فهرست مطالب

برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری - پیاپی 19 (زمستان 1395)

نشریه برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری
پیاپی 19 (زمستان 1395)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/12/26
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • جعفر حقیقت، توحید شکری، محمد خداوردیزاده، صابر خداوردیزاده صفحات 8-32
    هدف از این مطالعه بررسی نحوه تاثیرگذاری تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه و توسعه صنعت گردشگری بر انتشار گاز دی اکسید کربن با استفاده از فرضیه منحنی زیست محیطی کوزنتس برای کشورهای منتخب اسلامی می باشد. برای انجام این مطالعه از تکنیک اقتصادسنجی رگرسیون انتقال ملایم پانلی طی سال های 2013-1995 استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشانگر آن است که در هر دو رژیم خطی و غیرخطی با افزایش تولید ناخالص داخلی میزان انتشار دی اکسید کربن افزایش می یابد و این کشورها قسمت نزولی منحنی کوزنتس را تجربه نمی کنند. همچنین نتایج حاکی از آن است که برای این کشورها توسعه گردشگری منجر به بهبود کیفیت محیط زیست می شود، مصرف انرژی منجر به کاهش کیفیت محیط زیست شده و افزایش مخارج سلامتی انتشار دی اکسید کربن را افزایش می دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه گردشگری، دی اکسید کربن، تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه، رگرسیون انتقال ملایم پانلی، کشورهای اسلامی
  • مهدی کروبی، اسماعیل قادری، امین سلطانی هوراند*، نسیم محمدیان محمودجیق صفحات 33-57
    برای درک بهتر نیازهای اساسی گردشگران، جلب رضایت، مشارکت و عدم مشارکت آنان و این که چه مسایلی باعث عدم رغبت آنان به سفر به یک مقصد خاص می شود، نیاز است که ابتدا موانع و محدودیت های پیش روی آنان مرتفع شود. از اینرو برای ارائه محصول گردشگری مناسب ضروری است نیازهای گردشگران بدون محدودیت های اساسی مرتفع گردد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی و اولویت بندی محدودیت های گردشگران کره ای در شهر تهران است. بدین منظور، مدل مفهومی پژوهش شامل چهار نوع محدودیت «درون فردی»، «میان فردی»، «ساختاری» و «محدودیت های مقصد» توسعه یافت. گردشگران کره ای ورودی به ایران که در بهار 1393 در تهران حضور داشته اند، جامعه آماری را تشکیل می دهند. برای نمونه گیری، از میان روش های غیراحتمالی، روش دردسترس استفاده شد. برای انجام پژوهش، تعداد 351 پرسشنامه میان گردشگران کره ای در شهر تهران توزیع شد. داده ها با استفاده از روش های آزمون تی تک نمونه ای، مدل معادلات ساختاری و آزمون فریدمن، و همچنین با استفاده از نرم افزارهای SMARTPLS و SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. با توجه به نتایج حاصله، در مجموع، به ترتیب محدودیت های مقصد و محدودیت های ساختاری مهمترین، و محدودیت های درون فردی کم اهمیت ترین متغیر بوده اند. محدودیت های میان فردی نیز از اهمیت متوسطی برخوردار بوده اند. از سوی دیگر، با توجه به نتایج آموزن فریدمن، از میان شاخص های پژوهش، «ویژگی های شخصی گردشگر»، «ادراک و آگاهی از ایران»، و «ضعف زیرساخت ها و کمبود امکانات» به عنوان اصلی ترین محدودیت های جامعه آماری پژوهش شناسایی شدند.
    کلیدواژگان: محدودیت، صنعت گردشگری، گردشگران کره ای
  • سیدمحمود حسینی امیری، مصطفی محمدی، نصرت الله غلامی فرد* صفحات 58-74
    تبلیغات و اطلاع رسانی اهمیت و تاثیر زیادی بر رشد صنعت گردشگری داشته است. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر به بررسی کیفیت منابع اطلاعاتی چاپی گردشگری از دیدگاه گردشگران خارجی باز دیدکننده از استان تهران پرداخته است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق، گردشگران خارجی ای می باشند که در 6 ماهه اول سال 1393 از استان تهران بازدید نمودند. با استفاده از فرمول تشریح شده در متن مقاله، حجم نمونه گردشگران 170 نفر محاسبه گردید. روش نمونه گیری بصورت در دسترس می باشد. داده های لازم از طریق پرسشنامه جمع آوری گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از طریق آزمون های تی تک نمونه، تی مستقل، تحلیل واریانس و فریدمن با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS22 صورت پذیرفت. یافته ها مشخص ساخت که کیفیت منابع اطلاعاتی چاپی گردشگری (دارا بودن اطلاعات مفید، جالب توجه بودن، کاربرپسند بودن، تشویق/تحریک کننده بودن، قابل اعتماد بودن و مفید بودن)، از دیدگاه گردشگران خارجی بازدیدکننده از استان تهران، نسبتا خوب بوده است و اولویت اهمیت کیفیت منابع اطلاعاتی چاپی گردشگری، به ترتیب اولویت از بیشتر به کمتر مربوط به جالب توجه بودن، تشویق/تحریک کننده بودن، مفید بودن، قابل اعتماد بودن، کاربر پسند بودن و حاوی اطلاعات مفید بودن منابع اطلاعاتی چاپی گردشگری بود. پیشنهادات در قالب نتیجه گیری ارایه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: کیفیت منابع اطلاعاتی، منابع اطلاعاتی چاپی، گردشگری
  • مصطفی محمدی* صفحات 75-93
    یکی از جریاناتی که تاثیر چشمگیری بر سیستم گردشگری داشته، حضور رسانه های اجتماعی در اقدامات بازاریابی عرضه کنندگان خدمات گردشگری بوده است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش رسانه های اجتماعی در بازاریابی عرضه کنندگان خدمات گردشگری مقصد رامسر صورت پذیرفت. این تحقیق از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر نحوه ی گردآوری اطلاعات، توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی و به طور مشخص مبتنی بر مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل عرضه کنندگان خدمات گردشگری مقصد رامسر به تعداد 579 بود. حجم نمونه 234 نفر و روش نمونه گیری به صورت تصادفی ساده است. داده های پژوهش از طریق پرسشنامه محقق ساخته به دست آمدند. نتایج نشان داد که رسانه های اجتماعی بر بازاریابی عرضه کنندگان خدمات گردشگری مقصد رامسر تاثیر معناداری دارد. همچنین رسانه های اجتماعی بر ابعاد بازاریابی عرضه کنندگان خدمات گردشگری مقصد رامسر (به ترتیب تحقیقات بازاریابی، تبلیغات و ترفیع، تعامل و ارتباطات و توزیع خدمات گردشگری) تاثیر معناداری دارد. سایر نتایج در قالب نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادات ارایه شد.
    کلیدواژگان: صنعت گردشگری، رسانه های اجتماعی، بازاریابی مقصد گردشگری
  • رحیم حیدری چیانه*، حسین سعدلونیا صفحات 94-109
    فواصل جغرافیایی و فرهنگی مابین شهرها و مقاصد از یک سو و رقابت بین آن ها به منظور توسعه صنعت گردشگری خود از سوی دیگر، باعث گردیده است که تصویر ذهنی گردشگران از شهرها، از تاثیرگذارترین مولفه های توسعه گردشگری شهری محسوب می شود. به گونه ای که در علم بازاریابی از گردشگران کنونی با تصویر مثبت یا منفی از مقاصد، بازاریابان یا بازارزدایان آتی آن مقصد یاد می شود. تحقیق حاضر که در راستای تحلیل تصویر و برند مقصد شهری تبریز صورت گرفته، بر اساس روش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده است. برای تحلیل مدیریت تصویر استراتژیک برند تبریز، از مدل ترکیبی SWOT-AHP استفاده شده است. پس از شناسایی عوامل موثر بر تصویر برند تبریز، اقدام به توزیع پرسشنامه و پرسشگری در میان 50 نفر از کارشناسان شهری و گردشگری شهر تبریز شده است. وزن عوامل نیز با استفاده از مدل AHP و با بهره گیری ازنظر 20 نفر از کارشناسان و مدیران شهری و گردشگری در محیط نرم افزار Expert Choice محاسبه و تحلیل شده است. بر این اساس، وضعیت عوامل در چهار بخش قوت ها، ضعف ها، فرصت ها و تهدیدهای مدیریت تصویر برند شهر تبریز مشخص شده و سپس به تدوین استراتژی های متناسب با آن ها انجامیده است. نتایج نشان می دهد که راهبردهای خروجی غالبا بر هویت بخشی به بافت شهری به مثابه یک برند و در نهایت ارائه تصویری مطلوب از تبریز از طریق رسانه های جمعی و مجازی تاکید می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری شهری، برند، مدیریت تصویر، مدل SWOT، کلان شهر تبریز
  • داود فیض، عباسعلی رستگار، سید رضی نبوی چاشمی * صفحات 110-129
    یکی از موثرترین روش های آشناسازی نسل های آینده با دستاوردهای جنگ، ایجاد و توسعه فضاهایی مثل باغ موزه دفاع مقدس و نمایش آثار فرهنگی-هنری جنگ برای گردشگران می باشد. آثار فرهنگی تولید شده اسرای جنگی ایران در اردوگاه های عراق می تواند یکی از این جاذبه های اثربخش باشد. لذا هدف تحقیق حاضر، توسعه گردشگری جنگ با استفاده از آثار فرهنگی و هنری اسرای جنگی ایران در اردوگاه های عراق می باشد. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل 243 آزاده است که از میان آنان با 20 نفر (به عنوان نمونه آماری بخش اول پژوهش)، مصاحبه به عمل آمد همچنین جهت بررسی تاثیر آثار فرهنگی و هنری اسرای جنگی بر جذب گردشگر سه نوع پرسشنامه محقق ساخت تنظیم شد. سپس با اجرای برنامه هایی از قبیل نمایش آثار فرهنگی هنری تولید شده توسط اسرای جنگی، پخش فیلم و سخنرانی، پرسشنامه های مذکور در اختیار مردم (یک نمونه 384 نفری به عنوان نمونه آماری بخش دوم پژوهش)، قرار گرفت. برای آزمون فرضیه ها از روش مدل معادلات ساختاری استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه تحلیل داده ها نشان داد که آثار فرهنگی و هنری اسرای جنگی ایران در اردوگاه های عراق به صورت مستقیم و در سطح بالایی بر ترویج، توسعه و جذب گردشگر تاثیر دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: صنعت گردشگری، توسعه گردشگری جنگ، آثار فرهنگی و هنری، اسرای جنگی، اردوگاه های عراق
  • وکیل حیدری ساربان* صفحات 130-152
    هدف این مقاله بررسی رابطه گردشگری با هویت اجتماعی جوانان روستایی شهرستان اردبیل می باشد. این تحقیق از لحاظ هدف، توسعه ای، و از لحاظ ماهیت، توصیفی و پیمایشی و نیز از نوع علی-مقایسه ای و تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل کلیه جوانان روستایی ساکن در دهستان «سردابه» می باشد. با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده و بر اساس فرمول کوکران، تعداد نمونه مناسب برای این تحقیق 385 نفر بدست آمد؛ از سویی، برای برابری در آزمون و نتیجه، 385 از جوانان روستایی ساکن در دهستان فاقد گردشگری «بالغلو» به عنوان گروه شاهد انتخاب شدند. این تحقیق به روش پیمایشی با استفاده از پرسش نامه انجام گردیده است. روایی صوری پرسش نامه توسط پانل متخصصان مورد تایید قرار گرفت. مطالعه راهنما در منطقه مشابه جامعه آماری با تعداد30 پرسش نامه صورت گرفت و با داده های کسب شده و استفاده از فرمول ویژه کرونباخ آلفا در نرم افزار SPSS، کرونباخ برای بخش های مختلف پرسش نامه 84/0 الی93/0 محاسبه شد. نتایج آزمون t در ارتباط با متغیر هویت اجتماعی دو گروه نشان می دهد بین متغیرهای هویت فردی و هویت گروهی با متغیر مستقل(توسعه گردشگری) رابطه معنی داری وجود ندارد. اما بین متغیرهای هویت مذهبی، هویت ملی، هویت خانوادگی و هویت جنسیتی با متغیر مستقل رابطه معنی داری وجود دارد. در نهایت، با توجه به نتیجه پژوهش پیشنهادات کاربردی ارائه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: هویت اجتماعی، توسعه روستایی، گردشگری روستایی، جوانان روستایی، شهرستان اردبیل
  • مدینه خسروجردی، مهدی نوری پور* صفحات 153-174
    هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل نگرش روستاییان نسبت به گردشگری روستایی با استفاده از نظریه رفتار برنامه ریزی شده در منطقه درودزن شهرستان مرودشت بود. داده های مورد نظر با کمک پرسشنامه از 250 نفر از روستاییان منطقه مورد مطالعه بدست آمد که بر اساس جدول نمونه گیری کرجسی و مورگان به روش تصادفی با انتساب متناسب انتخاب شده بودند. روایی صوری پرسشنامه، توسط متخصصان توسعه روستایی دانشگاه یاسوج تایید و پایایی ابزار سنجش نیز با استفاده از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ که مقدار آن بین 610/0 تا 868/0 به دست آمد، مورد تایید قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که، بین نگرش نسبت به گردشگری روستایی و متغیرهای میزان درآمد از منبع گردشگری روستایی، آگاهی، سودمندی درک شده، مشاهد، ارزش، هنجارهای ذهنی، کنترل رفتاری محسوس و تجربه فعالیت در زمینه ی گردشگری روستایی رابطه مثبت و معنی داری وجود دارد. با توجه به نتایج نیز پیشنهاد می شود که، برنامه های توانمندسازی حرفه ای روستاییان در قالب مجموعه ای مدون و جامعی (شامل اطلاعات و مهارت های مورد نیاز صنعت گردشگری) تدوین شده و بر اساس نیازسنجی دقیق نسبت به اجرای آن اقدام شود. همچنین، توجه هر چه بیشتر جامعه به صنعت گردشگری (به عنوان مثال از طریق تبلیغات در رسانه های انبوهی و گروهی و دیگر برنامه های آموزشی) می تواند باعث مساعد شدن نگرش افراد نسبت به گردشگری روستایی باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: نگرش، نظریه رفتار برنامه ریزی شده، گردشگری روستایی، درودزن، مرودشت
  • مهدی کرمی دهکردی، خلیل کلانتری، محمد امین خراسانی* صفحات 175-198
    ویژگی های منحصر به فرد جغرافیایی، اکولوژیکی، جاذبه های کوهستانی، منابع آبی، جنگلی و... در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری سبب جذب بسیاری از گردشگران به این منطقه شده است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش واکاوی دیدگاه های مختلف در خصوص تدوین مدلی سامانه ای از موانع و مشکلات گردشگری در روستای هدف گردشگری دیمه شهرستان کوهرنگ در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری می باشد. این مدل مبتنی بر مدل پایه استخراج شده از مشکلات گردشگری استان چهارمحال و بختیاری می باشد. مطالعه حاضر از لحاظ پارادایم، جز تحقیقات کیفی بوده و به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها در این پژوهش، از روش نظریه مبنایی استفاده شده است. جامعه مورد مطالعه تحقیق شامل سه دسته1)مطالعان روستایی، 2)گردشگران داخل و خارج استان و 3) مسولان و متخصصان میراث فرهنگی بودند. روش نمونه گیری به صورت کاملا هدفمند(روش گلوله برفی) بوده که پس از انجام مصاحبه های عمیق، مصاحبه متمرکز، مصاحبه ساختار یافته و نیمه ساختار یافته و در نهایت رسیدن به اشباع تئوری، اطلاعات جمع آوری شده و سپس مراحل کدگذاری و تحلیل داده ها از روش تحلیل محتوا صورت پذیرفت. نتایج حاصل از تحقیق حاضر استخراج مدل مفهومی مشکلات گردشگری روستای هدف دیمه منطقه کوهرنگ بود که نشان داد این کانون دارای مشکلات زیرساختی، بهداشت و سلامت، کمرنگ شدن جاذبه های فرهنگی، عدم درک صحیح از گردشگری، عدم انگیزه مسولان محلی، عدم برنامه ریزی، پژوهش و نظارت، مشکلات مربوط به منابع انسانی، مشکلات گردشگری و مقوله دولت و مشکلات مربوط به صنایع دستی می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری، مشکلات و موانع، روستای دیمه شهرستان کوهرنگ، استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، تحلیل کیفی، تئوری بنیانی
  • داود رضی*، زهرا پازوکی نژاد صفحات 199-210
    انرژی های تجدیدپذیر در مقایسه با سوخت های فسیلی، کربن بسیار کمی را تولید می کنند. از این رو، اشاعه و کاربرد انرژی های تجدیدپذیر به عنوان یک نوآوری زیست محیطی باید در سیاست های مقابله با تغییر آب و هوا بیش از پیش مورد توجه قرار گیرد. در این بررسی، میزان شناخت و گرایش صاحبان اقامتگاه های گردشگری نسبت به انرژی های تجدیدپذیر مورد بحث قرار گرفت. رویکرد بررسی، کمی و از پیمایش به عنوان روش بررسی استفاده شد. ابزار گردآوری داده ها، پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بود و از 2793 اقامتگاه، 121 اقامتگاه گردشگری در شهرهای محمودآباد، نور و بابلسر با روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده استفاده شد. مهم ترین یافته های این تحقیق عبارتند از: گرایش مثبت صاحبان اقامتگاه های گردشگری به انرژی های نو، عدم وجود رابطه بین سن، تحصیلات، سابقه اشتغال، قدمت اقامتگاه و نوع اقامتگاه با گرایش به انرژی های تجدیدپذیر و وجود رابطه بین تعداد واحدهای اقامتی و گرایش به این نوع انرژی و در نهایت، عدم تفاوت در سطح گرایش به انرژی های تجدیدپذیر در شهرهای بررسی شده.
    کلیدواژگان: انرژی تجدیدپذیر، اقامتگاه های گردشگری، استان مازندران
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  • Jafar Haghighat, Tohid Shokri, Mohammad Khodaverdizadeh, Saber Khodaverdizadeh Pages 8-32
    The aim of this study was to determine the impact of economic growth and tourism development on carbon dioxide emissions using the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for the countries of Islam. In this study of econometric regression techniques Panel Smooth Transition During the years 1995-2013 were used. The results of this study shows that in both the regime and non-linear line with GDP growth rate of carbon dioxide emissions increased and those countries downstream part of the Kuznets curve dont experience. The results also indicate that these countries to develop tourism led to improve the quality of the environment, energy consumption could lead to a reduction in the quality of the environment and an increase in carbon dioxide emissions health spending increases.
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide, Development of Tourism, Economic Growth, Islamic Countries, Panel Smooth Transition Regression
  • Mehdi Karroubi, Esmaeil Ghaderi, Amin Soltani Horand*, Nasim Mohammadian Mahmoudjigh Pages 33-57
    For better understanding the basic needs, satisfaction, participation and non-participation of tourists and what issues cause their willingness to travel to a specific destination, first, their travel barriers and constraints must be eradicated. Therefore, it is necessary to provide appropriate tourism products that will meet the basic needs of tourists without constraints. This research aims to identify the constraints of Korean tourists in Tehran. In order to achieve the aims of the research, the conceptual model was developed including variables named “intrapersonal”, “interpersonal”, “structural” constraints and “destination’s constraints”. Then 351 questionnaires were distributed among Korean tourists in Tehran. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and SMARTPLS. Totally, according to the results, destination’s constraints and structural constraints are respectively the most important variables, and intrapersonal constraints were the least important variable. Also, interpersonal constraints had moderate importance. Furthermore, with respect to the results of Friedman test, the personal characteristics of tourists, perceptions about Iran, and the lack of infrastructure and lack of facilities were identified as the main constraints of the research population.
    Keywords: Constraints, Tourism Industry, Korean Tourists
  • Seyyed Mahmoud Hosseini Amiri, Mostafa Mohammadi, Nosratallah Gholami Fard * Pages 58-74
    Use of advertising and information resources are important tools for boosting tourism industry; they can indeed help the development of this industry. And thus, the current study attempts to investigate the quality of printed information resources of tourism from the perspective of foreign tourists who visit the province of Tehran. The statistical population of this research consists of the foreign tourists who visited the province of Tehran in the first 6 months of 1393. By using the formula, the sample size was calculated to consist of 170 tourists. The data were collected through a questionnaire and the analysis was done through one-sample t-tests, independent t-tests, ANOVA and Friedman by using SPSS22 software. The results showed that the quality of printed information resources of tourism (having useful information, Remarkable, user-friendly, encouraging/stimulating, reliability and usefulness), from the perspective of foreign tourists visiting Tehran province has been relatively good and the priority of quality printed information resources of tourism, respectively further down to less related to remarkable, encouraging/stimulating, usefulness, reliability, user-friendly and having useful information.
    Keywords: Quality of Information Resources, Printed Information Resources, Tourism
  • Mostafa Mohammadi * Pages 75-93
    Nowadays, social media have been converted into a participatory status and made it possible for people to act as a medium and share their information (Kietzmann et al., 2011; Li & Wang, 2011). Recent studies have shown that presence of social media in the tourism suppliers marketing has been one of the mega trends that could have a significant impact on tourism system (Minazzi, 2015; Leung et al., 2013). Social media emerged at a time that tourism suppliers had reduced their budgets for the development of destinations (Hays et al., 2013), but the power of the social media is so high that it should be used to make a significant growth in tourism development (Stankov et al., 2010).
    Keywords: Social Media, Tourism Destination Marketing, Tourism Industry
  • Rahim Heydari Chianeh*, Hossein Sadlounia Pages 94-109
    Introduction
    In recent years, the practice of branding and marketing has become extremely popular within the context of destination. The concepts of destination image and destination marketing are closely interrelated. The ultimate goal of any destination is to influence possible tourist-travel-related decision making through marketing activities .A strong image and brand of the destination may amplify different aspects of social capital which in fact grants to the society.
    Ultimately, a destination brand manifests an image (or lack of) in tourists’ mind. Moreover, both academicians and practitioners have recognized that destination image (DI) is not static but altering .the importance of DI represents the necessity of theoretical and practical contemplation in the studies agendas of researchers and authorities of tourism.
    This study intends to focus on Tabriz brand which has distinctive architecture. This particular architecture is referred in many academic sources as Azeri architecture. The other purpose of this study is to analyze strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of Tabriz brand which inevitably will reinforce this brand systematically and strategically
    Materials And Method
    In order to utilize strategic branding of Tabriz practically, we went through SWOT- AHP using external and internal factors which have been affecting branding of this city; the factors considered for this procedure ranked by experts corresponded to the questionnaires provided by the authors. Finally, according to the strengths, weakness, opportunity and threats of Tabriz branding, some strategies have been reflected in this paper.
    Discussion and
    Results
    Tourism organizations attempt to identify their branding because of a recognized brand added tangible values to intangible tourism services. Two approaches or scenarios should be distinguished. First is the strategic approach: changing an image of the place while changing its actual reality. This method facilitates the problems solving procedure in the destination, this kind of facilitation presenting in problem shooting reduces the problem existing in the cities and in fact augment tourism and marketing . The second approach is cosmetic which attempts to provide a different image of the place without changing anything in the context of place but making up the place decoratively delightful and presents a cosmetic portrait of the destination; by the latter method the problems do not seen are not seem to be solved or managed.
    Analyzing the image management of Tabriz by SWOT-AHP model Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and threats was determined. The main strengths of image management of Tabriz refer to historical identity and unique historical and cultural spaces, Authorities strong will to develop tourism, being in specific geographical location. Main Weaknesses are people’ tendency in replacing western forms and patterns to the traditional local ones , Lack of attention to the local architecture schools in recent developments, and Lack of plan for urban branding. Most important opportunities for Tabriz destination image management is Emphasis on tourism development in 5th development plan of Iran, Emphasis on cultural-Iranian development in 5th development plan of Iran. Finally, most important threats are associated with Globalization and debilitation of local identity of Iranian cities, Media propaganda against Iran.
    Conclusion
    Geographical distances which lead to deterioration of city images specialty Islamic cities, can be improved by strengthen unique brand of cities. By making spaces according to the human and cultural content of contexts; sense of place will be reinforced and Islamic cities will have distinctive brands.
    Keywords: Brand, Image Management, AHP, SWOT Models, Tabriz Metropolis
  • Davood Feiz, Abbas Ali Rastgar, Seyed Razi Nabavi Chashmi * Pages 110-129
    Introduction
    Today, tourism is an important source of income in the world and at the same time a contributing factor to cultural exchanges between nations. Since the Increase and diversification of tourism in the world, as of the 1990s, a new genre called "dark tourism" was added as a common tourism. While a large part of tourism literature studies focus on marketing, consumption and supply entertainment purposes, happy and fun tourism, some researchers and writers sore in search of antitheses tourism tragedy, death and war. The war tourism in the twentieth century is one of the major subdivisions in dark tourism. Studies show that millions of tourists each year from around the world visit the historic sites related to the war. Supply and demand for such tourism is a concept quite peaceful, although they have commercial and political goals in them. So works related to the remains of war in today's world has the potential to become an important motivational factor in tourism. It is anticipated that tourism in the 21st century is not only an important subset in dark tourism but also one of the most popular in the world will (Smith, 1998). As a potential for development in the Iranians provinces engaged with the imposed war, War tourism enjoys a special status. After 28 years of the end of war, its effects can be seen around the border towns. War-zone fronts and monuments of martyrs of the Sacred Defense Museum garden are still in existence and a reminder of the courage and bravery of youth and commanders of this ancient land and in the meantime. Artistic and cultural works produced by former prisoners in the camps of Iraq have the capacity to attract tourists as other remnants of war that attracts many tourists.
    Methodology
    This research is descriptive and correlational and to evaluate the impact of cultural and artistic works of Iranian POWs on attracting tourists three types of questionnaires were prepared. Then, with programs such as Art exhibition produced by prisoners of war, playing videos and lectures among tourists, the questionnaires were distributed among them (a sample of 384). The data from the questionnaires were used to test and evaluate the impact of various factors on the development of tourism in the form of hypotheses that have been formulated. In this study, to analyze the validity assessment, confirmatory factor variables was employed and to test hypotheses, the structural equation modeling was used.
    Discussion and
    Conclusion
    Based on the background of the mentioned research and considering the fact that no specialized study has been conducted on the cultural and artistic works of the …… and its impact on tourist attraction, the results can be a good source for future studies of Tourism Development Management. The results of the analysis showed that the first hypothesis is confirmed and the impact of cultural factors on the promotion, development and direct absorption of tourists and has been set at a high level. Also, the interrelationship of the cultural factors are confirmed. Out of the four factors, holding religious classes stands on the top of the list. Exhibiting other cultural media earns the second place, holding scientific courses earns the third rank and sociocultural programs stands on the fourth place. As a result, the intended ….. Is confirmed and the four factors have significant impact on the cultural variables. The second hypothesis results show that this hypothesis is and the art factors have direct high level impact on the promotion, development and attraction of tourists. Among the four components related to the development and absorption of tourists , holding art courses earns the first place, exhibiting artifacts earns the second place, exhibiting the necessary hand-made facilities earns the third place and showing the creativity earns the fourth place. As the model of the research is confirmed, we can claim that the development and attraction of tourists will be enhanced by boosting the cultural and artistic factors.
    Keywords: Tourism, the Development of War Tourism, Cultural, Artistic Works, Prisoners of War, Iraqi Camps
  • Vakil Heidari Sareban * Pages 130-152
    Introduction
    In psychology, sociology, anthropology and philosophy, identity comprise the conception, qualities, beliefs, and expressions that make a person (self-identity) or group (particular social category or social group). Identity may be distinguished from identification; identity is a label, whereas identification refers to the classifying act itself. Identity is thus best construed as being both relational and contextual, while the act of identification is best viewed as inherently procedural. That process can be creative or destructive. Having a sense of identity is important because it allows people to stand out as individuals, develop a sense of well-being and importance, and fit in with certain groups and cultures. Many cultures and societies place great value and significance on certain items, which hold symbolic meaning and gain respect from citizens. National flags, for instance, have distinct colors and patterns, and symbolize past achievements intimately familiar to citizens.
    Identity tourism research dates back to a 1984 special issue of Annals of Tourism Research guest edited by Pierre L. van den Berghe and Charles F. Keyes. This volume examines the ways in which tourism intersects with the (re-)formation and revision of various forms of identity, particularly ethnic and cultural identities. Since that time, various scholars have examined the intersection between dimensions of identity and tourism. An important early contribution to the study of identity tourism was Lanfant, Allcock and Bruner's 1995 edited volume "International Tourism, Identity and Change. As with the Keyes and van den Berghe special issue of Annales of Tourism Research, this volume moved us away from studying the impact of tourism on identity to investigating the intersection of tourism and identity in more dynamic ways, among other things looking at how "local" and "tourist" identities are mutually-constructed. Likewise, Michel Picard and Robert Wood's path-breaking edited volume "Tourism, Ethnicity and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies" (1997, University of Hawaii Press), examined the ways in which tourism intersections with ethnic, cultural, regional and national identities, as well as with the political agendas of Pacific island and Southeast Asian states. Abrams, Waldren and Mcleod's 1997 volume Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places also offered compelling case studies examining issues surrounding the construction of identity in the context of tourism. Among other things the chapters in their volume investigated tourist's views of themselves and others in the course of their travels, the relationship of travelers to resident populations, and the ways in which tourist's quests for authenticity are entangled with their own sensibilities about their own identities. Although the economic and social aspects of rural tourism development have been widely examined and debated, little attention has been paid to the impact of rural tourism development on the cultural construct of rural life (i.e., residents’ rural identities). In this study I explored the role of tourism development in changing rural identities in the context of Iran, which has been experiencing rapid urbanization and rural reconstructing processes in recent years. This paper aims to investigate of rural tourism on social Identity in the rural areas of Ardabil County.
    Materials And Methods
    This paper aims to investigate of rural tourism on social Identity in the rural areas of Ardabil County. This study is descriptive - analytical in terms of research methods, practical in terms of nature and is a library and field kind of research in terms of the type of data collection. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0.84-0.93).
    Discussion and
    Results
    Nowadays, tourism is considered as the most comprehensive service industry of the world that has acquired a special place in economic, cultural, social, and political realms. Worldwide changes in the aftermath of the Second World War regarding the prevalence of urbanization, large cities, urban environmental pollutions, and the increase of leisure time resulted in the expansion of rural tourism. In the following decades, tourism was considered as a tool for rural development. Therefore, pundits have tried, by means of different patterns, to promote the role of tourism in the rural social development.
    the results of research show that there is a significant difference between respondents of Sardabhe and Balighlu Dehstan in variables of national, household, religion and gender with independent variable. Also, these results show that there is no significant difference in group and individual between respondents. Finally, according to research findings practical suggestions are presented. To understand the features of local residents’ rural identity, change and its underlying mechanism, I conducted a case study in Ardabil County (Sardabhe Dehstan). Through the collection of on-site materials, participant observation, and individual interviews, my study: 1) examined the patterns of local residents’ rural identity changes and the underlying reasons behind the changes; 2) explored the detailed transformation of everyday life and performance of rural residents, and how it has influenced the mentality and identity of Ardabil County (Sardabhr Dehstan) residents. The results indicated that rural identities in Ardabil County did experience changes over the course of tourism development.
    Conclusion
    The results of T-Test show that there is a significant difference between respondents of Sardabhe and Balighlu Dehstan in variables of national, household, religion and gender with independent variable. Also, these results show that there is no significant difference in group and individual between respondents. Finally, according to research findings practical suggestions are presented.
    Keywords: Social Identity, Rural Development, Tourism Rural, Young Villagers, Ardabil County
  • Madineh Khosrowjerdi, Mehdi Nooripoor * Pages 153-174
    Introduction
    Tourism is a new approach in rural development which can be useful in empowering local people, human resources development, diversifying rural economy, crating job opportunities, increasing living standards, decreasing rural- urban divide and reducing migration from rural to urban areas. Rural tourism focuses on actively participating in a rural lifestyle. It can be a variant of ecotourism. Many rural villages can facilitate tourism because many villagers are hospitable and eager to welcome (and sometime even host) visitors. Rural tourism allows the creation of a replacement source of income in the non-agricultural sector for rural dwellers. The added income from rural tourism can contribute to the revival of lost folk art and handicrafts. Of course, it should be noted that tourism have some advantages and disadvantages like other development activities. For example, despite some advantages that mentioned above, some other consequences such as environmental degradation, falsely increasing prices of goods and services, damage to agricultural activities and so on, can be considered as disadvantages of rural tourism development. Therefore, the host community even may have negative attitude towards rural tourism. However governments assign a lot of budgets on rural tourism development, but less attention is paid to the attitude of the host community towards it. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate rural people's attitudes towards rural tourism in the Doroodzan District of Marvdasht County, Southern of Iran.
    Research
    Method
    Survey research method was used to study factors affecting rural people's attitudes based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Data were collected using a predesigned questionnaire with a sample of 250 respondents that were selected based on Kerjcie and Morgan Sampling Table and stratified random sampling technique. Face validity of the questionnaire was verified by faculty staff of Rural Development Department of Yasouj University and its reliability was also verified using Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient (from 0.610 to 0.868). The questionnaire consisted of different statements about research variables including tourism, observation, attitude, subjective norm (Normative beliefs and motivation to comply), perceived behavioral control (control beliefs and control beliefs power), awareness, experience, and perceived usefulness which were measured using Likert Scale responses.
    Findings: The results showed that investment in tourism in the region is very poor. Either villager's knowledge about rural tourism, or tourism advertising have an unfavorable situation in the study area. Rural people have a fairly favorable attitude toward tourism, and tourism caused improving marketing of agricultural products and commodities. Moreover, there were statistically significant relationships between attitude as dependent variable in one hand and independent variables such as income, awareness about rural tourism, perceived usefulness of rural tourism, observation, values, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and prior experience about rural tourism
    Conclusion and recommendations: Due to different problems in rural areas of Iran such as unemployment, low productivity and so on, attention to the other development approaches such as tourism can be considered as a guarantee for improving the quality of life in these regions. Nowadays, Agriculture requires less manual labor. The agricultural lands have been scattered to different and small parts. This trend is causing economic pressure on different villages, which in turn causes young people to move to urban areas. There is however, a segment of the urban population that is interested in visiting the rural areas and understanding the lifestyle. But, as mentioned above, the development of rural tourism may have different positive and negative consequences. Thus, the study of host people's attitude toward rural tourism I really necessary. The results of this study showed that rural people have a fairly positive attitude towards the development of rural tourism in their living location. Therefore, to avoid a negative attitude towards the tourism development and also to encourage people to invest and work in this field, some policies should be considered and executed in such regions such as:- advertisement about tourism development functions, benefits and strategies in mass media for host communities
    - holding extension-education classes for villagers in the field of tourism especially rural tourism
    - Providing banking loans and facilities for development of infrastructures and other tourist services in the region
    - Introducing tourism attractions of the region to the other parts of the country or even world.
    Keywords: Attitude, The Theory of Planned Behavior, Rural Tourism, Doroodzan, Marvdasht
  • Mehdi Karami Dehkordi, Khalil Kalantari, Mohammad Amin Khorasani * Pages 175-198
    Introduction
    According to World Tourism Organization reports, revenue from tourism is rising with a high speed and it can be a big step for areas with natural and tourist attractions. The unique features of geographical, ecological, mountain attractions, water resources, forest of Chahar Mahal & Bakhtiari province attracts many tourists to this region. The aim of this study is developing a system model for analysis of different views on the obstacles and problems of tourism in Dimeh village as a rural tourism site in Koohrang County in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province in expert's viewpoint related to the tourism sector, key people in villages and inside and outside tourists in the province be present in tourism centers and villages.
    Materials And Methods
    This Study is qualitative research and for analyzing the data in this study, the grounded theory was used. The study population consisted of three categories of research about rural tourism officials and inside and outside the province tourists and the third category of cultural heritage experts. Sampling was completely purposeful (snowball method) then conducted in-depth interviews, focused interviews, structured and semi-structured interview and eventually reach the theory saturation, data collection and coding procedures and data analysis of the content analysis was performed. Based on the grounded theory, after collecting information from the study population, we reviewed and analyzed recorded video tapes, interviews, photos and manuscripts were discussed. After reviewing several times, extra points, redundant and unrelated matters to the subject removed and key statements were obtained in the form of codes and concepts (the first stage: encoded open). In axial coding, data are compared with each other in an ongoing process until after the opening encoded link between the categories specified. In axial coding, developed classes and each class is composed of the following classes that are related to each of them is determined. Selection coding is a combination of selective coding classes for the initial formation of research framework. At this phase, we combined previously coded sentences to understand the relationship between them and then conceptual model outlined.
    Results And Discussion
    The results of this study was to extract the conceptual model of problems of the tourist village of Dimeh that showed village has infrastructure problems, health, cultural attractions pale, lack of understanding of tourism, lack of motivation of local officials, lack of planning, research and monitoring, problems related to human resources, tourism problems and issues and problems related to government and handicraft problems.
    Conclusions
    Since Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province in the field of tourism and ecotourism is among the five top provinces and annually receives a large number of tourists (especially in spring and summer), Therefore, more attention to removing the barriers identified in this research model to improve the situation of the village, systemic approach studies to further investment in infrastructure, help to local people's participation, marketing, attention to handicrafts and future research on different aspects of rural tourism, to strengthen these categories in order to benefit more villagers recommended. The deployment of emergency teams, containers of aid, the timely collection of garbage, increasing the number of trash cans, the use of trained human resources, extension training with a focus on marketing and, the government's attention to this topic for the sale of food, beverages and crafts is beneficiary.
    Keywords: Tourism, Problems, Obstacles, Dimeh Village, Qualitative Analysis
  • Davoud Razi *, Zahra Pazoki Nejad Pages 199-210
    Introduction
    The review of literature show that renewable energies such as solar, wind and geothermal energy can considered as an innovation in the form of the more common forms of energy such as fossil fuels. In fact, we can speak about environmental innovation. Environmental innovation, in its broadest form, includes any innovation that reduces environmental harm (Kanerva et al, 2009). More specifically, environmental innovation can be defined as ‘the production, assimilation or exploitation of a product, production process, service or management or business method that is novel to the firm and which results, throughout its life cycle, in a reduction of environmental risk, pollution and other negative impacts of resource use compared to relevant alternative’ (Kemp and Pearson, 2008; in Kanerva et al, 2009:7). “Environmental innovation is associated with technological change and institutional change in the manufacture and delivery of services. Environmental innovation control nature and direction of the development. In fact, this type of innovation base on the principle of sustainability that it reduces the amount of damage toward the environment. Environmental innovation diffuse attitudes and behaviors supportive environment. In general, renewable energy as an environmental innovation reduce degradation of environment overall and the sustainability of environment” (Sanchez-Medina et al, 2011: 987). This type of innovation has three dimensions (goals, mechanisms and effects). The purpose of new or renewable energy development in the society is reducing pollution and keeping the environment healthy. Moving from fossil fuels to renewable sources will try to maintain the balance of the environment and society. This type of energy is improved environmental conditions. And diffusion of it in a society requires coherence and coordination between environmental policy and innovation. Synchronization innovation and environmental policies can contribute to sustainable development and stabilization of society (OECD, 2009). NGOs flourish environmental innovation in society. In fact, the reduction of environmental damage (such as improved air pollution) and avoidance of further damage to the natural environment, changing lifestyles and consumer behavior is defined in the context of social innovation. Hence to explanation it in terms of environmental terms particularly in discussing environmental policy it is necessary to not only the technology but lifestyle changes. Adoption with the application of renewable energy in the tourism industry by the owners of tourist resorts is considered a new issue in Iran. Therefore, the use of environmental innovations, as previously mentioned, are required to change attitudes and behavior’s owners of tourist resorts.
    Residential centers using renewable energy can greatly reduce their costs and energy consumption in residential centers can be managed by the owners’ residence. If we expect that the tourism industry, particularly in residential centers, use renewable energy as alternative energy, the foremost need is changing the attitude and behavior of owners’ residential places. Tourists’ residential centers can be found in different parts of Iran including in Mazndaran. In fact, Mazandaran province with over 1 million tourists annually is one of the major tourist destinations in Iran. The main tourist destination in Mazandaran province is coastal cities like Babolsar, Mahmoudabad and Noor. Given the importance of the issues mentioned above, this study seeks to answer the following questions:1) How is attitude of tourist resort owners toward the use of renewable energies in the tourism industry?
    2) How is attitude of tourist resort owners towards the use of renewable energies to demographics variables (age, education, type of residence, number of residential units)?

    Materials And Methods
    This study aims to investigate attitudes of tourism residence owners towards using of renewable energies in tourism industry in three cities of Mazandaran province, Iran. By utilizing quantitative approach, we conducted a survey and collected the required data by using structured questionnaire. Participants in this study were surveyed by face to face in September 2013. 121 tourism residence owners participated in this study. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed through formal validity. That is used the viewpoints of tourism and energy experts to adaptation of questionnaire with the expected characteristics. In September 2013 when it was the peak of tourism arrivals in those cities, questionnaires were distributed among the target population and completed and collected by the end of September. Variables defined with conceptually and operationally. As such, renewable energy refers to types of energy that contrary to some types of non- renewable energy are returning to nature (Meadows and et al, 2001). These resources adapt with environment and produce less environmental pollution compared to other energy sources (α= 0.67).
    Discussion and
    Results
    In this study, attitudes of tourist resorts owners towards renewable energy were studied. This study has shown that small-scale and local communities are sensitive towards alternative renewable energies. The positive and weak relationship between age ‘participants, age of resident unites and tendency to renewable energy was one of other results. Employment history has moderate and positive relation with attitudes’ owners of tourist resorts towards RE. Finally, the results of this study showed that there was a negative but moderate relationship between number of resident and attitudes towards RE. In other words, with reduction of resident unites, willingness’ owners of tourist residence to using of RE in resident unites increase. It seems that A) new energy technologies are expensive. The cost of energy produced from renewable sources is still high. Iran’s government can create a space that renewable energy technologies can compete with fossil fuel technologies through presentation of funding mechanisms and an appropriate legal framework. B) Iranian people lack adequate knowledge of the renewable energies resources. In other words, consumers are not aware of the benefits and opportunities of renewable energy. Government and relevant agencies should be encouraged to promote training programs in this field. C) Lack of awareness of the service provider organizations related to the limitations of using these resources. Therefore, it is recommended appropriate circumstances be provided for consulting firms to provide counseling and support for installation and use of renewable energy equipment.
    Keywords: Renewable Energy, Owners of Tourism Residents, Province of Mazandaran