فهرست مطالب

نشریه برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری
پیاپی 25 (تابستان 1397)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/05/16
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
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  • فاطمه بزازان، فهیمه آزاددانا صفحات 8-24
    توسعه گردشگری و اثر مثبت آن بر رشد تولید و اشتغال در سطوح ملی و منطقه ای همواره به لحاظ اقتصادی مورد توجه برنامه ریزان اقتصادی بوده است. شهر قم به دلیل برخورداری از جاذبه های فرهنگی و مذهبی یکی از مهمترین مقصدهای گردشگری ایران محسوب می شود. براساس گزارش مرکز آمار ایران، این شهر از نظر تعداد سفر انجام شده، در میان بیست شهرستان مهم کشور در فصل بهار و تابستان 1390 با تعداد 3333834 سفر، بعد از مشهد، دومین رتبه را دارا بوده است. در همین راستا، هدف اصلی این پژوهش سنجش میزان اثربخشی گردشگری داخلی به استان قم بر اقتصاد استان قم و اقتصاد ملی با استفاده از رویکرد داده ستانده دو منطقه ای است. پایه های آماری تحقیق عبارتند از: جدول داده ستانده ملی سال 1390، هزینه گردشگران داخلی استان قم و اشتغال بخشی استان قم. برای این منظور اولین مرحله تحقیق برآورد ضرایب داده ستانده دو منطقه ای (استان قم و سایر اقتصاد ملی) است که با استفاده از روش غیر آماری AFLQ محاسبه شده است. یافته های این پژوهش نشان می دهند با ورود گردشگران داخلی به استان قم در سال 1390، تولید استان به میزان 5625 میلیارد ریال (معادل 16/5 درصد ستانده استان قم) و اشتغال استان 22969 نفر (معادل 08/8 درصد کل اشتغال استان قم) افزایش یافته است. همچنین ورود گردشگران فوق در اقتصاد ملی به میزان 7532 میلیارد ریال تولید و 26163 نفر شغل ایجاد کرده است.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری، ضرایب داده ستانده دو منطقه ای، اشتغال، تولید
  • مصطفی باقریان جلودار، سید محمد شبیری، فضه نو پور هولاری صفحات 25-45
    امنیت و گردشگری، پارامترهای یک معادله هستند که نسبتی مستقیم با هم دارند. در واقع همان طور که یکی از عوامل مهم توسعه گردشگری وجود امنیت است، رونق گردشگری در یک منطقه و تردد گردشگران در یک مقصد، موجب به وجود آمدن امنیت می شود. هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناخت میزان عوامل موثر بر احساس امنیت اجتماعی گردشگران (مطالعه موردی: گردشگران بابلسر) است. روش پژوهش این مقاله توصیفی- تحلیلی و نوع پژوهش کاربردی می باشد. برای جمع آوری داده ها از روش کتابخانه ای و میدانی استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر را کلیه گردشگران شهر بابلسر در سال 1395 می باشد که با استفاده از فرمول جامعه نامحدود 384 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب گردید. در تحقیق حاضر متغیرهای مستقل عبارتند از اعتماد اجتماعی، عملکرد پلیس، مصرف رسانه ای و تحصیلات و متغیر وابسته احساس امنیت اجتماعی گردشگران می باشد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که بین احساس امنیت که خود از دو بعد احساس امنیت فردی و اجتماعی ساخته شده است، و اعتمادکل، اعتماد شخصی، اعتماد اجتماعی و مصرف رسانه ای رابطه ی معناداری وجود دارد. هم چنین بین سن و سطح تحصیلات با احساس امنیت، رابطه ی معنی داری وجود دارد. ودر نهایت نتایج به دست آمده از آزمون رگرسیون حاکی از آن است که ضریب رگرسیون با سطح معنی داری 000/0=α برابر با 482/0 R= معنی دار است. یعنی به ازای تغییر در یک واحد انحراف استاندارد اعتماد اجتماعی، عملکرد پلیس، مصرف رسانه ای و تحصیلات میزان احساس امنیت فردی و اجتماعی به ترتیب به اندازه 125/0، 227/0، 205/0، 305/0 قابل پیش بینی می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: احساس امنیت، گردشگری، توسعه گردشگری، شهرستان بابلسر، اعتماد
  • هادی رازقی مله، قربانعلی ابراهیمی صفحات 46-71
    هدف اساسی تحقیق حاضر، بررسی رابطه علی بین سرمایه اجتماعی و توسعه پایدار گردشگری می باشد. برای دستیابی به هدف این تحقیق، در این مطالعه از روش پیمایش استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری در تحقیق حاضر شامل شهروندان ساری می باشد. برای تعیین حجم نمونه از نرم افزارpassاستفاده شد که از این طریق حجم نمونه 640 نفر برآورد شده است. در این پژوهش از روش نمونه گیری خوشه ایچند مرحله ای متناسب با حجم استفاده شده است و برای جمع آوری اطلاعات نیز از پرسشنامه استفاده شده است. یافته های تحقیق نشان داده است که متغیر اعتماد اجتماعی و متغیر شبکه روابط به ترتیب، بیشترین (383/0) و کمترین (156/0) میزان تاثیر را بر متغیر وابسته (توسعه پایدار گردشگری) دارند. همچنین یافته ها نشان دهنده تاثیر مثبت سرمایه اجتماعی (شبکه روابط، مشارکت اجتماعی، اعتماد اجتماعی) بر توسعه پایدار گردشگری است؛ به این معنی که با افزایش میزان سرمایه اجتماعی، میانگین توسعه پایدار گردشگری افزایش می یابد.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه پایدار گردشگری، سرمایه اجتماعی، مشارکت اجتماعی، شبکه روابط، اعتماد، ساری
  • مصطفی محمدی صفحات 72-96
    طبیعت گردی، ارزشمندترین مظهر توسعه ی پایدار است. هدف تحقیق حاضر، ارزیابی میزان پایداری طبیعت گردی و بررسی رابطه ی تعاملی مولفه های توسعه ی پایدار طبیعت گردی در مجموعه ی روستایی جواهرده رامسر بوده است. تحقیق حاضر از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر نحوه گردآوری اطلاعات، توصیفی می باشد. جامعه ی آماری تحقیق حاضر را سه گروه ذینفعان گردشگری تشکیل داده اند: جامعه ی محلی، طبیعت گردان و مسئولان. حجم نمونه لازم برای هر یک از گروه ها تعداد 150 نفر (مجموعا 450نفر) تعیین شد. برای جمع آوری داده ها از پرسشنامه استاندارد استفاده گردید. پایایی پرسشنامه جامعه ی محلی (792/0) ، طبیعت گردان (779/0) و مسئولان (771/0) به دست آمد که مقدار مناسبی می باشد. تحلیل در دو سطح توصیفی و استنباطی از طریق نرم افزار SPSS24 صورت پذیرفت. نتایج نشان می دهد در بین تمامی مولفه های توسعه ی پایدار طبیعت گردی در مجموعه ی روستایی جواهرده رامسر، جنبه ی رابطه ای اثر منابع بر جامعه ی محلی با میانگین (5/3) مطلوب ترین نوع رابطه را دارا است و همچنین نامطلوب ترین نوع رابطه میان مولفه های مورد بررسی تاثیر جامعه ی محلی بر طبیعت گردی مجموعه ی روستایی جواهرده رامسر با میانگین (85/1) بوده است. سایر نتایج در قالب یافته ها و نتیجه گیری ارایه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه ی پایدار، طبیعت گردی، مجموعه روستایی جواهرده
  • زهرا شکرچی زاده، بهرام رنجبریان *، وحید قاسمی صفحات 97-116

    هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تاثیر خصیصه های شخصیتی بر رفتار جستجوی اطلاعات به هنگام انتخاب یک بسته گردشگری خارج از کشور است. جامعه مورد مطالعه شامل سرپرستان خانوار در شهر اصفهان بوده که پیشتر یک بسته گردشگری خارج از کشور را خریداری کرده اند. به منظور گردآوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه استاندارد شخصیت جان و استریواستاوا (1999) و پرسشنامه های محقق ساخته ارزش ادراک شده از جستجوی اطلاعات استفاده شد. برای تحلیل داده ها از روش معادلات ساختاری با رویکرد حداقل مربعات جزیی استفاده گردید. یافته ها بیانگر آن بود که خصیصه های وظیفه شناسی و روان رنجوری از طریق ارزش ادراک شده حاصل از جستجوی درونی اطلاعات، بر میزان جستجوی درونی اطلاعات تاثیر داشته اند. به علاوه، وظیفه شناسی بر ارزش ادراک شده از جستجوی اطلاعات از درون خانواده تاثیر معناداری داشته است. از سوی دیگر، خصیصه باز بودن نسبت به پذیرش تجارب جدید از طریق ارزش ادراک شده از جستجوی بیرونی اطلاعات، بر میزان جستجوی بیرونی اطلاعات تاثیرگذار بوده است. مطالعه، همچنین تاثیرخصیصه سازگاری را بر ارزش ادراک شده از جستجوی اطلاعات از درون خانواده تایید نموده است. در نهایت، خصیصه برون گرایی بر هیچکدام از ارزش های ادراک شده از جستجوی اطلاعات از درون خانواده و جستجوی اطلاعات بیرونی تاثیرمعناداری نداشت.

    کلیدواژگان: خصیصه های شخصیتی، جستجوی درونی اطلاعات، جستجوی بیرونی اطلاعات، جستجوی اطلاعات از درون خانواده، گردشگری
  • میر محمد اسعدی، حمیرا ممیزی مهرجردی ، حامد فلاح تفتی صفحات 117-135
    گردشگری یکی از حوزه های اقتصادی است که با سرعت فزاینده ای در حال پیشروی است و حجم قابل توجهی از درآمد، اشتغال و تولید ملی را به خود اختصاص داده است. فناوری اطلاعات نیز با سرعت روزافزونی در بخش های مختلف زندگی انسان نفوذ کرده و به عنوان یکی از مولفه های اثرگذار در حوزه های مختلف کسب وکار به شمار می آید. گردشگری نیز تحت تاثیر نفوذ فناوری اطلاعات قرارگرفته و موضوع گردشگری الکترونیک حاصل ترکیب این دو حوزه است. با توجه به وجود جاذبه های متنوع گردشگری در استان یزد و همچنین لزوم بهره گیری از ظرفیت فضای مجازی، در این تحقیق اقدام به شناسایی عوامل موثر بر توسعه گردشگری الکترونیک و روابط علی میان آن ها در این منطقه شده است. با استفاده از ادبیات تحقیق و روش دلفی تلاش شده مهم ترین عوامل زیرساختی در این زمینه شناسایی شده و سپس اقدام به تهیه مدل مفهومی روابط میان عوامل مذکور گردد. سپس با بهره گیری از رویکرد مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری مدل تهیه شده آزمون گردید. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد کیفیت نرم افزارها نقش میانجی گری کامل در رابطه میان سایر سازه ها با توسعه گردشگری الکترونیک دارد. می توان گفت موفقیت در این زمینه منوط به حمایت های دولتی، کیفیت سیستم های اطلاعاتی و زیرساخت ها است اما این تاثیرگذاری از طریق ویژگی های نرم افزارهای طراحی شده معنا می یابند.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری الکترونیک، فناوری اطلاعات، زیرساخت های گردشگری، مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری، استان یزد
  • طاهره اردکانی، علیرضا میکائیلی تبریزی، عبدالرسول سلمان ماهینی، مرجان محمد زاده صفحات 136-156
    ارزیابی اثرات گردشگری به دلیل افزایش رو به تزاید جمعیت و حساسیت بالای منابع تفرجی طبیعی، اهمیت خاصی پیدا می کند. در این تحقیق، سعی بر آن است که با معرفی فرایند طیف فرصت تفرجی در زمینه مدیریت اثرات بازدیدکننده، توسعه گردشگری درحد ظرفیت برد امکان پذیر گردد. محدوده مورد مطالعه بخشی از استان گلستان (سه شهرستان گرگان، کردکوی، علی آباد) است. از مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری برای به دست آوردن ارتباطات بین عوامل استفاده شد. یافته های پژوهش نشان داد که طیف فرصت تفرجی تحت تاثیر عامل تعدیل گر ویژگی های جمعیت شناختی نیست. بنابراین،97 درصد از تغییرات سازه طیف فرصت تفرجی با سازه های دسترسی، مدیریت، تعامل اجتماعی، چارچوب مقررات، پذیرش اثرات بازدیدی، استفاده های غیرتفرجی تبیین می شود. رابطه همه سازه ها به غیر از استفاده های غیرتفرجی با طیف فرصت تفرجی در سطح 1 درصد مثبت و معنی دار است. معادله رگرسیونی به دست آمده در این پژوهش می تواند در برنامه ریزی گردشگری خصوصا در مناطق مشابه بالقوه گردشگری مورد استفاده مدیران جهت توسعه گردشگری قرارگیرد. انتظار است که با کاربرد مدل های معادلات ساختاری در بخش گردشگری، اثرات منفی این فعالیت بر طبیعت به حداقل برسد.
    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی تفرجی، طیف فرصت تفرجی، مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری، نشانزد محیط زیستی قابل قبول
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  • fatemeh bazzazan, Fahimeh Azaddana Pages 8-24
     
    Introduction
    Development of tourism and its positive effects on economic growth, employment and poverty alleviation at national and regional levels, has always been highlighted by economic planners. Due to its cultural and religious attractions the city of Qom is considered as one of the most important pillars of tourism in Iran.The study of socio-economic development of Qom province shows that the main development axis of the province is pilgrimage and tourism. The tourism industry can play a significant role in the socio-economic and even political life of the city of Qom because of the lack of water, the weakness of natural resources and limitations of agricultural and industrial sectors. According to the 2015 report by Statistical Center of Iran (SCI 2015), with more than 3- million trips, Qom province ranked second of domestic tourists’ arrival among the twenty most important cities in the spring and summer of 2011. This paper measures the impact of domestic tourism expenditures on both output and employment in Qom province and the rest of the economy (the national economy excluding Qom province), using two-regional input-output approach.

    Materials and Methods
    Three main data bases are used in this research: a) the 2011 national input-output table constructed by the Parliament Research Centre (2014); b) the 2011-2012 regional accounts for Qom and the rest of the economy (national economy exclude Qom province) provided by the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI); c) domestic tourists expenditure and sectoral employment in Qom province and the national economy in the year 2012 provided by SCI (2014).
    A two-regional input-output model is used to study the impact of domestic tourism arrival to Qom region on the economy. For this purpose, two regional input-output coefficients of Qom and the rest of national economy are constructed through the intraregional and interregional coefficients using a non-survey-based AFLQ approach. These coefficients are used as a basis for estimating the output and the employment multipliers in order to evaluate the impact of domestic tourists’ arrival expenditures the region Qom on the output and employment of both region. For this purpose we consider domestic tourism’ expenditures as a type of Qom’s export to the rest of the economy. Such consideration impose to the two-region input-output model in order to calculate the impacts on output and employment.
    General input-output model is defined in equation (1),
    (1)
    In which, , is a column vector of output, is the matrix of input coefficients, is vector of final demand, is Leontief inverse matrix. When general form is provided for two regions, equation (1), transformed to the more detailed form as follows: (2)
    In equation (2), variable definitions are the same as in equation (1), and Q stand for Qom province and R for the rest of the economy. The effects on the output Qom and the Rest of the economy output and employment of any changes in the final demand of each region can be quantified using equation (3) and (4) below. In this case, suppose that there is an increase in the export component for the final demand in Qom province for the tourism sector, or , then the output for Qom and the rest of the economy region would increase as follows:
    (3)
    (4)
    From equation (3), the increase in the output for Qom is calculated as: whereas, for the rest of the economy would be: . Using equation (4), Qom’s employment increases according to , and for the rest of the economy, the increase in the employment would be .


    Discussion and Results: Estimations of the impact are made by using the two-region input-output model, equations (3) and (4). The results show that the wholesale, retail and repair of appliances sectors had the greatest output effect in both regions. The greatest job creation happen in the transportation, warehousing, and communications sectors in the both regions. Moreover, the results show that output of Qom province increases 5.16% as a result of domestic tourism in Qom in 2011 and Qom employment would also increase 8.08 %.
    The result also shows that the output of national economy increases by 7532 billion rials and 26163 jobs are created.

    Conclusion
    In planning for each area, their specific capabilities, potentials, constraints, and needs must be considered. We recommended that policymakers and economic planners focus on the capabilities, opportunities and characteristics of different regions and move towards regional planning instead of applying macroeconomic planning. Then regional policy makers leads to focus on the Qom province high potential of attracting domestic and foreign tourists. The results of this research can help them to estimate impacts of the development tourism
    Keywords: Tourism, Two-region Input-output Coefficients, Employment, Output
  • Mostafa Bagheriyan jelodar, Seyed Mohammad Shobeiri, Faezeh Nopour Pages 25-45

    Today, tourism is closely linked to the security issue. Security: It means freeing from any threat - an invasion of the legitimate and legitimate rights and freedoms of citizens and consists of two layers that are: personal and social security. The sense of security in tourists has important personal and social functions that, in the event of disruption of these functions, feel insecurity in the walkways. In urban areas, walkways have a special position, so that the higher the quality and quantity of these socio-cultural spaces, the citizens will have more opportunities to spend their leisure and recreation. The main goal of the walkways is to provide citizens with a peaceful and enjoyable holiday with pleasure and relaxation. The existence of security in the public parks and parks of the city, such as parks, has various personal and social functions.
    It should be noted that there are many barriers to the provision of personal and social needs of citizens, which have greatly reduced the sense of security and comfort of citizens, especially tourists. In turn, this phenomenon has fueled the expansion of the spirit of dissatisfaction, insecurity, loneliness, sadness, fear, social tension, separation from nature, and distrust and social injustice. The harassing behaviors of some people often affect all those who use or tend to use these spaces. (Maybe tourists) are reluctant to go and use these places because they are afraid of being abused. Parks in all seasons are welcomed by different classes, such as children, adolescents and the elderly, and tourists and travelers. Therefore, security debate is one of the most important topics for tourists, which requires the participation of the police and the municipality and related organizations (Police Command of Golestan Province, 2010: 7 ) Also, the role of citizens and people in security is important because security is not isolated from people; therefore, everyone should be responsible for their contribution to the realization of security; hence, damaging the image of parks and walkways is an effective step towards healthy living space. The people of the city are moving towards the enrichment of the leisure time of the citizens. This research seeks to achieve and identify the sense of individual security and social security in Babolsar with an emphasis on empirical research among tourists; therefore, the main question of the research is to what extent do tourists benefit from the sense of individual security and the sense of social security? Security and tourism, as the parameters of an equation, are directly connected to each other. In fact, as security is one of the main causes of the development of tourism, the tourism boom in the region and the movement of tourists within a destination, create security. Increase in the number of tourists stimulates business and raise income of corporations and institutions that are active in this field. Tourism development, especially in less developed countries, is an effective way to cope with poverty and to increase people’s income, reduce unemployment and economic and social prosperity. The aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting social security of tourists at the Babolsar city, Mazandarn province
    Materials and Methods
    Statistical population, sample size and sampling method is a survey research method in which the correlation of independent variables with dependent variables is measured. The statistical population of the study includes all tourists (including domestic and foreign tourists) who were in different recreational destinations in 1395 , Science and sports enter the city of Babolsar. According to the current statistics of 1394, about 2600,000 tourists arrived in Iran. The emotional trust that an individual or people have about an affirmative one is actually a positive attitude toward the individual or something external, which reflects the extent of the assessment of the phenomenon we face (Abbas Zadeh, 2004, quoted by Moeed Far 1388: 125). Trust is to have good suspicion of others in the relationship between the three types: 1. Interpersonal trust 2. Social trust (generalized) 3. Institutional trust (Pathnam, 292-137-29)
    In order to measure the level of social trust of people, three types of trust were first separated, and then, using these three types, the social trust variables were measured using the Likert scale. These three types of trust are: 1. Interpersonal trust includes trust in family members, relatives, friends and colleagues, also known as personal trust. 2) social trust (generalized), trust in aliens or less familiar members of the community 3) Institutional trust, trust in organizations, institutions and groups in the field of government (Mousavi Khamenei, 2004: 10) Research Findings:

    This is an applied research done through a descriptive-analytic method. Library and field methods were used for data collection. The population of the study is all of the tourists of Babolsar city in 2015 from which, 384 people were selected as sample using the formula of unlimited population. Based on the results, there was significant relationship between the sense of security, consisting individual and social sense of security, and total trust, personal trust, social trust and media consumption, at 95% confidence level. Also, age and education level were significantly related with a sense of security. The results of regression analysis showed that regression coefficient was significant at α=0.000 level with R=0.482 indicating with a change in standard deviation of social trust, the police, media consumption and education would made predicable personal and social sense of security in order to 0.125, 0.227, 0.205 and 0.305, respectively.According to the results of Pearson's correlation between social and individual security. The components of income age of social trust and the meaning of the media consumption police have been observed positively and significantly. It can be seen that what is presented by tourists and as a "sense of security" is related to the sense of individual and social security. It can be said that the feeling of security is a kind of mentality and positive psychological orientation of the citizens about the inability to influence the occurrence and events of events. Urban sprawl has the greatest relationship with people and places of recreation and walking, and as a result, it is important for tourists to be identified and provided a sense of tranquility and security. Many obstacles have arisen to meet the individual and social needs of tourists, which has led to a sharp decline in the sense of security and tranquility of tourists. In turn, this phenomenon has fueled the spread of dissatisfaction, insecurity, loneliness, sadness, fear, social tension, separation from nature. The availability of facilities is one of the important factors that bring the tourist to the harbor, and the presence of tourists and citizens in their recreational places increases security. Criminals often take quiet and silent places for their actions. We now refer to the indicators and components of the sense of security: 1. Access to facilities (education, health, welfare and freedom); 2. Lack of crime and delinquency in tourist places; and 3. Reduced barriers to personal and social safety.
    Conclusion
    In the present study, it has been determined that the existence of variables related to social capital (such as the trust of tourists to Iranians, the sense of security, is an important aspect of human relations and will lead to widespread international participation and cooperation. In general, it can be said that the circles of life Social is based on the basis of trust and cooperation and the importance of trust and cooperation in social relationships and connections is such that they can be considered as an essential element of social life in the international arena in the modern world that extends the field of interaction in different dimensions. By contrast, reducing each aspect of social capital causes the people of the community to feel insecure in the first step and withdraw from cooperation and expansion of interactions in different aspects of society due to fears and concerns. And in this case, the social relations in and out of the country will decrease exponentially. Therefore, the tourism industry is also challenged in terms of social status (the acceptance of tourism by the people).
    In summary, the most important suggestions of this research are:- Development of tourist police in historical and tourist places;
    - Strengthen native culture through schools and universities and ... to work with domestic and foreign tourists;
    - Development of tourism culture through the development of scientific tourism centers;
    - Promotion through traditional media and new electronic media such as satellite and Internet;
    - Organizing free tourism courses for the general public and marketers;
    - Development of catering and accommodation services;
    - Implementation of special traffic plans for tourists around historic works, especially the city center;
    - Development of transport fleet for tourists
    - Provides guidance for specialist tours in the city
    - Use of other countries experiences in tourism
    Keywords: Tourism, Tourism Development, Tourism, Babolsar, Triust
  • Hadi Razeghi Maleh, Ghorbanali Ebrahimi Pages 46-71
    The goal of present study is to investigate the causal relationship between social capital and sustainable development of tourism. To achieve the goal of this research, survey method was used in this study. The study population consisted of citizens in Sari. The sample size software was used to determine pass through a sample size of 640 people is estimated. In this study, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used, and questionnaire was used for data collection. Research findings have shown that variable social trust and network variables, respectively, the highest (0/383) and lowest (0/156) the effect on the dependent variable (sustainable development of tourism). The results also show the positive effects of social capital (networks of relationships, social participation, social trust) on the sustainable development of tourism, which means that the increase of social capital, the average increase sustainable tourism development.

    Introduction
    One of the basics of sustainable development is a good performance and cooperation from the host community. Experience also shows that without cooperation and support of the local community sustainable tourism industry cannot be created (Choi and Jamal, 2009). One of the factors that plays an important role in achieving sustainable development is the social wealth among the public which is used today along with human, financial and economical wealth. This concept is concerned with bonds and relationships between members of a social network which achieves its aims though creation of norms and mutual confidence (Alvani and Seyed Naghavi, 1381).
    In the current study it was attempted to investigate the relationship between social capital and sustainable development of tourism.

    Materials and Methods
    The methods research method is survey. The statistical population in this study is the citizens of 18 years and older of Sari city. In the present study, a pass software was used to determine the sample size. Confidence quotient in the study was set at 0.999 and error quotient is 0.001. Therefore, based on 0.999 confidence quotient and considering the least standard deviation and error of standard deviation, the size of the population was calculated to be 640. In this research, a multistage cluster sampling method proportional to volume has been used.

    Discussion and Results: Descriptive finding of the study show that the mean of social capital among the whole population under study was 4.74 out of 10 and the mean of sustainable development of tourism was 4.58 out of 10. Referential findings also show that social capital along with the relationship network, social confidence, and social collaboration has significant effects on sustainable development of tourism. It was also found that social capital (the relations network, social cooperation and social confidence) has a positive impact on sustainable development of tourism meaning that with the increase in social capital the mean of sustainable development of tourism the local community improves positively.

    Conclusions
    In development, social wealth is composed of three characteristics: confidence, mutual relationships, and cooperation. If these elements are strong in societies, the settlers in these societies have more opportunities in building the economy and society. Development might impact the relationships between the settlers with each other and with the host society. A considerable part of the literature in social development of tourism indicates that in the first stage of planning for tourism development the role of the society and benefiters must be defined. The importance of social wealth is that mutual confidence increases cooperation by reducing the costs of dealing as people are not forced to pay for controlling others' behavior and instead create confidence for group operations.
    Keywords: sustainable tourism development, social capital, Social participation, network of relationships. trust, Sari
  • Mostafa Mohammadi Pages 72-96
     
    Introduction
    Ecotourism is the most sustainable form of Natural resource-based tourism. That due to its innovative role in the sustainable development, it can be a perfect pattern for the entire tourism industry and for this reason should support policies and programs that are in the field of ecotourism. City of Ramsar in general and Rural Complex of Javaherdeh in particular, has a high power of ecotourism and encompasses all forms of it (KiaKojuri & Mirtaghian, 2013). It is true that ecotourism is the cause of destination sustainable development, but the paradox of ecotourism is rooted in that when it became more popular and more inclusive, its supply is also more difficult (Smit et al., 2010).
    Ecotourism development in recent decades in Rural Complex of Javaherdeh accompanied with profound influence on the economic, socio-cultural and environmental dimensions (Economic benefits In contrast, socio-cultural and environmental costs) and Evidence shows, there is a large gap between theory and practice in the field of ecotourism sustainable development in this area. It means that development trend of ecotourism going to unsustainable situation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive relationship between components of sustainable development ecotourism in Rural Complex of Javaherdeh.

    Materials and Methods
    This study is a Practical and descriptive research. Participants of this study include of three groups: local community, ecotourists and authorities. The required sample size was determined for each group of 150 people (totally 450 people). For data collections were used Standard questionnaires. Validity of the questionnaire was formally verified. Reliability of the questionnaire was calculated for the local society (0.792), tourism (0.779) and officials (0.771) which were a good value. Data analysis was done at two levels; descriptive (percentage, frequency of demographic variables) and inferential (single sample t-test) through SPSS24 software.

    Discussion and
    Results
    Results indicate that in between all of components of sustainable development ecotourism in Rural Complex of Javaherdeh of ramsar, Relational aspects for impacts of local community on officials (resources) with an average (X= 3.5) and Relational aspects for impacts of officials (resources) on ecotourist with an average (X= 3.3) Respectively have The most desirable type of relationship and also the most undesirable type of relationship Regarding to impacts of local community on ecotourist with an average (X= 1.85). Other relationship In order to be more to less unsustainability: impacts of ecotourist on officials (resources) with an average (X= 2.3), impacts of local community on officials (resources) with an average (X= 2.55), impacts of ecotourist on local community with an average (X= 2.65). These results are consistent with other research achievements (Salehi et al., 2014; Hashim et al., 2015; Mollt, 2015; Akbarian-Ronizi, 2016, Tisca et al., 2016).

    Conclusions
    In recent years, Ecotourism as a major economic factor of sustainable development is taken into consideration and that's why it will try to the extent possible, Prevent the effective factors in reducing the flow of ecotourism and Provide essential resources for its growth and development. Ecotourism can bring Socio-cultural sustainability for local community in rural area and through income distribution; employment and poverty reduction cause the social sustainable development and make Welfare and public health. In addition to, today, environmental issues are at the core of planning, but a lot of plans and projects of ecotourism, has been done regardless of its environmental impacts. Environmental sustainable development in ecotourism, meaning that Matched development with the preservation of biological environmental processes and relevant resources of ecotourism.
    The results show, components of sustainable development ecotourism in Rural Complex of Javaherdeh in Ramsar (local community, ecotourists and officials) have Poor quality and according to the assessments and Practical nature of ecotourism in relation to resources and local community, pattern of ecotourism development is in an unsustainable and undesirable condition in Rural Complex of Javaherdeh and Continue the process of development pattern lead to damage to the local community and Irreparable damage to resources of Rural Complex of Javaherdeh
  • Zahra Shekarchizadeh, Bahram Ranjbarian, Vahid Ghasemi Pages 97-116

    Present study aimed to examine the influence of tourists’ personality traits on their information search behavior while purchasing an outbound package tour. The statistical population of the study were heads of household from Isfahan who had purchased an outbound package tour during last year. For the purposes of data gathering, John and Srivastava’s (1999) questionnaire for personality traits and a researcher-made questionnaire for perceived values were used. Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Squares method was applied to analyze the data. The findings of the study showed that conscientiousness and neuroticism have a significant effect on the extent of internal information search by perceived value for internal search. Indeed, the results showed that conscientiousness has influence on perceived value for familial search. On the other hand, openness to new experience has a significant influence on the extent of external information search through perceived value for external search. The study affirmed the influence of agreeableness on perceived values for familial sources of information. But, extraversion’s had no significant effect on perceived value for familial and external information search.

    Introduction

    Nowadays, due to the increasing competition in tourism market, marketers are looking for ways to influence on consumers’ decision. Variety and diversity of tourism destinations and significant role of information in facilitating the tourists’ decisions, increased the importance of understanding tourists' information search behavior (Jani, 2011؛ hamidizadeh et al, 2016). Of course one of the most important psychological mechanisms which guides behavior is personality. Based on the theory of personality traits, important aspects of human behavior and experiences can be described with a limited number of traits. These traits may affect the attitudes and behaviors of people in the field of information seeking. One of the most important theoretical foundations in information search behavior is the economics approach that uses the profit-benefit framework to information search (Erawan et al, 2011). Based on this approach, consumers are assumed to be rational. They evaluate the costs and benefits of their search when searching for information. Therefore, the perceived value of the information search process will have a significant effect on the information search behavior.
    Considering family as an important consumption and decision-making unit, family members have influence on each other’s decision-making process. Even though, literature indicate, information search is divided into internal and external search, present study also examined household information as another source of information alongside internal and external resources. So, present study aims to investigate the influence of personality traits on tourists’ information search behavior in purchasing an outbound package tour

    Materials and Methods

    The research was conducted using descriptive- survey method. For the purposes of data gathering, some questionnaires were used. The first was John and Srivastava’s (1999) questionnaire for personality traits. Other questionnaires were researcher-made for perceived values. The statistical population of the study were heads of household from Isfahan who had purchased an outbound package tour in the Last 5 years. Convenient sampling method has been applied. In order to test the hypotheses Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Squares method by means of SMART PLS software package and SPSS was used. Discussion and Results: The paper provides a model for measuring the influence of personality traits on tourists’ information search behavior in purchasing an outbound package tour. The findings of the study showed that conscientiousness and neuroticism have a significant effect on the extent of internal information search by tourists. Indeed, perceived value for internal search has influence on the extent of internal information search. On the other hand, conscientiousness and agreeableness have a significant effect on perceived value for familial as a sources of information. The study also affirmed the influence of openness to new experience on the extent of external information search by tourists. Finally, results of the study revealed that perceived value for external search has influence on external information search extend.

    Conclusions

    The results showed that conscientiousness has a significant effect on the extent of internal information search by tourists. The results have been confirmed by previous researches such as Halder et al. , (2010) and Gul et al. , (2014). The effect of perceived value for internal search on extent of internal information search and the influence of perceived value for external search on extent of external information search has indicated by previous studies such as Gursoy and McCleary (2004). An increase in costs of external search is expected to lead to a decrease in the amount of external search effort. Similarly, the internal information search is probable to decline with an increase in the internal search cost. On the other hand, the results highlight the effect of openness to new experiences on external information search. Furnham and Thorne (2013) believe that openness to new experiences lead to an increase in need to know.
    It is recognized by previous researches such as Amaro and Duarte (2012) that neuroticism and extraversionness have a significant effect on the extent of external information search. But the results of this study doesn't confirm it. In our opinion, this may be due to distrust of heads of household to travel agencies due to previous unpleasant experiences and not using proper promotional tools by travel agencies. Finally, the effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on familial information search behavior have indicated by this study.
    In sum, it can be said that although personality traits can influence the information seeking behavior, but these factors should be considered in conjunction with other factors such as situational, social class and familiarity with travel destination

    Keywords: Personality traits, internal information search, external information search, familial information search, tourism
  • Hamed Fallah Tafti, Mir Mohammad Asadi, Homeira Momayezi Mehrjardi Pages 117-135
    Tourism is one of the fast-growing economic areas, with a significant amount of income, employment, and national production. Together with the advancement of various industries, information technology has been rapidly expanding in multiple parts of human life. Tourism is also influenced by the influence of information technology, and the subject of electronic tourism is the result of the combination of these two areas. Considering the existence of diverse tourist attractions in Yazd province and also the necessity to use the capacity of cyberspace, in this research, the factors influencing the development of electronic tourism and causal relations among them have been identified. The most critical infrastructural factors identified in this field are then determined, and then a conceptual model of relationships between these factors is developed. Then, using the structural equation modeling approach, the proposed model was tested. The results of the research show that the quality of software has the role of full mediation in the relationship between other structures with the development of electronic tourism. It can be said that success in this area depends on government support, the quality of information systems and infrastructure, but this effect is made possible by the features of the software programmed.


    Introduction
    The value of tourism and related activities will be more apparent when we know that its income is equal to that of oil revenues. Today an electronic branch of this industry named electronic tourism, which is the source of potential economic and cultural movements, that cause revolution in the process and transactions. Therefore, the proper development of electronic tourism as one of the most important means of economic growth in today's world can boost many of the infrastructures of each country's economy and play a significant role in increasing the level of gross national product. Due to this technology shifts in tourism, considering the infrastructure that facilitates the development of e-tourism is the necessity. This research studied the information system elements that assumed effects on implementation and improving e-tourism in Yazd province. For this purpose, the survey was done and gathered data analyzed by structural equation modeling.

    Materials and Methods
    A survey has been implemented to collect required data for testing conceptual research model. Further to library study, two separate questionnaires were designed in this regard. In the first step by Delphi approach, different infrastructure factors which were extracted from literature study was ranked by nine selected experts in Yazd Province tourism industry. Final elements then exploit in a questionnaire which designed to gather required mass data for testing conceptual model by structural equation modeling. It should be noted that the required sample is exclusively chosen from people with a minimum of 5 years of experience in the tourism industry. By simple random sampling method, 386 people were selected to respond the second questionnaire. After preprocessing gathered data, a covariance-based structural equation modeling method has been used. For this purpose, SPSS software was used for preliminary analysis of the data extracted from the questionnaire and AMOS for validating the conceptual model of the research and measuring of the constructs regression weights.

    Discussion and Results: Four independent variables were studied in this research which includes: legal, information systems, quantity, and quality of infrastructure, software. These variables assumed affects e-tourism development as a primary dependent variable. For the conceptual model test, validity and reliability of that calculated based on different approach. For the purpose first explorative factor analysis done and all questions controlled for factor loadings. Then after by AMOS software conceptual model tested by the various good of fitness parameters. Due to an acceptable level for all fitness indexes, model altered and questions with low factor loading removed. Research final result was path coefficients which would be significant to consider as meaningful in the model.
    Conclusion
    The results obtained from the general research model test indicate that the hardware and infrastructure dimensions, information systems and legal-governmental through the intermediary software agent, promote the development of e-tourism. Considering the full mediator role of the software agent's, it's essential evidence that the development of e-tourism relies strongly on software dimension. It is clear, of course, concluded that the software factor has full mediator effects on the model which imply all other activities to strengthen e-tourism development dependent on that. Also, it shall be noticed infrastructure and legislation factors both have high path coefficient with software which imply basically to develop e-tourism infrastructure and legislation would facilitate context to software performance rise upward
    Keywords: e-Tourism, Information Technology, Tourism Infrastructure, Structural Equation Modeling, Yazd Province
  • Tahereh Ardakani, Ali Reza Mikaeli, Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny, Marjan Mohammadzadeh Pages 136-156
    Tourism Impact Assessment is importance due to population growth and having high sensitivity of natural recreational resources. In this study, attempting to introducing process of Recreational Opportunity Spectrum in the field of visitor impacts management for developing tourism in possible level of carrying capacity. The study area is part of Golestan province (three Towns: Gorgan, Kordkuy and Aliabad). Structural equation modeling was used to obtain the relationships between factors. The research findings showed that the Recreational Opportunity Spectrum was not influenced by the Moderating of demographic characteristics. Therefore, 97% of the changes in the Recreational Opportunity Spectrum Latent variables are explained by access, onsite management, social interaction, acceptability of visitor impacts, acceptable regimentation, and non-recreational resource uses. The relation of Latent variables, with the exception of, non-recreational resource uses with Recreational Opportunity Spectrum, is positive and significant at 1% level. The regression equation obtained in this study can be used in tourist planning by Managers of recreational area, especially in potential similar areas. It is expected that with the application of Structural Equation Models in the tourism sector, the negative effects of this activity on the nature will be minimized.

    Introduction
    It should be noted that, despite the desirable impacts of low recreational utilization levels, it can also lead to negative impacts. Therefore a certain level of effects is acceptable (Santiago et al. , 2008, p. 905؛ mikaeili & Dazyani, 2012). One of the management frameworks to control the visitor's impacts or determine carrying capacity is Ecotourism Opportunity Spectrum (Clark & Stankey, 1979:2)

    Materials and Methods
    In this research, the effect of access, onsite management, social interaction, acceptability of visitor impacts, acceptable regimentation, and non-recreational resource uses latent variables on recreational opportunity spectrum has been investigated using Sstructural Equation Modeling (SEM). In this model, a set of indicators is used to measure a concept which is called latent variable (Garson, 2017, p. 47). Smart PLS 3. 2. 7 Software (Ringle et al. , 2015) which uses partial least squares (PLS) for fitting the model was used for analysis of structural equation models.

    Discussion and
    Results
    The data of this research was evaluated and finalized in three stages: 1) measurement model; 2) structural model; 3) overall model. But as mentioned above, if there is a lack of heterogeneity between the data, the result of this run will be valid. In this paper, the lack of heterogeneity between the data was examined and this issue was not confirmed. So the traditional PLS results will be valid.
    As shown in Fig. 1, according to view of the visitors in the study area, 97% of the changes in recreational opportunity spectrum latent variable is explained by its Composed elements which is confirmed in studies (Yamaki et al. , 2003, p. 57; Zulian et al. , 2013). Overall, in this study, in addition to the degree of importance of each composed factors, the degree of importance of each composed indicators of each factor was also determined.

    Conclusions
    Using the derived formula, we can extract the first and the end of the spectrum by placing the lowest and highest Likert spectrum (1 and 5), And then using this formula and determining its numerical value by placing the results of the questionnaire in the study area, can be determined the position of the spectrum of opportunity
    Keywords: Tourism Planning, Recreational Opportunity Spectrum, Structural Equation Modeling, Acceptable Environmental Impact