فصلنامه جغرافیا و آمایش شهری - منطقه ای
پیاپی 15 (تابستان 1394)

Today, the most important way to legally stabilize the property is to have title deed. Issuance of title deed in rural areas leads to the rural communities’ enjoyment of the benefits of stabilized ownership and balanced development because the resources are so reasonably and equitably divided among the villagers that all of them can, like urban population, benefit their own rights in varied social, Legal and economic backgrounds. This study aims at investigating the factors affecting on the fulfillment of the objectives of title deed issuance plan in rural areas of Damghan city. Descriptive and analytical research methods have been used in this research. Target population consists of rural households in seven villages inhabited city of Damghan and 216 questionnaires were collected using Cochrane formula and systematic random sampling. To determine the relative effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable, the stepwise regression method was used in this research. The Regression related to the factors of the implementing the title deed issuance project on dependent variable reflected that the independent variables in the model explained 14.4% of the variability of dependent variable and that the Physical variables had the greatest impact on the dependent variable. According to the findings, strategies such as increasing the rural local management’ information and knowledge about the title deed issuance project and its objectives, considering financial breaks for households living in rural areas and using more of thought, experience and knowledge of residents for determining property boundaries and etc. have been proposed.

Agricultural meteorology studies the effects of climatic factors on the living organisms (plants and animals) and interaction of climate and soil for maximum utilization of the environment. The purpose of this study is to determine Agroclimatic areas based on climatic indices including estimation of water, heat and effective precipitation requirements for wheat dry planting during the growth period. The data including average daily temperature, mean of maximum and minimum temperatures, monthly and annual precipitation, mean of monthly relative humidity, Evapotranspiration, transpiration, were collected from 10 synoptic meteorological stations in the province. Using FAO – Penman – Monteith was used to estimate the required water, temperature and density for wheaف dry planting. Descriptive calculation of data shows that the least water requirement is for Abatv Zarina station (352. 2) and the highest one is for Marivan and Sanandaj stations i. e. 388. 5 and 383. 3 mm, respectively. And the highest amount of Evapotranspiration and transpiration is for Sanandaj station (2. 47 mm per day) and Marivan (2. 52 mm per day) and and its lowest amount is for Zarina Abatv (2. 36 mm per day) and Bane (2. 43 mm per day). Marivan and Qorveh stations with 764. 9 mm and 314 mm, respectively, have the highest and lowest effective precipitation. Using GIS zoning maps, the data was located as the spot at each station of the province and by interpolation method, the maps related to the under study data were prepared. The results show that, about 25 percent of the area of Kurdistan, including the Northwest and West regions of the province due to its favorable climatic conditions is suitable for wheat dryland, and an area of about 47 percent including the east areas have a moderate condition and 28 percent of the province area i. e. Qorveh and Bijar cities have not suitable conditions for wheat rainfed.

Urban worn out textures as an obstacle to the realization of modern methods of urban management, constantly has affected on the indicators of urban sustainable development which by development of the cities and indication of sustainable development approach, observing, caring and following up its objectives is more considered in planning of the citie's development. In this study, the area around Razavi holey shrine, in spite of its importance for having more than 15,000,000 pilgrims in a year, has a great volume of worn out and old textures which can not meet the requirements of Mashad inhabitants and pilgrims. The primary purpose of this research is to develop a conceptual model in order to determine the existing variation's changes in the indicators of urban sustainable development and to determine the relationship between renovation and rehabilitation of urban worn out textures and indices of sustainable development in Samen area, which conducted by Survey method and questionnaire, and the research data among residents of worn out textures of Imam Reza shrine’s environs (170 people)based on classified sampling method and SPSS and LISREL soft wares were used for analysis. The accepted model in the multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis demonstrated that the identifying indices of worn out textures are statistically significant in estimating urban sustainability. Following this and according to R square statistic, -0.31, -0.24 and -0.09 of the variances indicators of sustainable development was explained by the impermeable, instability and undersized as indices of worn out textures, respectively. The interpretation results SEM imply the existence of a significant impact identifying indices of worn out tissues on indicators of sustainable urban development. According to the structural equation modeling results, the final model has proved that urban sustainability was controlled (-0.51). Therefore, the obtained results show that Firstly, when identifying indices of worn-out textures impermeable, unstable and undersized, respectively have present in the context area, indicators of sustainable development in around the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza is faced with serious problems; Secondly, urban management by dissolving identifying indices of worn-out textures regardless of the inner-nature of texture in term of social, economic, environmental, and physical, perpetuates the unstable path in urban sustainable development indicators.

Today the focus is on sustainable development in all aspects of the society. Also, with respect to the goals and aspects of development and characteristics of different communities (Capabilities, limitations, etc.) in order to achieve sustainable development especially in urban sustainability, strategies should be adopted among which it can be referred to basic neighborhood development and planning at the neighborhood level. In this paper, the stability and sustainability indicators has been measured in District 9 neighborhoods of Mashhad. The study method is descriptive - analytical which have been used from hierarchical models and network analysis. In this study, 13 sustainability indicators in 11 communities in Region 9 have been used and according to surveys conducted, the neighborhood Shahrara in hierarchical model and the neighborhood Ab & Bargh and Eghbal in network analysis model have been known as the most Stable neighborhoods. In the both models, the most Stable neighborhoods are located in the border region with other areas of new communities and newly unstable build that have less infrastructures and facilities.

The basis of development of any country depends on the education and training and educational indices are considered as the basis for the achievement of human sustainable development. Higher education provides the situation for achieving better job, better living conditions and provides more rational and socially balanced space. On the other hand the optimum distribution of educational indices provides the basis for achieving the health, welfare and urban beauty that are the premises of sustainable urban development. In order to achieve this crucial issue, by exploiting the techniques of the standard division, coefficient trait and Mac Granahan, by taking advantage of twenty four variables that gathered from urban and rural Region, tries to analyze this variables.The finding of the study by using standard division technique show that Yasuj with 82.51 synthetic indexes is in the first rank, Dehdasht with 47.54 indexes and Sisahkt with 45.89 indexes are in the 2nd and3nd rank of the province. Gachsaran, Choram, Bahmaei, Basht, Margoon, charosa, Loudab, dishmok and Lendeh are in the 4nd and12nd rank of province. The finding of the study by using of coefficient trait technique show that Yasuj with 49994.84 from the view point of accessibility to Educational indicators is placed at the first rank of the province. Dehdasht, Gachsaran, Sisahkt, Bahmaei, Choram, Basht, Charosa, Margoon, Loudab, Dishmok and Lendeh are in the 2nd and12nd rank of the province. The results of the study by using the technique of Mac Granahan show that Yasuj with 4.892 synthetic indexes are in the first rank, Dehdasht with 2.75 synthetic indexes and Sisahkt with 2.475 synthetic indexes are in the 2nd and3nd rank of the province. Gachsaran, Choram, Bahmaei, Basht, charosa, Margoon, Loudab, dishmok and Lendeh are in the 4nd and12nd rank of province.

Today, tourism has an important place in economy of countries and active and efficient role in developing the economic and social structure of countries, especially in developing countries.. In Iran, although the historical-cultural backgrounds and natural attractions are available in the cities to attract tourists, but in the spatial-physical plans no attention is paid to the tourism and its different effects on the urban development. Kermanshah is the largest city in the province and western area. Although this city has an urbanism background and natural, historical, cultural, religious attractions which can contribute to the economic improvement of the city, in the national reports of Islamic republic of Iran, this city was called a bereaved area in terms of human development index. Utilization of this situation needs a comprehensive planning in order to recognize weak and strong points, opportunities and threats and optimal strategies for the city development should be provided. To expand centers of tourism in the city in order to develope the city should be considered. This is an applied research with descriptive-analytical nature. In addition to library studies, metrical method was used. For analyzing data, SWOT model was used and it showed that Kermanshah tourism has 11 strong points, 11 weak points, 11 opportunities and 10 threats. It showed that Kermanshah tourism is in the growth and recognition step. Using incursive strategy has priority. Finally we suggested some strategies for development via tourism in Kermanshah. Using matrix QSPM the best strategies in form of the first, second and third were provided. Then some suggestions were made.

The Tourism industry is one of the easiest, cheapest and low pollution industries for income earning. Due to the unique characteristics of the tourism industry, it is known by experts as a hidden export. Quality of tourism services in a tourist destination is one of the most important factors affecting on the growth of tourism, that can attract tourists. Therefore, this study aims to measure the impact of the Quality of tourism product on tourism satisfaction has taken place in Soltanieh dome. The present study has four hypothesis. Experimental data has been collected from 382 questionnaires distributed among dome's tourists and was examined by SPSS software. Pearson's test results show that: facilities, accessibility, attractiveness and a mental image of the destination have a positive correlation and in terms of statistics, have a significant correlation with tourists satisfaction, But due to the non-significant of the attraction of destination variable, it was removed from the model. Using path analysis, the direct and indirect effects of the remaining three variables were tested on tourist satisfaction. Results show that facilities, access and image of the destination variables have the greatest impact on tourist satisfaction respectively.

Despite prevailing decentralization of rural development programs in Iran, there are projects that the experts tried to intervene stakeholders to fulfill all or most of the project, including the Hableh-rud National Project. This project has sought to engage local participation and maximize communities’ interventions in planning and implementation of natural resource conservation projects. The main objective of the project is natural resources conservation through rural poverty alleviation and reducing the deleterious effects of unstable economic of the region on resources, thus, this project seems suitable for this research. In pilot villages it was attempted to shape NGOs and local organizations till villagers were be able to monitor and manage designing and implementing of the projects. In the other hand, with the elapse of time and the impact of projects and organizations involved, the effects of rural participatory on the poverty indicators has been measurable. Thus among of pilot villages, Lazur in Firuzkuh was selected as the only successful pilot village (according to experts) in all pilot villages of watershed subproject in Hable-rud basin project. The results showed that rural poverty reduction projects in monetary approach should attend to non-monetary approach, and should not equate all parts of the country, and should be decentralized and strategic, and local community should participate and intervene directly in all levels. Based on international experiences and the case study, for decreasing financial tension, due to local priorities, programs may be limited to a specific dimensions or specific areas. Our results show that rural participation can target material and spiritual aspects of poverty and can help reduce it.

Aggregates are among the most extensive consumable construction materials and comprise the major volume of concrete. Alluvial fan can be considered as one of the most important landforms that can be appropriate for aggregate exploitation. By passing the time and increasing the age of alluvial fans, their surface sediments are more faced with weathering and consequently decreases the quality of aggregates. In this research, based on the physical characteristics and point load index, the quality of aggregates at the surface of the three desolate, old and new alluvial fans at the north east part of Rivand has been evaluated. Separation of alluvial fans were made based on geo-morphological indices including morphology of alluvial fan surface, weathering rate and drainage pattern.For the existence of different litho logy at alluvial fan's surface, 18 types of common rock were selected at the down and up stream of each alluvial fan, and load point test was made on them. Physical characteristics of the rocks including density, porosity, percentage of water absorption at each alluvial fan was made at its down and up stream part. The research results show that the point load index and density decreases from the new alluvial fans to the old and desolate ones. Porosity amount and the moisture content have a direct relation with the alluvial fan's age, in a way that the oldest and desolate alluvial fan has the highest degree of porosity and saturation moisture content.The results showed that at the surface of all alluvial fans, the strength of aggregates is higher in the fan apex than fan toe, which this issue is due to the lower age and consequently lower weathering of the particles at the up stream of fans. In general, the current research shows that the strength changes of aggregates at the fan's surface is due to the fan's age and their weathering amount, so that the aggregates with lower quality in the old and desolate is due to their long term weathering.

Cities have encompassed the past memories and inherent their own historical civilization and cultures. Most of the monuments is located in the central part of the city that often are the oldest part of town. Today, the historical monuments and urban civilization along with other attractions such as shopping centers, restaurants and …. have encompassed a variety of tourism attractions, if proper attention is made, it can lead to urban development and tourism promotion. Among these tools, the design and creation or strengthening the urban pedestrian tourism routes based on the relevant criteria and regulations.Also, the central part of Zanjan city, by having a variety of attractions including historical, cultural, shopping, entertainment, etc., if planned properly, can attract a great number of tourists and strengthen the urban tourism. The current paper, with the aim of investigating the possibility of reviving the central pedestrians of Zanjan city for the tourists and citizens 'use and achieving the required strategies, has studied the theoretical bases and its history throughout the world and Iran and the advantages of its creation and while describing the central part of Zanjan from the view point of its attraction distribution and quality of pedestrians and defining the tourism walk way routes has evaluated its weak and strong points, opportunities and threats through SWOT analysis and finally the required solutions and aggressive strategies have been created.

In the 21st Century, we are facing with the problems of population ageing and urbanization. With the growth of the cities, the older population- 60 years or older-are increasing. The world is rapidly ageing. The problem of aging in Iran population is for various reasons, such as reducing the birthrate, advances in medical science, hygiene, Education, and increasing life expectancy is emerging and is a new phenomenon. This paper aims to evaluate the status of Mashhad in connection with age-friendly city indicators with emphasis on the spatial – physical indicators (Urban open spaces, Buildings and public religious places, transportation within the city, safety and ease of movement). The research method is applied descriptive–survey one. Given the scope of the research field took place in Mashhad, a questionnaire was used to collect the data. Questionnaire was designed using the criteria proposed by the World Health Organization, so its validity is confirmed. Results show that although the indices are not lower than the standard and the conditions are relatively acceptable but just provide the basic needs of the elderly and it could be said that there is a large gap with the ideal situation and the experiences of the other developed countries to become age friendly city and according to the Likert that was the base of comparison in this study none of the indicators had reached to score of 4 or 5 (Maximum Desirability) and at last some recommendations also suggested for improving the current situation.

Landscape condition is one of the key elements of selecting habitat, activity and people's satisfaction. Land use/ cover has had many changes during last years, due to population growth and people's belief. These changes are very sensible and consistently because of climate situation, maritime boundary, relatively high population growth rate, immigration and finally population & construction densities. Land cover changes have been resulted to fragmentation, perforation, dissection, shrinkage, attrition and coalescence of landscape. Environmental changes occur with further speed and broader scale by human society distribution and mastery over the environment. Therefore, Landscape data are necessary for manage and planning and natural sustainable ordering of ecosystem. Landscape metrics as a quantitative tool can recognize characteristics of landscape composition and configuration. In this paper, metrics of locational distribution and patch configuration has been used on class level and landscape. The aim of this study is considering the landscape structure and interpretation of region existing condition. Therefore, firstly, land cover maps have been provided and subdivided. Then, 16 metrics from landscape composition and configuration metrics has been selected and analyzed based on previous experiences and studies. Results show that due to people manipulation, landscape structure has been fain-grained, the number of artificial man made patches and semi natural has been increased. Above mentioned factors has been leaded to digestion of forest and dense thickets. The landscape connectivity and integration has been also reduced by increasing varied land use patches. The landscape of region has been transformed by forest patches digestion between human made coves, especially, agricultural land integration.

At the present time, citizen participation in municipal affairs has been unable to have any ostentation due to poor management laws and lack of people's information about managing the cities affairs. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is the identification of citizen participation scale in household waste management. Along implementation of this purpose, the writers took advantage of descriptive and analytic methods and the necessary data were scrounged through attributive and field study methods. Socio-statistics in this study is the population of Mashhad in 2003. Among which a samples of 322 household administrators were randomly chosen based on Cochrane formula and the questionnaires were distributed with respect to the number of households in the senary regions Test results of this research revealed that there is a positive and meaningful relation between the extent of citizen participation in household waste management and the social-economic basement of those citizens Also, the Kruskal-Wallis’s statistical test results showed significant differences among different urban areas in respect to the extent of citizen participation in household waste management Whereas, the highest extent of citizen participation in all parameters belongs to area 2 of region 1 and the lowest citizen participation rate belongs to area 2 of region 5. The test results of effective parameters detection demonstrated that parameters such as satisfaction, trust, awareness and fixation to place causes the difference between the areas of the two regions with other areas in respect to participation rate. The conclusion also demonstrated that there is a significant relationship among variables such as job, education level, household expenses, sexuality and the type of ownership with participation rate in household wastes management. Also, no significant relation was detected among age groups in citizen participation rate in household waste management using spearman’s test.

The present research seeks to assess factors affecting on realization of E-cities, a case study of Urmia metropolis. This is an applied developmental research conducted with the documentary and survey research method. We have used a questionnaire for data collection and have analyzed the data using the SPSS software. The population was estimated 384 people using Cochran's formula. The results show that providing ICT facilities and infrastructure throughout the city does not necessarily lead to the citizen's use of them (Sig=0.000). There exists a significant relationship between information literacy and ICT adoption. The average of information literacy is 2.65 and that of ICT adoption is 3.23. Pearson Correlation Coefficient shows an average velocity (r=0.43), meaning that ICT adoption increases as information literacy increases, and this relationship is confirmed by the significance level (Sig=0.000), which is less than 0.05. There is a significant association between the use of ICT and realization of an E-City. According to the findings, the rate of ICT use is 3.23, and that of E-city realization is 2.65. Pearson Correlation Coefficient shows a high rate of velocity (r=0.71), meaning that the use of ICT increases as E-city realization increases, and this relationship is confirmed by the significance level (Sig=0.000), which is less than 0.05. The results reveal that Urmia city is far away from an E-city, and the most important barriers to this distance are: lack of adequate ICT infrastructure in the city, lack of citizen's digital education and digital skill, managers and urban planner's inclination towards the traditional approaches to urban management, and lack of a comprehensive plan for E-city. Finally, some strategies have been proposed for the realization of Urmia E-city, which demand serious attention of the managers and urban planners.