فصلنامه جغرافیا و آمایش شهری - منطقه ای
پیاپی 25 (زمستان 1396)

Successful and innovator cities have been formed from three levels of creative individuals, national and international companies and organizations that connect these two levels with each other. The most important reason of lacking access to urban innovation has been absence or weakness of the middle level. The effects of creativity and innovation are established by proximity between two levels of innovative actors which are included in the cities (Underground) and also innovative firms (Upperground). In this environment another level should also be considered that acts as an intermediary between these two levels and called the connective level (Middleground). The fertility of middleground and its ability to facilitate the connection between the two mentioned levels of underground and upperground, finally leads to urban innovation. Cities in developing countries generally lack effectiveness in these layers especially in connective level. Accordingly, in order to investigate the present status of innovation in the intermediary organizations of Mashhad City and predict the side and direction of innovation in vision of 2025 (the perspective vision of preparing Khorasan Razavi province), 100 questionnaire with three key factors and 44 effective factors (effective factors are subset of key factors) have been filled in 4 organizations and Friedman test has been used for ranking the most desirable factors affecting the present status of innovation and effective factors with the high uncertainty and ambiguity in vision of 2025. Also interviews were carried out with 9 experts of urban organizations. This study is applied research and the nature and methods of research, cross - is composed. As well as to assess the current situation and uncertainty on the vision, the middle layer connecting the national innovation system as is used a combination of four mode. Results of this research showed that there are suitable supporting laws for improving innovation, but these laws are not sufficient and not supported by enforcement. Also there are not necessary supports for encouraging innovation in research centers. Also intellectual property rights are weak and venture capitalists are not active in the city. The general situation of innovation has been undesirable presently and the urban managers don’t so many tendencies to innovation in urban plans and projects. Even if the innovation in projects is considered in the first stages of research, faces with many problems in the implementation and practical stage and innovation is forgotten in them. Also, the lack of horizontal and vertical interaction in the organizations and the existence of cumbersome laws and many parallel activities have been caused to being accompanied the effective factors of urban innovation with the high uncertainty and reaching to the innovator city in vision of 2025 is almost unlikely. As a result of reaching to the innovator city, the fundamental changes are required in the key and effective factors that this affair demands a holistic effort by managers both in the local and national aspects and Finally suggestions are offered.

City, as the habitat and settlement area of of the urban man, reqires the meeting of the standards that at one glance can be called "quality and health standards". Biological health is, in fact, a multi-dimensional and complex concept that has been emphasized by thinkers of urban and social sciences. The present study, with the knowledge of the importance of this issue, has examined the issue of urban ecological health in terms of environmental studies. This research, which is an applied and its research method is based on field and descriptive-analytic studies, has focused on environmental variables and ecosystem health. According to the Cochran model, 322 questionnaires were distributed among household heads (level of analysis) of eight metropolitan areas of Qom (study area) Finally, for analyzing and studing the data, using SPSS and ArcGIS software and the Topsis model as one of the most useful methods for decision making, the following questions were discussed. The results of this study to answer the questions show that the eight studied areas, influenced by socioeconomic, cultural and interactions with urban management, have a spatial division of the dimension of environmental quality and ecosystem health. As regions 4, 3, 1 and 7, according to the most favorable conditions, social, cultural and economic indicators of the household have better quality and environmental quality than areas 8, 5, 6 and 2. So that the viewpoint of residents of regions 1, 4, 3 and 7 on the use of health indicators indicates their favorable situation compared to others. Finally, in response to research questions, it was determined that the reasons for the differences between different regions in terms of urban health are the existence of differences in social, economic and cultural indicators of the household and its impact on environmental quality and interaction with urban management.

Development of tourism and increasing the number of tourists in recent years have had irreparable consequences for tourism destinations. The natural based destinations because of the brittle nature and also because of the great interest of tourists were affected more than other attractions. This issue has led managers and officials to manage visitors and reduce the impact of these visits. In recent years, several techniques have been proposed in order to manage the effects of visitor. One of these tools is the carrying capacity. So far a number of ways to determine the carrying capacity of tourist attractions offered, one of these methods, is the ecological footprint. Therefore, in this study, by using of ecological footprint model, ecological carrying capacity of the Zarivar lake has been calculated. In this model, firstly , the ecological footprint of consuming activities of tourists were calculated in five groups. And the ecological footprint of each consuming activity has been determined in a variety of lands. at the next step, the calculated biological capacity was compared and ultimately, with the ecological footprint, and ultimately by determining the ecological safety level of Zarivar lake, carrying capacity was determined at different levels of safety. According to the made calculations, the per capita of ecological footprint of tourists of the lake in 2014 that their number was estimated to be about 860000 people, be 0.0148321 gha, and per capita biological capacity also is 0.0170915 gha. Although the biological capacity is more than of biological capacity of the lake, since the safety index of ecological footprint is 0.86, so the Lake has the safety level of 3 and a poor state. Calculations show that If the tourists number to be between the 500,000 and 800,000 persons, the lake state is in good condition and will be at Level 2, If the number of tourists is less than 500,000 people, the lake will be fine at level 1.

Urban expansion, the extent of urbanization or land use, has now become a global issue, especially in Third World cities. In spite of the development and increase of the population of large cities, the emergence of various and complex socioeconomic issues within cities and the arrival of the major cities of the Third World into the world economic system, urban planning has become new dimensions and has led to an accurate analysis of the socio-political conditions in the urban geography area. Over the past decades, wide-ranging social, economic, and environmental changes have been observed in the country, largely leading to spatial changes. Understanding the pattern of urban development in order to guide the sustainable development of the city is essential. Understanding the pattern of physical development of the city is essential in order to steer the sustainable development of the city. To understand the development and non-development of the regions, it is necessary to study the pattern of regional inequalities, the difference between the regions and the level of the superiority of a location relative to the structure of similar places in the city. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine the extent of development of urban areas of Urmia from the studied indices. To achieve this goal, 19 of the main variables in the physical index (residential, commercial, educational, religious, cultural, tourism, health, etc.) have been used. To analyze the research data, the Gama Fuzzy Operator has been used in the GIS environment as well as through the use of selected criteria by Fuzzy Hierarchy Process Analysis (FAHP).

Under ground water that forms part of water cycle, is a reliable resource to provide human's need of water, but this phenomenon is an irreversible one in spite of a lot of other phenomenon. The study area includes Mehran plain’s aquifer in range of Gavi River’s catchment area that is one of the boarder catchment areas of the west of country in south of Ilam province. This river is the only supplier source of underground waters of Mehran plain that emanated from the heights of Kabirkoh and after passing through Bajak strait has entered in to Mehran plain and caused to nourishment of alluvial aquifer of the plain. The present research has been formulated with the purpose of recognition and creation the geomorphology factors of latrine plain and their relation with underground water sources and also preparation the applied maps in the course of recognition and environment management in this catchment. The method of this research is field and statistical analysis method. In this research Interpolation method has been used for surveying of geomorphology of the area and its relation with underground water of plain and drawing the balance maps, and correlation method has been used for surveying the relation between geomorphology forms parameters of water source. The results show that there has been a meaningful correlation between Alluvial fans, big torrent, hill and other geomorphology forms with the sources of underground water in the level of 99%.To evaluate the quality of groundwater of Mehran plain, the electrical conductivity (EC ) map is used. The results indicate that the quality of ground water in different areas of the plain, due to a variety of geological formations and structures are different. The minimum of electrical conductivity or EC has been increased from the southern and eastern margins of the plain, and in eastern and south-eastern of plain water pH value had been less than 7, that shows water is acidic.

Development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) is a key indicator for rural development.This makes sustainable security in the region and reverses migration. Rural Development is considered as the basic and important basis for national development in each country. Creating and developing small businesses is one of the most suitable approaches for empowering villagers. This study is quantitative, and its purpose and nature is practical, in terms of data collection is descriptive - survey. For data analysis, SPSS software was used as the main software and LISERL software as a help application for factor analysis (exploratory) The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and administrators of the Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization of Ilam province, rural economic activists (rural entrepreneurs and co-operatives), and professors and teachers of Payam Noor University in Ilam.In this study, 20 variables effective on the creation and development in the village were identified that after the application of factor analysis , Kaiser Method was used to determine the number of factors. According to these criteria, four factors(financial and production inputs, supportive and encouragement, educational and skill, and cultural and social factors) were identified with high-value above 1. These four factors to explain the 0.7531 Percent of the total variance of variables and identified as extractable factors. Regarding the statistical indices, using the main factors analysis method, these four factors were able to explain 7531% of the variance of the total variables.

Sustainability indicators in urban societies, as the pooneer indicators of sustainability and reflecting the fundamental and main components for the economic, social or environmental health of society in the long run and over generations; therefore, the emphasis on the sustainability of urban spaces which deponds on the social, economical, environmental and Management sustainability has a great importance for achieving urbanization desires. Meanwhile, measuring and evaluating sustainability criteria in urban neighborhoods, as the smallest unit of the City Space Organization, provides a framework for achieving sustainability goals. In the present study, in order to achieve this important, firstly, using library and documentary studies, a comprehensive index of urban sustainability assessment indicators was prepared in the areas under discussion and through collecting and sistributing questionnaires, the selected criteria at the level of the neighborhoods of the study area Has been collected and quantified.In order to analyze the indicators, a multi-criteria decision-making technique (AHP) has been used. The results of the research, on the one hand, indicate that this method demonstrates a favorable spatial analysis of the socio-economic sustainability status at the level of the neighborhoods of district No.1 of Gorgan and on the other hand suggests asignificant differences at the level of economic and social sustainability of the various urban neighborhoods of Gorgan . so that in the studied neighborhoods, the one with a weight of 0.0835 has the highest rank among the social sustainability level and district No.5 with a weight of 0.2352, which has the highest rank among the neighborhoods in terms of the level of economic sustainability, indicating inequalities and high gaps in the investigated neighborhood.

Urbanization is one of the most obvious signs of modernity influence on the lives of human societies and Belonging to a community and participating in social spaces is a vital need of modern man. Using urban public spaces for people in various communities differ significantly in variables such as age, gender, socialgroups,and racial- ethnic minorities. These factors affect the amount and the way people take part in urban public spaces. The presenr research attempted to evaluate urban public spaces in the city of Zabol. In other words, it has been tried to study the current situation of the public spaces in the city and to identify their distribution and the way they are established. Moreover, the area and per capita of public spaces and their level of development in the city of Zabol were studied based on the selected indices in this descriptive – analytical research. Based on the comprehensive plan of the city, the samples were taken from districts 1 and 2. The public spaces were divided based on their main and sub- indices. Implementation and analysis of the research results were also carried out using fuzzy logic inference. The results were presented in terms of the models’ output to explain the current situation of the public spaces of the city and its compliance with optimal situation.The research results showed that there was no significant correlation between the physical and human dimensions of the public space of both districts. Moreover, the overall index of public space had a significant relationship just with the human dimension of development (RPS, HPS, = 0.821), yet, it had no significant relationship with its physical dimension. (RPS,SPS=0.314).

Fair distribution of urban services and facilities is one of the important subjects in urban studies. Geographically, social justice of city corresponds with the fair distribution of amenities and resources among the different regions and equal access of all citizens to them which is one of the urban planning objectives. Clearly, unequal distribution leads to social crises and complicated spatial problems. The main objective of the research is to investigate the distribution of urban services in different neighborhoods of Saqqez regarding the social justice. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive - analytical approaches by using three different models of Location Quotient (L.Q), standardized score coefficient and VIKOR to prioritize and rank the distribution of facilities in the neighborhoods of the city. Kapland model was used to integrate three models for further validity of the obtained data.Also thematic maps are presented using Excel and ArcGIS. The results showed a considerable gap among the neighborhoods regarding to the distribution of urban services as more than 50 percent of the neighborhoods have negative standardized mean. According to the L.Q there is not coincident between population and service distribution. Neighborhood 1 had the highest level of urban services. So it seems that local urban authorities should reduce the level of inequity among the neighborhood by devising policies based on the principles of social justice.

One of the main and known principles of sustainable development of agriculture is applying the agricultural lands based on their potential for the most appropriate use of agriculture. The aim of this research is zoning the capability of Mazandaran province's lands for cultivation of olive in relation with the desirable climatic needs of olive based on multi criteria decision making methods in GIS environment.The informative sources in this research are the climatic databases and physiographic resources. The climatic base data, including temperature, precipitation, freezing days, relative humidity, evaporation and transpiration were collected from the data of 28 synoptic, climatology and precipitation stations of the general offices of the concerned province were collected from the establishment time up to 2013 and the physiographic data include the elevation, slope , Direction, land use, soil and land suitability map. By using AHP method, the weighting criteria of each of the main data were determined: climate 0.590, topography 0.244, land capability of 0.112 and land use 0.044, and by overlapping them in GIS, the final map of olive cultivation for Mazandaran province was prepared. It was found that 21.2% is very suitable, 32.2% suitable, 34.2% medium and 12.3% unsuitable for olive cultivation. Therefore, the most suitable areas for cultivating olive, are the middle or foothills of Mazandaran province with height up to 900 meters From the sea level. The annual temperature of these areas is 17 to 20 degrees and their annual rainfall is 500 to 800 millimeters.

The tourism industry has a special place in today's world and to help the development of local communities, according to the factors involved in the growth of this industry in areas prone necessary. Zaribar Lake in the Kurdistan province is concerned as a destination of tourist attraction in the region. Minimal willingness to pay for goods that are not valued in the market, such as wildlife, environmental quality and economic value, represents resources. In terms of methodology, research is descriptive survey. This study aimed to estimate the willingness to pay of Zaribar Lake that using the contingent valuation method was used to identify factors affecting it. For this purpose, the information acquired through documentary and field studies through questionnaires among native and non-native tourists. These include the social and economic status of willingness to pay for visitors, as well as their attitudes about the importance of the environment. To determine the appropriate sample size, Cochran formula (1977) have been used and based on the formula 384 questionnaires have been completed for both local tourists and visitors from other cities of Iran. For validity and reliability of the parameters of the questionnaire, content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used. In this study to measure the willingness to pay in the review of Contingent Valuation Method, Dual Selection Questionnaire (DDC) is used. Also, to analyze and estimate the willingness to pay and the significant level of circumstantial evidence, both Maple 16 and Stata 12 software were used.In the section for willingness of individuals to pay for the protection value of the Zariba Lake, 34.1% did not accept the middle offer (the first offer) and did not have the desire to pay 1,000 toman of their monthly income to protect Zaribar lakewhile 65.9% percent accepted it. When the lower offer (500 Tomans) was made for those who had accepted the first offer, 12.2 percent of respondents refused and 21.9 accepted it. Those respondents who accepted first suggest (1000 Tomans) confronted with a higher proposal, if they are willing to pay 2000 Tomans for the protection of the lake, 25.5 percent rejected and 40.4 percent accepted the third proposal. According to calculations made in this study, the average willingness to pay for this lake in 2013, was estimated 430 tooman for visiting each person and recreation and conservation value, assuming of 3 million visitors annually for this year was estimated at 1290000000 Tooman. The results of this study indicate that income and education variables on willingness to pay are significant.

The right of providing residence is a basic principle and a necessity to improve the life conditions of the poor people living in urban poor settlements and the lack of tenure security leads to a lack of willingness to participate and invest in improving housing and psychological harm of the residents. This research seeks to answer the question of how much security indexes affect the quality of housing in Vakilabad District of Urmia. The research method is of descriptive-analytic one and the required information was obtained through survey and questionnaire tool. Finally, by using a variety of statistical models such as mean test, factor analysis, linear regression and path model with SPSS software, we analyze the information. Using factor analysis, security factors were placed in three groups: contractual, participatory, and experiential. In order to evaluate the quality of housing, four indicators of building materials, building coverage,floor area and residents' satisfaction were used. The results indicate that security factors have a direct and strongg relationship with the improvement of the quality of housing in the studied area. The results of the mean test showed that for the participation factor, the kinship and rural-domicile index are higher among the residents, but residents are not very hopeful about the support of political institutions. The results of regression test also showed that among the factors of tenure security, the effect of the experiential factor on the security of land tenure and the physical quality of housing is more and the contractual factor was lower. In order to improve tenure safety, firstly, experienced based indicators especially the concern of the residents about tramping after being evacuated and then fear about the degree of dissatisfaction of public institutions with housing in the neighborhood must be addressed and instead of offering a property certificate, the use of collective ownership and social-oriented models is proposed.

Over the last century, many theoretical and practical activities have been carried out in various countries around the world. In the last 100 years, Iran has also made numerous efforts to achieve national and regional development, which has shown the positive effects of these programs and laws in different dimensions. However, there are still clear spatial and location inequalities. The causes of these problems are numerous, including the inadequate understanding of different geographical areas and the lack of participation or poor participation of people in the process of development planning at different levels. The purpose of this research is to identify the needs, demands and priorities of the rural community, which Shive Sar district of Paveh city was studied in a more precise examination.The research method is descriptive and survey. Required data were collected through official statistics and field questionnaires. The statistical population of the villages of Shive Sar district of Paveh city was selected through random sampling of 252 households. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and statistical tests. The results of the surveys show that the priority of the people of this area is, first of all, to meet the livelihood needs (such as food, housing, clothing and health), and in different sectors, these needs and priorities are as follows: in education part , technical training; in educational centers, kindergartens; in the treatment department; physicians; in the educational method; lecturing; in the health sector; rural health sector; in the sports sector; Covered sport hall; in the business sector; bakeries; in the institutions; the dispute resolution board; in Cultural-religious section; library; in the cultural-recreational sector; children's play space; in the housing sector; housing loan; in the passageways section; improvement of passages In the employment sector, job creation; in the transportation sector, Minibus; in the installation section, gas supply and in social-construction sectors, the implementation of the Hadi plan is considered as the top priority of the rural community in Shive Sar district.

The institutionalization of participation and presence of people in the process of city management is the main key to the success of urban development projects and is a key factor in assessing the performance of the urban management system that can lead to sustainable urban development; therefore, today, globally, the "participatory approach" in urban programs has been Reinforced. In this approach,the requirements of each community are very important so that making policies, planninga and designing patterns must be done according to it. In other words, in order to implement participatory planning, the starting point is to measure the willingness to participate in different urban neighborhoods, so that the urban planning process is proportionate to the existing, systemic and operational differences; hence, the main purpose of this paper is to identify and recognize the willingness to participate in Different urban neighborhoods. This study, through surveying and quantitative method, through the Analytic Hierarchy Analytic Model (AHP) and correlation analysishas tried to first examine the impact of personal and household characteristics on the degree of participation, and then to do a comparative comparison of the willingness of citizens to participate in the old textures and New city of Kerman. Finally, it is concluded there is a significant relationship between personal characteristics, gender and level of interest to neighborhood and membership in organizations with the desire to participate. Amongthe differendt levels of participation, the highest degree of participation is related to political participation and the lowest one is related to financial participation. Finally, the willingness to participate among the residents of the new texture (Motahari district) is more than the inhabitants of the old texture (mosque of Malek district).