فهرست مطالب

برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری - پیاپی 21 (تابستان 1396)

نشریه برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری
پیاپی 21 (تابستان 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/07/02
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
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  • هادی فهیم زاده، محمودرضا اسماعیلی*، حجت وحدتی، رضا سپهوند صفحات 8-27
    صنعت گردشگری با قدرت ارز آوری بالایی که دارد یکی از مهمترین بخش هایی است که دولت بر آن تاکید دارد. بنابراین مطالعات و پژوهش های زیادی برای توسعه آن لازم است. از آنجا که عملکرد فراتر از وظایف رسمی کارکنان در توسعه کسب و کار تعیین کننده است. هدف این پژوهش توسعه مدل سنجش رفتار شهروندی سازمانی متناسب با صنعت گردشگری است. این پژوهش ترکیبی، با رویکرد کیفی آغاز و با تحلیل کمی ختم شده است. با تحلیل محتوای کیفی ابعاد و مولفه های رفتار شهروندی سازمانی استخراج شد. سپس با توزیع پرسشنامه محقق ساخته در دفاتر خدمات مسافرتی و جهانگردی استان های مازندران و گیلان، روایی و پایایی مدل با تحلیل عاملی تاییدی بررسی شد. خروجی این پژوهش مدل اندازه گیری رفتار شهروندی سازمانی با چهار عامل است. عامل محافظ، خدمتگزار و راهنما با سه شاخص و عامل پیشگام با دو شاخص مورد سنجش قرار می گیرند. این چهار عامل را می توان در چهار حوزه که با ابعاد سازمان محور یا فرد محور و پیش برنده یا مراقبتی ایجاد شده اند جای داد. با توجه به شاخص های برازش مناسب و برآورده شدن معیارهای مورد نیاز، مدل به دست آمده می تواند به عنوان ابزاری مناسب برای سنجش رفتار شهروندی سازمانی در مطالعات گردشگری آتی مورد استفاده قرارگیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: صنعت گردشگری، رفتار شهروندی سازمانی، تحلیل محتوا، تحلیل عاملی
  • مهدیه رضایی *، سید محمد شبیری صفحات 28-53
    رشد شبکه های اجتماعی باعث شده است تا کاربردهای جدیدی ازجمله در آموزش اعم آموزش های رسمی، غیررسمی و ضمنی (دیداری، شنیداری و نوشتاری) برای این ابزار تعریف شود. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی تاثیر استفاده از شبکه اجتماعی تلگرام بر ارتقای رفتار گردشگری محیط زیستی دانشجویان بود. چارچوب نظری این پژوهش بر اساس نظریه های کنش ارتباطی هابرماس، نظریه کلی و ولخارت در مورد تاثیر گروه، نظریه ارتباط جمعی و نظریه جامعه شبکه ای، صورت بندی شده است. این پژوهش از نظر روش شناسی، نیمه آزمایشی در قالب پیش آزمون- پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بوده است. نمونه مورد مطالعه شامل 40 نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه پیام نور استان مرکزی بود که به روش نمونه در دسترس انتخاب و به طور تصادفی در قالب دو گروه کنترل و آزمون گروه بندی شدند. نتایج آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس، نشان داد که تفاوت معنی داری در بین هر رفتار گردشگری حامی محیط زیست دانشجویان در دو مرحله پیش آزمون و پس آزمون وجود دارد که نشان دهنده تاثیر آموزش محیط زیست با کاربرد شبکه اجتماعی تلگرام بر رفتار محیط زیستی دانشجویان بوده است. مقایسه میانگین دو مرحله پیش آزمون و پس آزمون نشان داد که میانگین متغیر رفتار در مرحله پس آزمون نسبت به پیش آزمون، بالاتر بوده است. نتایج آزمون تعقیبی شفه نیز بیانگر بالاتر بودن میانگین رفتار محیط زیستی گروه تلگرام نسبت به کنترل بود و در حدود 57 درصد واریانس رفتار گردشگری محیط زیستی گروه آزمایش اختصاصا توسط اعمال شیوه ی آموزشی (آموزش های محیط زیستی تلگرامی) قابل تبیین بوده است.
    کلیدواژگان: آموزش، تلگرام، شبکه اجتماعی، رفتار محیط زیستی
  • صدیقه لطفی*، مهدی رمضان زاده لسبویی، مهناز ابراهیمیان صفحات 54-76
    مسئله توسعه کارآفرینی اکوتوریستی، شکل دهنده ی مفهوم اقتصاد زیست محیطی در جوامع محلی است که تا حدودی با سایر اشکال کارآفرینی تفاوت دارد .کارآفرینی اکوتوریسم نیازمند یک سری از عوامل بسترساز و فراهم بودن شرایط محیطی برای شکل گیری و تحقق است تا منجر به افزایش فرصت های کارآفرینی، علاقه، انگیزه و مهارت های کارآفرینانه و سازگار با حفظ محیط زیست و نیازهای ذینفعان در حوزه ی اکوتوریسم شود. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی میزان آموزش و آگاهی به عنوان دو عامل تآثیر گذار درتوسعه کارآفرینی اکوتوریستی در منطقه کویری و بیابانی خورو بیابانک است. روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی مبتنی بر پیمایش است. به منظور استخراج متغیرها و شاخص های تاثیرگذار از مبانی نظری مرتبط با موضوع استفاده شد. ابزار اصلی در گردآوری داده ها، پرسشنامه و مصاحبه است. داده های گردآوری شده در پرسشنامه با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS پردازش شدند و بر اساس هدف و ماهیت داده ها از آزمون های آماری فریدمن، تی تک نمونه ای و همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهد که میزان آموزش، آگاهی، دانش و توسعه کارآفرینی اکوتوریستی در منطقه مورد نظر در وضعیت مطلوبی قرار دارند. بر اساس نتایج آزمون پیرسون بین توسعه کارآفرینی اکوتوریستی و میزان آموزش و آگاهی رابطه معنادار و همبستگی مثبت(مستقیم) وجود دارد و می توان اذعان داشت که با افزایش میزان آموزش و آگاهی، میزان کارآفرینی اکوتوریستی نیز در منطقه مورد نظر توسعه و افزایش پیدا می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: اکوتوریسم، توسعه کارآفرینی اکوتوریستی، آموزش و آگاهی، منطقه کویری خور و بیابانک
  • حجت ورمزیاری *، علیرضا رحیمی، محسن بابایی صفحات 77-95
    توسعه گردشگری کشاورزی، یکی از اجزای اساسی راهبردهای تنوع ‏بخشی مشاغل روستایی و توسعه روستایی است. در گردشگری کشاورزی، بازدیدکننده با حضور در واحدهای کشاورزی و در ازای بهره ‏مندی از خدمات مربوطه، هزینه‏ ای را به کشاورز پرداخت می‏ کند. شناخت بازار هدف یکی از مهمترین ملزومات توسعه گردشگری کشاورزی است. از این‏رو پژوهش حاضر، به تحلیل فعالیت‏ ها و خدمات مطلوب گردشگری کشاورزی از دیدگاه گردشگران پرداخت. نمونه موردمطالعه این تحقیق، شامل 255 نفر گردشگر بازدیدکننده از الموت شرقی بود. از دیدگاه گردشگران، فعالیت ها و خدماتی مانند «قدم زنی و پیاده روی در فضای مزرعه و باغ»، «سرو صبحانه با محصولات تازه مانند عسل و گردو، خامه، کله و پاچه و غیره» و «امکان تماشای گل‏های مختلف» دارای بیشترین اولویت بودند. همچنین تحلیل مولفه های مربوط به فعالیت ها‏ و خدمات موثر بر انتخاب مقاصد گردشگری کشاورزی، نشان داد که از دیدگاه گردشگران، مولفه های «خرید و چیدن محصولات تازه»، «مصرف و بهره مندی از گل و گیاهان دارویی»، «ورزش های مبتنی بر طبیعت »، «انجام فعالیت های کشاورزی» و «مشاهده حیات وحش» درمجموع 41/64 درصد واریانس را تبیین کرده‏ اند.
    کلیدواژگان: تنوع بخشی، فعالیت های مطلوب، گردشگری کشاورزی، الموت
  • لیلا حبیبی*، عامر نیک پور صفحات 96-115
    یکی از اشکال برنامه ریزی فضای فراغتی برای زنان، احداث پارک های ویژه بانوان می باشد که موافقان و مخالفان خود را دارد. از این رو پژوهش حاضر در صدد است تا به بررسی نگرش و میزان رضایت مندی زنان شهر آمل از گذران اوقات فراغت خود و همچنین فراغت آنان در ارتباط با پدیده پارک مخصوص بانوان بپردازد. تحقیق حاضر از نوع توصیفی – تحلیلی بوده و و از روش های اسنادی- کتابخانه ای برای گردآوری اطلاعات استفاده شده است و از پرسشنامه و تحلیل داده های آن به صورت کمی و از طریق نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شده است. در این تحلیل هم از آماره های توصیفی و هم استنباطی استفاده شده است. نتایج تحلیل نشان دهنده ی عدم رضایت کافی زنان از کیفیت فراغت خود و همچنین نگاه مثبت آنان به پدیده پارک های مخصوص بانوان می باشد . هرچند ارتباط معناداری میان شغل و تحصیلات و نگرش به این پدیده وجود دارد اما جهت گیری کلی نشان از وجود تقاضای زنان برای شکل گیری چنین فضاهایی برای گردشگری درون شهری و گذران اوقات فراغت دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: پارک، پارک بانوان، فضای شهری، فضاهای جنسیتی، فضاهای تفکیکی
  • علی قنبری برزیان* صفحات 116-135
    هدف مقاله حاضر تبیین ذایقه گردشگری مذهبی در میان گروه های نسلی مختلف جامعه ایرانی است و به این سوال پاسخ می دهد که گرایش گروه های سنی مختلف به گردشگری مذهبی چگونه است و چالش ها و درک جوانان از جامعه ایرانی چه تاثیری در ذایقه گردشگری مذهبی آنها دارد؟ برای تبیین نظری این موضوع از نظریه ذایقه و میدان بوردیو و نظریه کنش ماکس وبر استفاده شد. روش مورد استفاده در این پژوهش پیمایش است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، تمام گردشگرانی بودند در روزهای پنج شنبه و جمعه تابستان 1395 از مکان های مذهبی روستایی سمیرم بازدید کردن و تعداد آنها 9800 نفر برآورد گردید که از این میان آنها 400 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری ابتدا به صورت سهمیه بندی مطبق بر اساس روزهای مذکور و سپس به صورت تصادفی پاسخگویان انتخاب شدند. نتایج این تحقیق بیانگر این نکته است که تغییرات فرهنگی اجتماعی و چالش ها و شرایط دوران جوانی در جامعه ایرانی در ذایقه گردشگری دینی جامعه نیز اثر گذاشته است. این چالش ها در بعضی قلمروها از جمله قلمرو فرهنگ و توسعه ی فرهنگی نمود بیشتری دارند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد که جوانان نسبت به سایر گروه های سنی تمایل کمتری به گردشگری مذهبی دارند و ذایقه گردشگری آنها به سوی گردشگری تفریحی گرایش دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری مذهبی، ذایقه، گردشگری تفریحی، گردشگری روستایی، سمیرم
  • قدسیه رضوانیان* صفحات 136-152
    سیاحت نامه ابراهیم بیگ، اثر زین العابدین مراغه ای از روشنفکران عصر مشروطه است که «سفر» را دست مایه ی تشریح و نقد وضعیت فرهنگی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی ایران در آستانه ی دوره ی مشروطه قرار می دهد. ماهیت آشنایی زدایانه ی سفر، آن را به سادگی با روایت پیوند می دهد؛ روایت موقعیت های تازه و مقایسه ی آن با موقعیت معمول. این ویژگی، مولف سیاحت نامه را بر آن داشته تا بر خلاف سفرنامه های پیشین، درصدد ارائه ی اطلاعات جغرافیایی و ایجاد حس حیرت و شگفتی در خواننده نباشد بلکه از قابلیت روایت سفرنامه ای برای نقد و تحلیل وضعیت ایران، در امان ماندن از آسیب سانسور و نیز پیامدهای ناگوار نقد صریح در قالب مقاله و بیانیه، بهره بگیرد که هم امکان بررسی تطبیقی با جوامع دیگر را برای او فراهم می آورد و هم با استفاده از خاصیت القایی روایت داستانی، به روشنگری و تهییج مخاطبان برای تغییر وضع موجود می پردازد. این مقاله، ضمن مروری بر جایگاه سفرنامه نویسی در ایران، به سیاحت نامه ی ابراهیم بیگ به عنوان سفرنامه ای متفاوت می پردازد هم به لحاظ ژانر ادبی و سبک روایتش و هم نیت مولف از نگارش آن. وانگهی به شیوه ی تحلیلی-توصیفی، پیوند روایت سفرنامه ای را با نگرش نقاد تبیین می کند؛ یعنی ژانر سفرنامه را محملی برای بیان مسائلی قرار می دهد که پیش از آن سابقه نداشته است. سفرنامه بیش از هر گونه نوشتاری دیگری، قادر است تفاوت ما با دیگری را به تصویر بکشد و داشته ها و به ویژه نداشته های ما را به شیوه ای بسیار تاثیرگذار برجسته سازد. از همین رو این کتاب، نقش بسیار تعیین کننده ای در روشنگری ایرانیان در آستانه مشروطه ایفا کرده است.
    کلیدواژگان: سیاحت نامه ابراهیم بیگ، نگرش نقاد، سفرنامه نویسی، زین العابدین مراغه ای
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  • Hadi Fahimzadeh, Mahmoodreza Esmaeili *, Hojat Vahdati, Reza Sepahvand Pages 8-27
    The aim of this study is to develop an organizational citizenship behavior measurement model appropriate for tourism industry. Qualitative and quantitative approaches have been used in this research. Qualitative content analysis for extracting dimensions and components of organizational citizenship behavior and confirmatory factor analysis for testing the reliability and validity of measurement model. Data for CFA were gathered by distributing a self-made questionnaire among travel and tourism agencies in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. Four factors were identified in this model. Patrolling, servant service, and support and maintenance are factors that are assessed by three items. These four factors can be placed in four areas which are created by organization- oriented or individual- oriented and progressive or vigilant dimensions. According to the goodness of fit indexes and meeting required criteria, the model can be used in future tourism studies as a suitable tool for measuring OCB.
    Keywords: Tourism, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Content Analysis, Factor Analysis
  • Mahdieh Rezaei *, Seyed Mohammad Shobeiri Pages 28-53
    Introduction The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of using telegram on promoting the environmental behavior of tourism students. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the theory of communicative action of Habermas (Translated by Burger, 1991), Wolkhart theory about the influence of groups (Zanjani and Mohammad Javadi, 2005), Mass communication theory (Ognyanova and Ball-Rokeach, 2015) and the theory of the Castells network society(Translated by Aligholian et al., 2010), The importance of this research is that it familiarizes the policymakers of the environmental education in tourism with the effect of telegram as one of ICT-based social networks on environmental education and promotion of pro-environmental behavior among tourism students.
    Materials and Methods In terms of the methodology, this research is quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The study sample included 40 students of the Payame Noor University of Markazi province that who were selected by the available sampling method and were randomly assigned into study as well as control groups. At first, both groups were given the pretest and afterwards the necessary trainings based on the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP, 2015) and the terms and culture of the country were provided in the form of text, image and video posts on the created group of Telegram. After 3 months, in order to measure the effect of the provided environmental training through Telegram, the students were given the posttest. The data collection tool included a questionnaire (Salehi et al., 2012) whose content validity was quantitatively and qualitatively as well as reliability-wise confirmed. The data were then analyzed through using the descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS software.
    Results And Discussion
    According to the results of the covariance analysis test and with respect to the fact that the significance level of the test in environmental behavior of tourism that it indicates the effect of the environmental education with the help of telegram on the promotion of the student's environmental behavior of tourism. The mean comparison of the pretest and posttest has shown that the mean variable of the posttest compared to the pretest was higher in this variable. Also, the results of the post hoc test have shown that the mean of the telegram group was higher than the mean of the control group in this variable. The effect of training through Telegram for the variable of pro-environmental behavior in tourism of the study group was respectively .567.
    Conclusion Pro-environmental tourism education through Telegram has a positive and significant effect on dimension of student's Pro-environmental behavior in tourism. Respectively, about 57% of the variance pro-environmental behavior in tourism of the study group can be explained exclusively by applying the training method (environmental education of Telegram). This confirms that it is possible to use the capacity of this messenger's social network for environmental education related to tourism to students. The results of this study seem to be consistent with theory of communicative action Habermas, Wolkhart theory about the influence of groups, Mass communication theory and the theory of the network society. The theoretical achievement of this research can be confirmed the need to consider and use the capacities of virtual social networks in promoting environmental tourism behaviors and turning them into opportunities for this field.
    Keywords: Education, Telegram, Social Network, Environmental Behavior
  • Sedigheh Lotfi *, Mehdi Ramzanzadeh Lesboei, Mahnaz Ibrahimian Pages 54-76
    The subject of ecotourism entrepreneurship development is shaping the concept of environmental economy in local communities which differs from other types of entrepreneurship in some extent. Ecotourism requires a series of conductive factors and provision of environmental conditions for formation and realization to enhance ecotourism entrepreneurship interest, motivation and entrepreneurial skills compatible with environment and the needs of stakeholders in ecotourism. The present research aimed to examine the relation of training and awareness as two effective factors in development of ecotourism entrepreneurship in a desert area of Khour and Biabanank. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive-analytical approaches by conducting a field work to complete the given questionnaires. The data were processed using SPSS and different statistical were applied regarding to the aim and nature of data. The main statistical tests included Friedman, one tailed t test and Pearson correlation. The results revealed that the level of training and knowledge in entrepreneurship placed in an appropriate level. There has been a positive correlation between ecotourism entrepreneurship and the level of training and awareness. So it can be concluded that by increasing the level of training the level of ecotourism entrepreneurship will increase considerably.
    Introduction Today the role and impact of entrepreneurship on the socio-economic growth and development and employment is completely discernible. So that, this era is coined as entrepreneurship era by some scholars. Tourism is one of the economic sectors that contribute to the high level of entrepreneurial activities. However entrepreneurship in tourism is not the only way of job and income increase but it can certainly be the greatest and most productive means. The studies from experimental researches show the matter of entrepreneurship can develop more by training. With the arrivals of sociologists in the field of studies the significance of entrepreneurship in various sectors especially training became increasingly evident. So it, led to increase of efforts for development of entrepreneurship in tourism and education in the past two decades. The township of Khour and Biabanak with its capacities has been considered by private investors in the field of ecotourism in the recent decade. In this research examines the relation of training and knowledge as two effective factors on the ecotourism entrepreneurship in the region.
    Materials and Methods The research method is a questionnaire-based survey. Ecotourism entrepreneurship development considered as dependent; and training and knowledge components as independent variables. The indices of the research were identified from scientific resources and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts (mainly university professors) and then was completed by the heads of households. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach and the volume of samples were obtained via Cochran which 200 persons. To complete the questionnaire, the available simple random were used. The data were processed using SPSS and the statistical tests were applied regarding to the nature of data and the purposes of the research in two levels of descriptive and inferential findings. In descriptive finding only the personal information of respondents are described and in inferential findings were analyzed using one sample t test; also Pearson correlation was applied to understand the impact of independent variable on the dependent one.
    Discussion and Results On the base of results, it can be discussed that that each three components have good condition. Also there is significant relation between training and knowledge with ecotourism entrepreneurship regarding to the Pearson correlation. So ecotourism entrepreneurship can create employment opportunities for rural residents which ultimately such trend can preserve local resources and people to stay in the region and develop community sustainability.
    Conclusion With respect to the results and discussion, the development of ecotourism entrepreneurship should follow policies which create public knowledge about the benefits of this approach in the economy and local communities. The increase of educational programs to train local stakeholders relevant to tourism by enhancing a series of chain small and intermediate activities can change the attitudes of local people and bring prosperity into the region.
    Keywords: Ecotourism, Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development, Training, Knowledge, Desert Areas of Kour, Biabanak
  • Hojjat Varmazyari *, Alireza Rahimi, Mohsen Babaii Pages 77-95
    Introduction Farm diversification is one of the most important strategies which ensures optimal management of agricultural labor and agricultural development. In this context, agritourism is of major capabilities to achieve agricultural development and creation of additional income for farmers. Agritourism is a specific type of rural tourism in which the housing of hosts is combined with agricultural unit which allow visitors to participate in agricultural activities or complementary activities on the property (Marques, 2006). According to Weaver and Fannel (1997), Agrotourism is as rural businesses that integrates acting farm with commercial tourism components. Despite Iran's vast capabilities to attract agri-tourism, very few studies have been carried out to identify the programs of agri-tourism development. A study carried out by Varmazyari et al (2014) to estimate the willingness to pay for agri-tourism, showed that about 80% of the citizens surveyed in Qazvin city tend to pay for the benefit of agri-tourism services. Considering the significant willingness average of urban households to pay and given that 80% of the respondents accepted one of the fees to pay for tourism services, researchers concluded that there is a potential market for developing agri-tourism enterprises.
    Materials and Methods This study is a descriptive – analytical research. Data collection tool was a questionnaire completed by 255 tourists older than 18-years which visited East Alamut. The recommended sample size in studies based on factor analysis is 10 to 20 people per variable (Thompson, 2004). Coefficient of variation was used to determine the importance of each category in choosing the agri-tourist destination. Then, factor analysis with principal components and varimax rotation was used in order to identify the preferences of tourists in East Alamut about agri-tourism activities and services and analysis of the related factor structure. It should be noted that the number four services and activities due to low factor loading were remove from factor analysis and ultimately 19 variables entered into the analysis.
    Results and Discussion Descriptive findings showed that the mean age of the respondents was about 35 years, and the average monthly income per household and household dimension were 17 410 Million Rials and 3 people, respectively. On average, tourists planned to spend 22 hours in East Alamut. Evaluating the education level showed that 154 people (61.6%) of respondents had academic degree (Associate degree to PhD). The results obtained from coefficient of variation also showed that the activities and services such as "walking in farm and garden", “eating fresh products such as honey and walnuts, cream, and so on as breakfast ", and " watching and pleasuring different flowers" and "using fresh agricultural products" were of the highest priority for agri-tourists and" the possibility of drawing inspired by nature " and " milking cows "were of the least important for agri-tourists. Factor analysis indicated that a number of 6 factors including "buying and picking fresh products", "use and enjoyment of flowers and medicinal plants", "nature-based sports", "doing agricultural activity" and "watching wildlife" explained totally 64.41% of the variance of the activities and services influencing on the selection of agri-tourism destination.
    Conclusion Findings indicated that tourists were highly willing to take advantage of countryside lush nature and its natural and healthy products, whereas some agricultural activities were of the lowest importance.
    Therefore, preparation, packaging and introducing appropriate natural local products to urban citizens play a major role in attracting them to rural environment and economic prosperity of host communities. Another result indicates the willingness of urban citizens to use herbal medicines which are often found in natural environments such as rural areas. Thus, launching the market of medicinal plants managed by the local community and even performing festivals offering natural products is effective in increasing knowledge and interest of tourists for the rural environment and use of the supplied products, as well as in diversifying and sustaining rural and farmers’ incomes.
    Keywords: Diversification, Preferred Activities, Agro-tourism, Alamut
  • Leila Habibi *, Amer Nikpour Pages 96-115
    Introduction Urban space planning is one of the most important concerns of urban planners, particularly in regard to urban public spaces. The point is that urban public spaces play a key role in providing the citizens with spending leisure time, urban tourism experiences, civic activities and social participation in urban spaces. However, women’s leisure has been influenced by social changes in recent years. Women’s presence in urban areas still encounters unsatisfied expectations, damages to the female’s world and lack of a suitable pattern of leisure and urban recreational spaces. In women’s opinion, public places like parks are still affected by factors such as insecurity, discomfort and lack of a sense of relief for pleasure. This study attempts to investigate women's attitudes towards the phenomenon and finally seeks to find out how women’s views on these spaces are assessed in northern cities of Iran.
    Materials and methods Since research methodology of the paper is based on questionnaire, Cochran formula is applied to calculate the sample size so that total population of the region is determined as 385 people. The population is distributed throughout 25 regions, according to population of each region. Likert scale (5-point) is used to prepare the questionnaire. The statistical population is defined through cluster sampling as sort of probability sampling and random selection of individuals within clusters. In this study, 10 items are set for satisfaction index and 8 items are considered for the female’s attitudes towards the women’s park. When questionnaires are distributed, the data are introduced to SPSS for statistical analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are utilized for data analysis; so that the mean, standard deviation and Spearman correlation test are employed for descriptive analysis and ANOVA and Somers’ D method are used for inferential analysis.
    Discussion and Result The study aims to find out whether the female’s attitude towards women’s recreational spaces is positive or not in a northern cities of Iran. Various leisure activities are assessed in this regard and relationship between different contextual variables and recreation is also concerned due to their importance in evaluation of these parks from women’s point of view. Research findings demonstrate women’s interest in formation of such parks in the city being studied. Most of them believe that construction of female spaces, like women’s parks, improves sense of security among the female. Although they do not agree with isolating and sexualizing urban spaces generally, construction of such parks are considered appropriate due to freedom of practices, clothing (hijab), sports, etc. Given the relations between contextual variables, the results show a relationship between education, income and jobs and women’s attitude and satisfaction of such leisure facilities.
    Conclusion The results show that in Amol, the female population generally considers women’s parks as a choice of leisure activities; they believe that construction of such facilities do not sexualize other urban spaces and women’s parks are a suitable place for urban tourism and leisure activities because of great freedom of practice and the absence of men. Therefore, the first hypothesis is proved. Employed and literate women are more concerned about feminist opinions and separated spaces than unemployed housewives. On the other hand, women’s satisfaction of recreational patterns declines as they get more highly educated; because their expectations of urban spaces are enhanced and employed women have less free time. So the second hypothesis is also proved.
    Keywords: Park, Women-only Parks, Specialized Parks, Gendered Spaces, Separated Spaces, Urban Spaces
  • Ali Ghanbari Barzaian* Pages 116-135
    Introduction Religious tourism has a special place in the leisure time of traditional Iranian community. The purpose of current paper is to explain the religious tourism traditions among various generations of Iranian society and to try to answer the question of how different generation are interested in religious tourism and what the challenges and obstacles of the youth are in religious tourism traditions. Theoretically, this was used in Bourdieu and Max Weber's Theory of Action. At the end of the paper, the researcher has tried to demonstrate what taste Religious Tourism among the youth on the basis of weber approach and theory taste of Bourdieu or what the nature of this trend.
    Materials and MethodsThis research has been done through survey method. For collection of data was used by questionnaire. The statistical population of this study is all tourists who visited religious places and other tourist attractions in the villages of Imamzadeh Semirom on the days of Thursday and Friday of the summer of 1395. Their number was 9,900, according to the statistics Charity of Semirom. From among them, 480 samples were selected by quota sampling according the days (32 days), and then they were selected randomly, simply and equally according age and gender, that of which 400 of the sample Complete information was obtained. To determine the reliability questionnaire, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha was estimated. Cronbach's alpha was 0.85 for the internal consistency, so the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed.
    To measure religious tourism variables whose theoretical definitions were previously mentioned (18 items) and tourism tastes (14 items) were used and their internal consistency was verified using the factor load of the items as well as the Cronbach's coefficient. To measure religious tourism: Based on theoretical foundations, a total of 18 items (travel motivation, length of stay, planned and targeted, aims and number of religious trips per year, the amount of emotional relaxation, the amount of necessity and need for it. Encouraging others to do so, was used to measure the awareness and psychological readiness of pilgrimages and sacred places, participation in the development and organization of holy places, encouragement speeches in holy places
    Discussion and Results Comparison of the average frequency distribution of respondents in first and second priority of tourism preference in age groups shows that youths prefer their current and future tourism to recreational tourism and an average of 60persent of young people surveyed their first and second priority in the present and future Recreation and recreation, which reflects the desire of the younger generation to be joyful and entertaining, while for adults the first and second priorities are religious tourism, and an average of 53persent of the adult sample of the first and second priority of their current and future priorities are tourism While in the middle aged group it is the first priority The second is their tourism and the future are mainly cultural and religious.
    Conclusion In this paper the researcher has studied the religious tourism as a social- cultural trend according the opinions of Bourdieu and Weber in the normative and behavioral system is the construction of the subjective and objective factors of social action space, and the degree of social tendency of different groups of different groups is influenced by the objective and subjective factors that act in the field of social action observation, therefore, religious tourism is influenced by the Social construction and individual factors in different generations . Youth generation than other generation had less tendency to religious tourism. Less tendency of youth to religious tourism influenced by their attitude about religious system and performance of socioeconomic structures.
    Keywords: Religious Tourism, Tastes, Recreational Tourism, Rural Tourism
  • Ghodsieh Rezvanian* Pages 136-152
    Introduction The defamiliarization identity of journy is simply related to narrative; the narrative of new situation and its comparison with ordinary situation. Although this term was coined for describing poetry by shklovsky, but in this paper I mean the journey itself. I will also write about the narrative of journey. Travel literature is a pliable genre, both in form and content. The difference between a travel book and other literary genres is that it has no limltation, either form or content; furthermore, diverse subject matters can come together in a travel book.
    Materials and Methods The current paper addresses the following question: what is th relation between travel literature and criticism? And how dose the narration portray the thoughs of the author? Thoug this article is a review of travel literature in iran, it also deals with Siyahatname –ye- Ibrahim Beyg as a different travelouge, either from the viewpoint of literary genre and style and from previous travel books as well as from the intention of author. This reseach explians the relation between travelouge narrative and critic approach by analytical-descriptive method. The case study is on Siyahatname –ye- Ibrahim Beyg, the work of Zeyn-ol-Abedin MaraqeI,1978, (4th ed.). Tehran : Sepide Press. [In Persian]
    This article does not have any background in Persian literature, although almost all written works about Constitutional movement deal with the enlightening function of this book, but the influence of travel is not seen in none of those.
    Discussion and Results In Persian literature, travel is not so usual. Some western travellers believed Iranian people dont like travelling, for this reason, objective travel book is few in number in persian Literature; instead of, was written meny subjective or surrealist travel book; such as Manteq o tteyr, Resalat o tteyr etc. It has definetly sociol, cultural, political and philosophical reasons. one of the most important of objective travel books is Naser Khosro’s travel book and another famous book is Sa’di’s golestan that the first, is the simple report of new places in iran, the people and their beliefs and ceremonies; and second is the collection of social tales, that is unparalleled until that time. Of course writing this genre became current from Safavid priod and specially Gajar period, but they often became fascinated of the appearances of Uropean countries. Siyahtname, however, is compelitly different from them; either in spite of genre, style and the kind of narration, or for the purpose of author.
    Siyahatname like previous travel books dosen’t present geographic and historical informations or make impression of amazement in readers, but it seek to use from the capacity of this genre for enlightenment and persuasion of audience for changing of existant situation. It is an opportunity for express of problems that have been said in the political books, maniffestos, esseys and lecturs but tkey couldn’t effect on readers such as Siyahatname.
    The author chose this genre, in addition to more influence on audience, in order to make protection from the damage of censorship, and to avoid the unpleasent consequences of explicit criticism in the form of essay and manifesto, that either it provids posibility of comparison with other societies for him, or with use of suggestive function of fictional narrative, persuade the audience of his reports and make a responsibility impression for changing of that situation.
    Conclusion Travel book is a written form that coordinates with every kind of universe of discourse.Thus whereas dominant space was critical in decades of before than the constitutional movement, travel writing become a capable form for this purpose. Siyahatname in addition to definite a new and vast capacity for travel writing, that is, to prepare the way for cultural studies, but it's narrative device became the exposition for appearance of novel in Iran in the beginning of contemporary time.
    Keywords: Siyahat Name- ye-Ibrahim Beyg, Critic Viewpoint, Travel literature, Zeyn-ol-Abedin Maraqei