greater.
    Keywords: intellectual realm, Shia art, intellectual thought, geometry, landscape architecture of Safavid Era
  • Esmail Zarghami, Seyedeh Ashraf Sadat Pages 60-72
    Home is the first human space in which to experience the sense of space. Building a house is a cultural phenomenon, and the shape and spatial organization is strongly influenced by culture which it belongs. Neglect or lack of adequate housing with the Islamic Iranian approach that values and traditions in the face of the housing body and trampled, and people benefit from good deeds and keep its value. Concerns related to the past and failure in creating an architecture that can properly continue the development of history and architectural values and have a share in the world›s contemporary architecture And to contribute to the objectives and components of fundamental Islamic Iranian traditional architecture, Based on these concepts and applying them in a new frame necessitates the attention to today›s architecture.
    Home environment as an important part of community life and its cultural manifestations, from the perspective of doctor pirnia: «Home is where the residents are feeling upset and inside the house where women and children lived, should have a large variety to Do not feel fatigue. The most striking features that can be named to the Big House:- The co-existence of three types of open, semi-open and closed.
    - There are specific installation in any building space for the three species.
    - There are various whole space of the private sphere to the public at home.
    - The possibility of the private lives of families in all three types of space.
    - Flexible space to a dynamic lifestyle and behavior of human cases.
    Entrance, the spatial index and the adequacy of possible pause. The most familiar symbol of the entrance to the house was home, but semi-private spaces that the privacy of the home and the neighbors began to get to the entrance. Iranian house in terms of spatial variation was too high and it was seen in very diverse areas. Home is the most important criterion to evaluate the city›s physical shape and obviously no house loses everything in their meaning. and functions to consider and simply removed from the location of other city can say to set it. It is stated that the concept of home: the house is the birthplace of the hierarchy of the various functions of living need to live in a house for us is always there in tablet or elsewhere, says is settled to be space in which the concept the home of it. Home is not only asylum Drhfaz days and nights we could have it your closet because of our past, we have repeatedly opened and closed. Islamic civilization trait of the house in operation, according to the houses are situated, stillness and peace: and Allah Jllkm I settled Byvtkm (Nahl verse 80) God gave you a comfort for your home. Name the location of this attribute (inertia), ie housing on the property of the family life implies, many times in the Qur›an and the fact that houses are a symbol and a source of comfort, the architects have employed a variety of measures. The houses spatial organization closely associated with the way people and a variety of intermediate spaces simultaneously separating and connecting the spaces are. Another feature of Iranian house Fzahast ability to use the constituent elements of this empowerment happens space. In today›s society, the houses are made from the perspective and quantitative methods and qualitative aspects have not paid much attention to the people in their home environment and not recognized and Iranian calm and quiet the house is expected to, housing today is not responsive to their needs. Lack of quality in housing would undermine the sanctity of the family, adverse effects on children and families belonging to the house eliminates. The assumptions considered in this study include:1. satisfied residents living in Islamic housing and the connections between people are as meaningful and positive.
    2. components of security and comfort, privacy, use of natural factors and humility and authenticity in apartment house in improving the quality of housing today with Islamic Iran Quality importance and necessity of this research is effective, all of us are Muslims and in the community Muslim lives-wemust use the housing Iranians have which features a housing in which to achieve peace. This study, by recognizing the sensitivity and importance of housing and desirable identity, necessity, and research in this field, both in Islam and in the field of architecture and urban planning principles and principles of Islam, according to the needs and circumstances of the present essential-knows. Because the influence of Islamic values living spaces in all, a very useful and positive. The selection of this project is trying to respond to one of the country›s current problems is the lack of implementation of housing today with Iranian-Islamic criteria. It is expected, based on the principles for housing contemporary Iranian Islamic law can be extracted. The opposite can be done. presented. These principles, how Muslims live and how their relationship with the community and the surrounding area offer. According to Iran›s Culture and Islamic architecture, houses should be built in such a way that these principles into consideration and, therefore, designers should use these principles as policy design. In other words, houses an Iranian Muslim and Islamic beliefs and the result of Iranian cultural values consistent with it. The research method is a descriptive survey to determine the needs and requirements of the current situation of Iranian-Islamic architectural design has been done we do. And by distributing questionnaires among the professionals and graduates heading architecture. Qualitative research method in this study is an analysis and survey.
    The population in this research professionals and students of architecture in the University (martyr Rajaee Teacher Training, Tehran University of Qom, Mashhad Ferdowsi) is. Sampling randomly from among graduates and professionals with a sample size of 150 is architecture and accuracy the number of samples were confirmed using Cronbach and the size is perfect to fill the questionnaire. Current research tool in the study of the documents, the most important library resources such as books, magazines, study of written documents, regulations and is planning projects. In addition, the study of different means and methods of data collection used questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaire consisted of three questions open and 41 closed questions is the main aim of the Islamic-Iranian architecture of the residential variable and discover how accurate their priorities from the perspective of university professors, experts in the field of architecture. After collecting data from sample results for the descriptive analysis in the form of charts and tables, etc. show and then using statistical analysis using software SPSS21 to a series of appropriate information to It was designed to help. The results show that to return to the Iranian- Islamic architecture pattern, in the design and implementation of modern residential complexes, four factors «comfort and safety», «privacy», «natural agents» and «humility in the house» are as shared characteristics, factors on the basis of today›s Iranian Islamic culture and apartment housing.
    Keywords: Housing, home of Iranian index, housing traditional, architecture of Islamic
  • Somayyeh Ziary, Keramatollah Ziary, Mohammadreza Abdoli Pages 73-85
    It seems that the issue of exclusion of cities and its management after collapsing physical walls of city is regarded as an important issue toward development and guidance of city. For achieving to this goal the required conditions and tools shall be provided.One of the most paramount points which should be taken into consideration in physical and spatial Organization of Iranian – Islamic metropolitans is the transformation of villas and villages and existing cities in connection with metropolitans. Regarding the fact that the expansion of urbanism as a demographic phenomenon has been closely entwined with the activities done in the cities, and considering the fact that the expansion of physical boundaries of the cities occurs due to the accumulation of population, each and every single kind of control over the privacy of the metropolitans is according to the study of the bilateral relationship existing between population and activity in the scope of the city privacy.
    This research relies on a descriptive- analysis approach and by using the population prediction models and activity prediction models scrutinize the current situation of activities and population of Tehran and probe into its further changes. The results of this research reveals the fact that the population and activity growth is still continuing in Tehran and its suburbs, and the reduction in the number of habitats and workshops in some periods of census does not mean the evacuation of settlements or the factory closures, but it discloses The phenomenon of early disruption of rural areas and their merger, the expansion of Tehran, and an alteration in the statistical area at the time of census. Spatial organization of centers of work & activity in Tehran by its environmental condition, settlement patterns, economic activities (and their changes), and social processes. A large number of factors affect the city’s spatial organization and the dispersal of activities, the most important of which are the city’s environmental, historical, socio-economic, transportation, and economic structures.
    In recent years, due to a lack of governmental control, interference of decisions made by authorities, and the adoption of uncoordinated policies of land management, Tehran has experienced irreparable bioenvironmental damages; farming lands have been sold illegally and turned into residential areas and more and more unofficial settlements have appeared to accommodate low income groups. The spatial distribution of the people migrating to Tehran in various periods shows that due to the social and economic changes happening in the country, the number and origin of migrants have also changed. During the years 1976 to 1986, migration from villages to cities did not cease. The villagers suffering from the consequences of the Land Reform made before the revolution and the consequences of the imposed war after the revolution continued to rush to cities. The migrants came to Tehran from the south and the northwest. The greatest number of migrants came to the city of Tehran were from Tehran province A glance at the map of Tehran and its surrounding settlements shows that most of these settlements, situated in the fertile plain of the south and southwest of Tehran and the west of Karaj, have a population of over 5000 (potential candidates for becoming a city) or a population of between 2000 to 5000. Settlements on this plain have always had the potential for turning into a city. It has good soil, a moderate slope, and easy access to water and main roads. In addition to population, many large industrial units are settled there; it will also be the main center for population settlement and industrial development in the future. The mountainous areas and the heights, which have surrounded the northern half of Tehran like a wall, and the dry areas in the Southwest cannot compete with the plain in attracting business activities and population. With the expansion of national and regional road networks connecting Tehran to other cities and the settlement of new industries and other activities requiring large and cheap land around Tehran, as well as the transfer of certain businesses to outer areas, the surrounding cities and settlements have rapidly expanded and developed, attracting a large population in recent decades. These settlements todayform a great part of Tehran province. Thus the greatest population density around Tehran is observed in the southern areas and in such cities as Islam Shahr, Pakdasht, Rey, and the areas along Tehran-Karaj highway and the city of Shahreyar. Islamshahr, Ghods and Gharchak, the largest cities of the province after Tehran and Karaj, were originally unofficial settlements that later turned into cities. These cities played two important roles in business activities and population settlement; first, business activities have moved closed the city to its infrastructural facilities and as a result, the population has moved closer to work place to make maximal use of urban services. Second, low income groups have been forced to move from the city to the settlements in order to avoid expensive housing and work places. As a result, high income families have moved to the northern areas with better climate and the low income families have moved to surrounding settlements where they can find cheap land and services for the poor. A study of the residential areas of the low income population in the marginal areas of Tehran in recent decades shows that, unlike in industrial and developed countries, in Tehran it is the low income groups that have moved considerably. They have left the central areas due to the high costs of living and have migrated to the marginal areas where housing is cheap. They have settled in scattered villages and estates, where they are deprived of the minimum urban services and infrastructure. They have increased the costs of urban management for organizing these unofficial settlements and improving living and bioenvironmental conditions. The dramatic increase in the trend of absorption of population in the villages from one side, and the reduction in the number of rural zones around the metropolitans and large cities such as Karaj, Islamshahr, Varamin, Shahryiar, malard, golestan and Ghale-hassankhan(Qods) has a close similarity with the sharp trend of absorption of population of the villages located in the suburb of Tehran and the reduction in the number of rural zones Between 55-1345 and 65-1355.consequently, according to the Aforementioned point, it could be mentioned that the big cities around Tehran and their surroundings are experiencing the trend similar to The one Tehran and its suburbs have experienced in the last four Decades. However, the difference here is that, they are not passing their evolutionary period. Thus, in near future, it does not seem Strange if the metropolitan phenomenon occurs, and the challenges like the ones which exist in Tehran happen in other big cities located Nearby Tehran. In this regard, it is suggested that instead of Developing the borders of the urban space of Tehran as a metropolitan to the other sides of the borders of the provinces of Robatkarim and Shahriar, the functional chains of the associated cities are recognized, and a revision is done in bordering Tehran. Finally, by using the SWOT model in conjunction with the acquired findings through the research, practical strategies for an efficient management of both population and activity of the privacy of Tehran, as a metropolitan have been proposed.
    Keywords: Population Changes, Activity Prediction, Exclusion zone, Urban management, Tehran Metropolis