فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، زمستان 1397)

The nature of people-environment relationships is reflected in multiple research paradigms of the field, including studies of environmental stress, cognitive mapping, environmental assessment, human spatial behavior, resource conservation behaviors, and ecological psychology. The environment in which man and human life are surrounded affects human behaviors, senses, and perceptions. In this case, the built physical environment, particularly in cities is the most important part of human living spaces. These spaces can affect citizen’s life in various ways. Some of them grow out of the meaning of places, some of them are dealt with their physical features and some are concerned with the functions of the environment. Almost everywhere, urban religious spaces such as play a crucial role in human life. Need to pray and need to have an enthusiasm social life are of almost everybody’s spiritual needs. So due to meet, these essential needs, religious places have been established. In Islamic countries, mosques are of the main urban religious places, they serve as places where Muslims can get together for salat (Prayer) as well as for getting information, education, and dispute settlement. The main question of the present research is, whether attending in religious places can affect the citizens’ behavior or not? It seems that there are meaningful relations between attending in religious places and citizens’ behaviors. In order to examine the above hypothesis, two mosques (Hazrat-e Amir al-momenin Mosque and Hazrat-e Abolfazl Mosque) were selected as the case study. These mosques are located respectively in the regions 18 and 2 in the city of Tehran. Then the variables were determined and defined. There were two main variables in this paper. To evaluate the first variable (Attending in a religious place) some indexes were determined. Also, evaluate the second variable (Citizens’ behaviors) several indexes were chosen. Due to describe the variable of human behavior, the characteristics of human behavior have been divided into 2 parts, Social and individual, then to assess these features some indexes such as participation, philanthropy, self-confidence, social trust and etc, have been chosen. Then a questionnaire was prepared and data were collected. Finally, the responses were analyzed by SPSS 17. Based on the results, the hypothec of the investigation was accepted. It means that in the area under study there is a meaningful relation between attending in religious places and citizen’s behaviors.

 Sacred architecture is a reflector of divine beauties, and it is an illustrative example of the combination and association of symbolic forms with our deep beliefs and this connection can be expressed in the deepest mysterious layers of the altar. The altar is the most important part of the religious building. In the history of architectural decorations in Islamic art, altar has always embedded the best and most valuable examples in terms of style and in terms of motifs as well as calligraphy values. The Aljaito altar, in terms of the art of Stucco used in it, is in the rank of the most beautiful works of the Ilkhani era. In this research, the study of the herbal designs of the altar, the characteristics, and generalities of the motifs and the patterns governing them are the aim of the research. Through library and field studies, we have identified the decoration of the altar of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan. The research method is descriptive-analytical and uses architectural software. The following results were obtained by examining the designs and decorations of Aljaito altar: 81 patterns of herbal design were extracted from the altar designs, with a range of 28% horizontal rectangle, 22% circle, 21% pentagon, 15% vertical rectangular, 7% star, 6% square, and 1% Shamseh; the majority of it included horizontal rectangle. Also, the dominant line in Aljaito altar designs adhered to 100% of the curve pattern, and 85% were completely non-symmetrical and 15% was vertical to the axis in the herbal designs.

Identification debate is one of the significant issues in Iranian cities. The lack of attention to identifying factors in the cities of Iran especially in Tehran creates environments without solidarity and social engagement. This paper tries to analyze the different identity aspects of Islamic Iranian cities based on three general concepts of urban identity, Islamic urban planning and urbanscape. Also, stating the position (Identity), meaning, and form of the Islamic Iranian cities with recognizing and ranking the components which have been created and strengthened the physical identity of urbanscape have been used. This research is a fundamental-applied research. In order to achieve the research goals, in the first step, the theoretical foundations of the subject were examined through referring to the books and articles. In the next section, the bodies of physical identity of the city of Iran were studied based on the theoretical framework of the research. These criteria were evaluated and prioritized by twenty experts in urban planning based on Hierarchical Analyzer Technique (AHP) and by expert selection analyzer. The results of this research show that identity component with 0.540 points had the highest score and the criteria of sense of place, sense of security and principles of architectural elements were respectively 0.329, 0.239, 0.283.

 Space is the most fundamental aspect of architecture, whose survival directly depends on place survival. The origin of the sense of space is the place that is closely related to it. Architecture space, as one of the main carriers of the art, has a prominent place in society. The place and space were raised as a main subject in both philosophy and architecture and an important part of the literature of these two has human thought aspect. It can be said that the relationship between place and space and their impact on environmental psychology of architecture is the most basic requirement to understand the architecture and the transcendental sense of space to architecture. One of the objectives of this study is to examine the characteristics of the place in creating architectural space, which will be dealt with. This is is descriptive-analytical research and it is based on library documents; also, interviews with experts in this field helped us in this regard. The question ahead is “how much can space in architecture affect the audience feeling and how much important is the position of place in the architectural space? A space in architecture is beautiful when the special attributes of space are in harmony with space operations. This is a principle, which is evident in the study of traditional architecture. Identification of useful elements in the sense of place and space can help us in creating a successful architecture. The positive energy emitted from the architecture space to the audience is controlled by architect and s/he can use it.

Several factors have affected the architectural design of Persian Gardens Over time. In the meantime, Chaharbaghs have been the most numerous plans among architecture of Iranian garden. Special features of Chaharbaghs form have affected on designing other gardens. By studying the process of analyzing of Iranian gardens, and their effectiveness from quartet structures, it is possible to renovate a part of the forgotten identity of ancient architecture and also analyze the way that geometric structures affected in gardens. On the other hand, these features can be used in today’s landscaping Designing. There is a direct relationship between length to width ratio of Chaharbaghs forms and designing Safavid garden’s plan in Esfahan. Other researchers in the division of Safavid garden’s plan have focused more on other factors such as spiritual meanings of heaven architecture approach in gardens. First, this research aimed to analyze the role of geometric features embedded in the plans lies in Safavid garden in Esfahan. This article is based on field data and library data. In this study, by implementation plan of Chaharbaghs from past until now, the repeating geometric features in the process of designing the plans will be discussed. This study aimed to reveal the effect of geometric features in Chaharbaghs on designing the plans of gardens in Safavid period. In this article, first the division of gardens will be discussed. After analyzing the words and identifying the various gardens, the common and different features in various types of gardens will be examined. Completed analyzing revealed that the ratio of length to width of the overall atmosphere in comparison to Crete in Safavid garden of Esfahan, repeated like the comparison of Ancient Chaharbagh.

A study on the foundations of the formation of residential houses in different cities of Iran shows that there has always been a direct relationship between the climate, nature and residential architecture of Iran. Water element is one of the important elements of nature that has a special place in the architecture of traditional Iranian homes. In this research, it has been attempted to study the impact of climatic factors on the quality and quantity of water in the yard by examining the proportions of the pool and the yard in the residential architecture of various climates in Iran. The research method of causal correlation is comparative with deductive reasoning and its information is collected and documented. The systematic random sampling method was used and the statistical population consists of 32 houses of traditional Iranian homes in four different climates of the country. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the fact that climatic factors play an important role in determining the proportions of the pond and the courtyard in traditional Iranian homes. Climatic factors, independent variables, and pond and yard proportions are dependent variables of this research. The results of this research show that the formation of pond and yard proportions in traditional Iranian homes has been influenced by the climatic factors of the region.

 By examining “quiddity of meaning in architectural works”, the authors claimed to have introduced a new theory in the field of the meaning of architectural works entitled “semantics in architectural works based on the Islamic view”. The main purpose of explaining this theory is to explain the nature of meaning in the architectural works from the Islamic point of view, so as to clarify the answers to such questions as “how is the semantic domain of architectural works” and” quiddity of the role of architect in shaping the meaning of the work”. The method used to derive the aforementioned theory is a mixed method (consisting of qualitative content analysis and deduction). In addition, according to the theoretical nature of the theory, data collection was carried out through documentary library studies and by analyzing the rational basis and the philosophical foundations of the Islamic teachings and, in particular, the rational-philosophical teachings. Based on the results of this theory, firstly, the meaning of the effect, from the conception point of view, is influenced by the three components, including the architect, the framework of work, and the field. However, from the interpretation point of view, in addition to the three components, the fourth component, named stakeholder, is also significant. Secondly, the semantic domain of architectural works is semi-closed, regulated, and limited; this limitation is due to the existence of a common factor named nature. Therefore, considering the role of this common and constant factor, the architectural work does not the ability to induce any meaning, and every framework has a certain meaning.