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نامه معماری و شهرسازی - سال هفتم شماره 13 (پاییر و زمستان 1393)

نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی
سال هفتم شماره 13 (پاییر و زمستان 1393)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1393/07/10
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • سارا گیلانی *، عباسعلی ایزدی صفحه 5
    تاکنون در نحوه پذیرش دانشجو برای تحصیل در رشته معماری دو تغییر عمده ایجاد شده است. ابتدا آزمون طراحی حذف شد و سپس مقطع آن از کارشناسی ارشد پیوسته به ناپیوسته تغییر یافت. تغییر مقطع این رشته موجب شده است داوطلبانی با ویژگی های متفاوت از قبل پذیرفته شوند که در این مطالعه به تفاوت ویژگی های داوطلبان پذیرفته شده در رشته معماری در دوره قبل و بعد از تغییر مقطع آن پرداخته می شود. در این پژوهش به کمک آمار و اطلاعات دریافت شده از سازمان سنجش کشور، عملکرد پذیرفته شدگان در رشته معماری در کنکور سراسری قبل و پس از تغییر مقطع این رشته مورد تحلیل کمی قرار گرفت. برای سنجش علایق و انگیزه های داوطلبان پذیرفته شده در رشته معماری به تحلیل کمی و کیفی پرسش نامه طراحی شده برای این منظور نیز پرداخته شد. به علاوه برای محک زدن عملکرد تحصیلی دانشجویان، پرسش نامه ای که پاسخ دهندگان آن استادان بودند، تحلیل کیفی شد. بنا به نتایج پژوهش انجام شده، تغییر مقطع معماری از کارشناسی ارشد پیوسته به ناپیوسته، موجب شده است دانشجویانی با علایق و توانایی های متفاوت برای تحصیل در این رشته پذیرفته شوند. با توجه به جوانب مثبت و منفی این تغییر در نحوه برگزاری آزمون معماری، ایجاد مجموعه ای از تحولات در شیوه های آموزش جهت این دسته از دانشجویان ضروری به نظر می رسد.
    کلیدواژگان: معماری، مقطع تحصیلی، کارشناسی ارشد پیوسته، کارشناسی ارشد ناپیوسته
  • ساره نیکوفرد *، مصطفی کیانی، علیرضا کریمی صفحه 19
    آنچه که از مرور مباحث مرتبط با معماری ویژه نابینایان و کم بینایان1 بر می آید، به نظر می رسد که طی گذر زمان و با وجود نیازهای فراوان، هنوز توجه چندانی به این مهم به خصوص در بخش طراحی داخلی نشده است. از این رو شناخت و تحلیل رفتارهای افراد نابینا و کم بینا، نیازها و خاطرات آنها و بهره گیری از نتایج این تحلیل ها بر کیفیت طراحی فضای داخلی و معماری می افزاید. لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل فضای معماری داخلی متناسب با ادراک و ناتوانی های کودکان، افراد نابینا و کم بینا است. روش تحقیق حاضر بر مبنای استدلال منطقی است که در وهله اول به معرفی افراد نابینا و کم بینا می پردازد و در ادامه به نحوه ادراک و دامنه آنها از فضا اشاره می کند. سپس سعی می کند تا با بررسی عوامل موثر بر کیفیت طراحی فضای داخلی و در نظر گرفتن چالش های موجود در هر زمینه، برای هر عامل راهکاری در راستای تقویت طراحی فضاهای داخلی ویژه نابینایان پیشنهاد دهد. در نظر گرفتن این الگوها و پیشنهاد های طراحی می تواند گامی موثر در افزایش کیفیت فضای داخلی نابینایان باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: فضا، ادراک، نابینا و کم بینا، طراحی داخلی
  • محمود ارژمند *، مرضیه اعتمادی پور صفحه 37
    قلعه دختر فیروزآباد با عملکردهای کاخ و قلعه به عنوان بنایی ارزشمند از اواخر دوره اشکانی و مظهر تجلی خلاقیت های معمارانه ای است که در طول سالیان گذشته الگوی بناهای عظیمی شده است. بنابراین باید به عنوان سند تکامل تاریخ معماری ایران به درستی شناخته شود که در این مقاله به نقد ساختارگرایانه آن پرداخته خواهد شد. پرسش های جهت دهنده تحقیق پیرامون تحلیل و یافتن نسبت رابطه و کشف راهکارهای معمارانه به کار رفته برای هماهنگ سازی کارکردهای دوگانه کاخ و قلعه و نیز نمایان سازی خلاقیت های فضایی موجود در معماری آن شکل می گیرد. در جهت پاسخگویی به این پرسش ها، به توصیف و تکمیل اطلاعات موجود از بنا به عنوان پایه تحلیل های اصول فضایی حاکم بر قلعه دختر پرداخته می شود که نتیجه آن ها در قالب ارائه الگوها و نمودارهای فضایی بیان گردیده است و منتج به وضوح غلبه کارکرد قلعه بر کاخ در طراحی خواهد شد. با قرار دادن این نتایج در کنار قیاس با بناهای دوره های زمانی متاخر و متقدم تر، ریشه یابی برخی از اساسی ترین الگوهای معماری ایران حاصل می شود که از مهم ترین اهداف شکل گیری پژوهش حاضر است. آشنایی با شیوه های معمارانه هماهنگ سازی عملکردهای گوناگون، هدف بنیادین دیگری است که کوشش شده است از طریق روش کیفی و با ابزار مطالعات کتابخانه ای، مشاهدات میدانی و تحلیل های معماری محقق شود. در نهایت ریشه یابی برخی الگوهای سازمان دهی فضایی ماندگاری چون روابط فضایی ایوان و گنبدخانه در بنای قلعه دختر شناسایی شد.
    کلیدواژگان: معماری قلعه دختر فیروزآباد، ساختار فضایی، تحلیل و نقد ساختارگرایانه، فرم و عملکرد
  • مهرداد قیومی بیدهندی*، سینا سلطانی صفحه 57
    بسیاری از بناهای ایران در طی روزگاران به سبب های گوناگون از میان رفته یا «نوع» آنها منقرض شده است. خانقاه یکی از این انواع است. از راه های شناخت معماری خانقاه بررسی بناهایی است که بر سر نوع آنها اختلاف است. بنای معروف به «مسجد جامع رشت خوار» در راه زاوه به خواف در زمره این بنا هاست. تحقیق هایی که درباره این بنا انجام گرفته متکی بر اصول معماری خانقاه و کاوش های باستان شناسی نبوده است. این مقاله متکی به یافته هایی تازه درباره معماری خانقاه در خراسان سده پنجم و نیز برخی یافته های باستان شناختی است. بنای رشت خوار که در بیرون شهر رشت خوار کنونی واقع شده، درون شهر قدیم رشت خوار یا در کرانه غربی آن بوده است. کالبد بنا مرکب است از دستگاه ورودی، صحن با حجر ه هایی گرداگرد آن و یک ایوان و یک گنبد خانه. بنای رشت خوار در حدود سده پنجم ساخته شده است و در دوره تیموریان آن را تعمیر کرده اند و کتیبه ای به بنا افزوده اند. بنای رشت خوار پیش از ثبت در فهرست آثار ملی خانقاه خوانده می شد؛ اما همواره بر سر نوع آن میان محققان اختلاف بوده است. هیچ یک از محققان معیارشان را برای خانقاه خواندن یا نخواندن بنای رشت خوار مشخص نکرده اند. بر اساس تحقیق یاد شده درباره معماری خانقاه، بنای رشت خوار با معماری خانقاه و سلسله مراتب کالبدی و کارکردی آن انطباق دارد. این انطباق نشان می دهد که به ظن قوی بنای رشت خوار خانقاه است.
    کلیدواژگان: معماری اسلامی، معماری ایران، خانقاه، خراسان، رشت خوار
  • نقش خرد اقلیم در دلبستگی و احراز مکان / بررسی موردی: دانشکده هنر و معماری دانشگاه یزد
    نادیه رحمتیان*، سیده زینب عمادیان رضوی، سید محمدحسین آیت اللهی صفحه 77
    در فرآیند دلبستگی به مکان، فضا برای فرد مبدل به مکان می شود، زیرا افراد در برقراری ارتباط با مکان به آن معنا می بخشند و آن را در خاطره خود ثبت می کنند. علاوه بر فاکتورهای اجتماعی و فیزیکی مختلف، اقلیم نیز از عوامل موثر در شکل گیری این فرآیند و احراز مکان است که با وجود مطالعات گسترده در خصوص مکان و دلبستگی به آن، کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. با توجه به نقش حس دلبستگی به مکان در ارتقای کیفیت فضای طراحی شده، این پژوهش سعی دارد به بررسی نقش خرداقلیم در احراز مکان و شکل گیری دلبستگی به مکان بپردازد. به این منظور مقاله حاضر در ابتدا بر پایه مرور متون و اسناد مرتبط در این حوزه، ضمن ارائه تعاریف مکان، دلبستگی به مکان و اقلیم به رابطه آنها می پردازد. در نهایت با انجام مطالعات میدانی در نمونه موردی دانشکده هنر و معماری دانشگاه یزد و طرح پرسش نامه ها و مصاحبه های حضوری با دانشجویان، این رابطه روشن تر بیان می شود و مکان هایی که کیفیتشان تحت تاثیر خرد اقلیم خاصشان است، معرفی خواهند شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهند که عوامل مختلفی در شکل گیری دلبستگی به مکان موثرند و خرداقلیم به عنوان یک فاکتور فیزیکی بر این حس تاثیرگذار است، اگرچه در برخی موارد ممکن است نقش آن کمرنگ تر از سایر عوامل کالبدی باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: خرد اقلیم، مکان، دلبستگی به مکان
  • کارگاه های طراحی شهری هسته اصلی آموزش رشته / بررسی موردی: مقایسه موضوعات کارگاه های درسی و اولویت های جامعه حرفه ای
    حسین مبینی*، فریبا قرایی، میترا حبیبی صفحه 93
    طراحی شهری به عنوان فعالیتی میان رشته ای در جهانی که کیفیت هایش اسیر کمیت ها شده بودند، سربرآورد تا جامعه را به وسیله ارتقای کیفیت های از دست رفته، بهبود بخشد. این امر در گرو شناخت صحیح اهداف رشته و روش های حصول به آن بود. برنامه های آموزشی متعددی برای تحقق اهداف مورد انتظار این رشته در سراسر دنیا و از جمله ایران پیشنهاد شد. دو جامعه دانشگاهی و حرفه ای بازوهای اصلی دستیابی به اهداف این رشته اند و هماهنگی این دو در تحقق اهداف رشته نقش اساسی دارد. لذا برای شناخت بهتر اهداف و انتظارات طراحی شهری، اسناد نظری متعددی بررسی و نظرات صاحبان اندیشه این رشته جمع بندی گردید و از آنجا که موضوعات مطروحه در کارگاه های طراحی شهری به عنوان مهمترین بخش آماده سازی دانشجویان برای ورود به حرفه طراحی شهری اهمیت زیادی دارد، هماهنگی موضوعات اولویت دار در جامعه حرفه ای و پروژه های کارگاه های طراحی شهری در دانشگاه های ایران مورد کنکاش و مقایسه قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان از هماهنگی در بعضی موارد و ناهمخوانی در بعضی دیگر دارد. به گونه ای که اصلاح برخی رویکردها و شیوه های موجود جامعه حرفه ای و علمی طراحی شهری در ایران اجتناب ناپذیر به نظر می رسد. به علاوه جامعه حرفه ای در موارد بسیاری درک کاملی از ماهیت مسایل روز طراحی شهری نداشته و نظام آموزشی نیز اقدام موثری برای رفع این نقصان نکرده و نتوانسته است خلاهای نظری این رشته را در عرصه حرفه ای پوشش دهد و ابهام در مفاهیم آن را متناسب با ویژگی های بومی رفع نماید.
    کلیدواژگان: طراحی شهری، برنامه آموزشی، جامعه حرفه ای، جامعه آموزشی، کارگاه های طراحی شهری
  • تحلیل و ارزیابی فعالیت نشستن در فضاهای شهری / بررسی موردی: میدانچه تئاتر شهر تهران
    کاوه باغبه *، محمدرضا پورجعفر، احسان رنجبر صفحه 113
    در حرفه طراحی شهری یکی از مهمترین عوامل ارتقای کیفی و افزایش مطلوبیت فضاهای شهری، رونق فعالیت های جاری آنهاست. اما در ایران علی رغم مطالعات گذشته متخصصان، تاکنون بررسی کم و کیف فعالیت ها به عنوان عاملی تاثیرگذار بر طراحی فضا صورت نگرفته است. از مهمترین فضاهای شهری تهران به لحاظ شکل گیری فعالیت های متنوع اجتماعی و فرهنگی میدانچه تئاتر شهر است که در این مقاله از نظر میزان انجام فعالیت ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. مقاله حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطه کالبد این فضای شهری و فعالیت های مهم جاری در آن و میزان پاسخگویی محیط کالبدی به الگوهای رفتاری کاربران، به تحلیل فعالیت نشستن در میدانچه تئاتر شهر می پردازد. روش ارزیابی مشاهده مستقیم از طریق فیلم برداری با الگوی وایت بوده و تحلیل آماری توصیفی سنجش سطح فعالیت با استفاده از نرم افزارهای GIS و Excel انجام شده است. نتایج نشان می دهد که لبه ها مطلوبیت بیشتری نسبت به صندلی ها برای افراد و به ویژه گروه های چند نفره داشته اند. در همجواری فعالیت های حرکتی و برنامه های نمایشی میزان استفاده از فضاهای نشستن 2 تا 10 برابر می شود. تقعر، تبعیت از هندسه، وجود سایه، امکان نشستن در سطوح مختلف ارتفاعی و منظره مناسب فعالیتی از ویژگی های طراحی یک فضای نشستن مطلوب است. ویژگی های کالبدی میدانچه امکان حضور و استفاده اقشاری چون کودکان و بانوان را ایجاد نمی کند و به الگوهای رفتاری آنها پاسخگو نیست.
    کلیدواژگان: تئاتر شهر، فعاليت نشستن، سنجش فعاليت ها، لبه، صندلي
  • هوشمند علیزاده*، کیومرث ایراندوست، لیلا خسروانیان، روح الله تولایی صفحه 133
    سرمایه اجتماعی مفهوم تقریبا جدیدی است که امروزه اهمیت آن در زمینه عملکرد مطلوب جوامع در سطوح مختلف ملی، منطقه ای و محلی مورد توجه واقع شده است. در تعریفی جامع می توان سرمایه اجتماعی را مجموعه ای از شبکه ها، هنجارها و ارزش هایی دانست که مایه آسان شدن همکاری درون گروهی و برون گروهی شهروندان برای دستیابی به منافع متقابل و رسیدن به هدف های مشترک به شیوه ای موفقیت آمیز تر می شود. با توجه به بعد مکانی سرمایه اجتماعی، این پژوهش بر آن است که با نگاهی خردنگر در سطح محلات میزان سرمایه اجتماعی را در سه لایه فضایی شهر سنندج مورد بررسی قرار دهد تا وجود یا فقدان سرمایه اجتماعی و میزان برخورداری از آن و دلایل این امر را با تکیه به روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) مورد شناسایی قرار دهد. از این طریق می توان ضعف ها، توانایی ها، امکانات و محدودیت ها را شناسایی کرد و نتایج را به عنوان بستری برای عمل متولیان شهر فراهم آورد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می دهد بین محلات شهری از نظر میزان برخورداری از سرمایه اجتماعی تفاوت های معنی داری به لحاظ موقعیت و ویژگی های اقتصادی-اجتماعی وجود دارد. در این زمینه، محله عباس آباد با وزن نسبی 0.474 و محله قطارچیان با وزن نسبی 0.294 و محله مبارک آباد با وزن نسبی 0.232 به ترتیب بیشترین تا کمترین میزان از سرمایه اجتماعی را دارا بوده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: سرمایه اجتماعی، لایه های فضایی، تحلیل سلسله مراتبی، واحدهای همسایگی، شبکه های اجتماعی، اعتماد
  • مهدی نوروزی فرد *، ناصر برک پور، مهدی عربی صفحه 151
    گسترش سریع شهرها باعث بروز معضلاتی چون رشد ابعاد کالبدی شهرها، پدیدار شدن اشکال متنوعی از سکونتگاه های بزرگ حاصل از پراکنده رویی شهری و تداوم ساخت و ساز در زمین های آسیب پذیر یا مستعد توسعه پیرامون شهرها شده است. به همین دلیل تعیین محدوده های شهری به عنوان یکی از سیاست های مهار شهری، معمولا بخشی از راهبردهای برنامه ریزی کاربری زمین و منطقه بندی در مدیریت رشد را تشکیل می دهد که به منظور جلوگیری از گسترش ناخواسته و نابه هنجار شهری، توسعه آینده شهر را درون یک خط یا پهنه در نظر می گیرد. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی و تحلیل نقش محدوده های شهری در کنترل و هدایت توسعه شهری در تهران است. روش بررسی، مطالعات اسنادی، تحلیل های محتوایی و سایر روش های مقدور جمع آوری و تحلیل اطلاعات است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که نظام مدیریت توسعه شهری تهران از نقش ممانعت از توسعه با تعیین کمربند سبز و همچنین نقش کنترل و هدایت توسعه با تعیین محدوده و حریم شهر به صورت همزمان در محدوده های شهری بهره جسته است، ولی با تداوم چالش های یاد شده، نتوانسته نقش خود را در جهت دستیابی به توسعه موزون به خوبی ایفا کند. در عین حال، این محدوده ها هرچند با ضعف ها و نارسایی هایی در اجرا و تحقق اهداف خود روبه رو بوده اند، اما در جهت کنترل و هدایت توسعه شهری نسبتا موثر بوده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: مهار شهری، محدوده شهر، حریم شهر، کنترل و هدایت توسعه شهری، تهران
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  • Sara Gilani*, Abbasali Izadi Page 5
    The process of student selection for studying in Architecture needs more attention due to the different characteristics of this field of study in comparison with other technical-engineering fields of study. Two major evolutions have occurred in the National Entrance Exam for the process of student selection for majoring in Architecture. First, the drawing test was omitted from its exam. Then, its level of education was changed from the continuous Master of Science to the discontinuous Master of Science. Changing the level of education of this field of study has resulted in selecting students who have different talents and motivations in comparison with the previous method of student selection process. The impact of this issue can be analyzed through investigation of the performance of the accepted applicants in the National Entrance Exam and during their education at university. In this research, the differences between the characteristics of the accepted applicants in Architecture in the National Entrance Exam before and after changing its level of education are investigated and analyzed. In this research, the performance of the accepted applicants in Architecture in the National Entrance Exam before and after changing its level of education was investigated quantitatively through the data received from the Sanjesh Organization. For this purpose, the overall ranks of the first 100 accepted applicants in Architecture were compared with the overall ranks of the first 100 accepted applicants in Civil Engineering and Electrical Engineering in the National Entrance Exams of the two years before and after changing the level of education of Architecture from continuous Master of Science to the discontinuous Master of Science. Furthermore, the motivations of the accepted applicants for Architecture were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively using the questionnaires which were filled by the accepted applicants for studying in the field of Architecture at the University of Tehran in the National Entrance Exams of the two years before and after changing its level of education. Moreover, the educational performance of the students in Architecture was analyzed qualitatively by means of a questionnaire designed for interviewing with the university professors who taught in the field of designing in Architecture at the Design Studios 5 and 6 at the University of Tehran. The results of this research show that changing the level of education for studying in the field of Architecture from the continuous Master of Science to the discontinuous Master of Science has resulted in accepting students with different motivations and talents in comparison with those who were admitted before changing this level of education. Additionally, according to the attitudes of the interviewed professors of Architecture at the University of Tehran, changing the level of education in Architecture has had some positive and negative aspects. Therefore, it seems that some evolutions in educational methods to the accepted applicants in Architecture need to be organized due to the positive and negative aspects of this change in the entrance exam for Architecture.
    Keywords: architecture, Level of education, Continuous Master of Science, Discontinuous Master of Science
  • Sareh Nikoofard*, Mostafa Kiani, Alireza I. Karim Page 19
    The review of the literature related to architecture for blind and visually impaired people shows that despite the need for architectural standards and principles to design appropriate spaces for this group of people, no attention has been paid to this issue, especially in the field of interior design. In fact, architecture has always been a combination of knowledge and art with the purpose of creating a vision-based environment. Findings show that although the blind and visually impaired are deprived of vision among five senses, and are not able to perceive the world like others, they can communicate with the world around them relying on other senses. They should perceive their surrounding environment using other sensors (such as ears, nose, and other sensuous information like the direction of wind and sound, humidity, temperature, etc.). In other words, blindness is either disability or desperation, but not a limitation. It should not be denied that blindness poses some serious limitations on the person, but instead, he/she possesses some other capabilities which can be helpful in continuing a healthy life. Thus, raising such an issue that perception of the environment is impossible for the blind is an oversimplified idea, and designing architectural spaces for these people is of outmost importance. In addition to observing the architectural principles and standards which are necessary for an appropriate design according to their specific form of understanding and perception of the world, attention should also be paid to their emotional needs and comfort. It is essential that designers change their views towards the needs of the blind and visually impaired, develop an appropriate outlook regarding their problems and necessities, and present their work in a way that provides the possibility for their daily life activities along with others, so that all users can enjoy the facilities of a building without any need for help. Therefore, understanding and analysis of specific behaviors of the blind and visually impaired along with their needs and memories, and implementing the result of these analyses will improve the quality of designing interior and architectural spaces. These buildings with their various atmospheres have emancipated architecture from its superficial modern appearance, and have directed it toward its true meaning which is a humane issue in harmony with humans’ needs. So the aim of this study is the analysis of interior spaces according to perceptions and disabilities of blind or visually impaired adults and children. The methodology of this research is based on logical reasoning, which at the first step presents a definition of blindness, and introduces blind and visually impaired people; then it concerns with their perception of space. After investigating the influential elements on the quality of interior design and taking the current challenges in each aspect into account, this study tries to suggest a solution for each element in order to enhance the process of interior design for the blind. Taking these patterns and solutions into account can improve the quality of interior design for the blind.
    Keywords: Space, Perception, Blind, visually impaired people, interior design
  • Mahmood Arzhmand, Marzieh Etemadipour* Page 37
    Ghala-Dokhtar monument in Firouz-Abad, Fars Province, with its dual functions of palace and citadel, and as a valuable reference remained from the transition period of Ashkanid to Sassanid, manifests a creative architectural design that has been a model for some huge monuments in Iran for a long time. So, because of demonstrating historical, cultural and architectural heritage of our country, it should be rightly recognized as the evolutionary evidence of the magnificent forms and spaces of the Iranian architecture history. Hence, in this research, we describe, analyze and explain the structure of Ghala in form of a structural criticism that is formed on the basis of “criticism of object by itself” as the best way of criticism, and introduce architectural methods used to coordinate the dual functions of the building, and its spatial organization. At the beginning of the paper, after collecting the available data, the descriptive method is used as the basis of analysis of form, function and spatial principles governing the building and appraisal of some architectural features such as spatial transparency and openness, spatial independent, spatial differentiation and spatial hierarchy. Methods used to achieve the final results include field observation, desk study, as well as rational analysis. In order for creating the identity of our future architecture, presenting the past successful patterns to architects and the preserving the continuity of the traditional and contemporary architecture are the most important factors which necessitates performing similar researches for being inspired from successful vernacular patterns. Paying attention to theoretical architectural topics such as criticism of historical buildings is another reason for choosing this topic. Presenting the spatial patterns and designs of the monument, which will clearly show the domination of citadel function over palace function, is another conclusion of this paper. The main reasons for these results include: (1) using limited spaces for family and royal life; (2) using very complicated access method along with hierarchy for spaces; and (3) using less light for private spaces in massive circular part in third floor. Another important objective of this research is introducing architectural techniques of coordinating different and inconsistent functions in a single building, and the most important techniques for providing transparency and openness in Ghala include: (1) reducing introversion by terracing and locating royal floor generally and increasing the possibility of viewing other spaces; (2) using linear pattern in the third floor despite the existence of central courtyard in other floors; and (3) increasing openness by combining open and semi-open spaces of second and third floors. The research results also indicate that, according to available information, the architectural design of the building - especially the dome and portico for organizing the space - could be known as the source of some of the major Iranian architecture patterns. In particular, the simultaneous use of these elements, due to their absence in prior architectural works, can be considered as the first use of this model in the architecture of Iranian palaces, tombs and mosques.
    Keywords: Architecture of Ghala, Dokhtar in Firouz, Abad, Spatial system, Structural criticism, Form, function
  • Mehrdad Qayyoomi Bidhendi*, Sina Soltani Page 57
    Many of Iranian architectural works have been demolished over time. Moreover, there are some “types” of buildings that were almost completely demolished and became extinct. Khaneqah is one of these types. As stated in historic Persian and Arabic texts, before Safavid era there have many khaneqahs in Iranian cities and towns, even there have been many cities with more than one khaneqah. Safavids, who originated from the Safavid Sufi Order destroyed, deformed or at least renamed most of khaneqahs that belonged to non-Safavid or non-Shiite Sufi orders. Founding a khaneqah, which was known as an important pious and religious practice gradually declined and from tenth century AH/ sixteenth century AD onwards, khaneqah’s architecture almost faded away. Nowadays, Iranians and Iranian architectural historians have no clear image or idea about khaneqah’s formation, configuration, and architectural characteristics. Therefore they are unable to distinguish ruins of a building that someday might have been a khaneqah. Identifying the characteristics of khaneqah can be carried out using several sources, including historic texts, Islamic literature, studying the buildings that are known as khaneqah, and finally, studying the buildings that are known as hosseyniyyeh, mosque, mausoleum, or madrasa, but to the scholars their types are under debate. Roshtkhār monument is a prominent example of such buildings. On the Zaveh-Khāf road in Khorasan, there are some ruins of a building known as Roshtkhār Friday Mosque. This paper will examine the architecture of the monument on the basis of archeological findings and also recent findings about khaneqah architectural characteristics in Persian literature in early Islamic centuries. The ruins of Roshtkhār building are located in the suburb of the new Roshtkhār town; however recent archaeological excavations show that the building was someday located inside the town or on its west side. The building consists of a portal, a court with some rooms around it, an Iwan, and a domed hall. The Iwan has the domed hall on one side and the ruins of an unknown space (probably a second domed hall) on the other side. Date of the building is under debate; but on the basis of archaeological findings and comparing the scholars’ dating, we will show that the construction of the building dates back to eleventh century AD, with an important restoration including a dated thuluth inscription in fifteenth century AD. The building used to be called as khaneqah before it was registered in the Iran’s National Registry of Architectural Heritage in 1976; however, its type has been under debate. None of the scholars have clarified their criteria used to identify the type of this building. Therefore, we should take another way to identify its type: deliberating the building compatibility with khaneqahs’ physical configuration and functional requirements. In this paper we examine the type of this building on the basis of the criteria that we achieved in another research about khaneqah architecture and will show that the building almost completely corresponds to khaneqah architectural characteristics. So it is a khaneqah rather than a Friday mosque.
    Keywords: Islamic Architecture, Iranian, Persian Architecture, Khaneqah, Khniqah, Khorasan, Khurasan, Roshtkhar
  • Nadieh Rahmatian*, Seyedeh Zeinab Emadian Razavi, Seyed Mohammad Hossein Ayatollahi Page 77
    In the process of place attachment, i.e. the emotional bond between people and special places, people contribute meanings to spaces and keep them in their memory. Many physical and social factors influence the formation of place attachment. Places need to have a level of quality and be beyond the concepts of space and location. Canter sketched the theory of place, comprising three key components: physical, functional and psychological ones (meanings people attribute to a place). Among these, microclimate is an affective factor in place-making that has been neglected among researches concerning place and place attachment. The perceived microclimate has a role in people’s behavior, their bonds with places and how they experience and remember the place. Indeed microclimate has an impact on meanings that people attribute to places and is modified by physical characteristics of a place and affects people’s functions, so it is nested in the structure of place. By considering the significant role of the sense of attachment in improving the quality of designed spaces, this paper discusses the role of the microclimate in place-making and people’s place attachment. In this regard, we first review the literature of place, place attachment and microclimate and next the relationships between these terms will be clarified. In the second part of the research, these relationships will be evaluated in the case study of School of Art and Architecture, Yazd University (Rasoulian House), which is the offspring of the land use change of 11 traditional houses, built in a way to harmonize with nature and climate. This case study was chosen because of the various microclimates in different parts of the house, and also with the land use change to an educational environment, many students studying there for years make the survey possible. We interviewed the students and 70 questionnaires consisting of 21 closed-ended Likert-type scale questions and a few open questions were distributed among them. Participants were BA students in architecture who were studying for more than 1.5 years in the school so they would be familiar with all parts of the faculty. The questions were asked about different parts and classes of the school so they could be compared. Participants also described places and the reasons for attachment to them using words and phrases. The feedbacks of 52 questionnaires were analyzed and the results indicated that microclimate was one of the many physical factors affecting place attachment, although it may be less significant than other components. The level of attachment was different within various parts of the school and the participants mentioned microclimate (sun, wind, coolness, shade, quality of light etc.) while describing the reasons of being attached to places along with other factors such as vegetation, texture, views, enclosure, color, space proportion and etc. Microclimate had an effect on students’ attendance, functions and choice of places, and different places were preferred during different seasons. This research also showed that accumulation of various microclimates in traditional houses is a factor for their quality improvement, which makes residents directly sense the thermal qualities and keep them in their memories of the places.
    Keywords: Microclimate, Place, Place attachment
  • Hossein Mobini, Fariba Gharaei*, Mitra Habibi Page 93
    Urban design emerged as an interdisciplinary profession in a world where its qualities were overwhelmed by its quantities and it was intended to improve the communities by rehabilitating the lost qualities. An accurate understanding of the urban design objectives and methods of achieving them will help us in this regard. Several educational programs have been offered throughout the world, and accordingly in Iran, towards achieving the expected objectives of the field. Given that the academic communities and the professionals are the main elements to achieve the expected objectives, their coordination may have a fundamental role in this regard. The comparison of the two groups constitutes the main goal of this study. In order for addressing this issue and attaining accurate definitions of urban design objectives, documents and sources have been reviewed and views and ideas of the theorists have been summarized. Since the proposed subjects in urban design studios play the most important role in preparation of students to enter urban design profession, prioritization of those objectives in professional community and urban design studio projects have been discussed and compared in this study. The extent to which the prioritizations of urban design goals were similar among the two groups, i.e. professionals and academic community, was studied in this way. To achieve this purpose, several interviews were conducted with urban design students in studied universities as well as with the professionals. Also a number of questionnaires were completed. The results show consistency in some cases and inconsistency in others. However, for both the professional and academic communities, the need to improve the existing approaches and methods seems inevitable. Consequently, professionals and their productions are affected by educational system, meanwhile according to the results of this study professional community lacks a perfect perception of urban design nature, so we can conclude that urban design educational system in Iran is not on the right road to address these shortcomings. Thus the Iranian educational system is incapable of covering the theoretical gaps in this field and eliminating the ambiguity of concepts in accordance with native characteristics. So, there are some priorities in society which are neglected to be discussed in urban design studios and in long term, and they can lead to wasting of resources, either human resources or time and money. However, it seems that differences between the professionals and the academic communities in terms of their priorities may be considered as an opportunity. In other words, academic community may help to improve the scientific and technical aspects of urban design professionals by introducing new topics and subjects to them and on the other hand, through the close relationship between the above groups, the academic community will be able to consider those projects in the urban design studios which are realistic and based on the needs of the society. It is through a close collaboration of the academic community and the professional groups that steps can be taken towards a quality urban design.
    Keywords: Urban Design, Training program, Professional communities, Training communities, Urban design studios
  • Kaveh Baghbeh, Mohammadreza Pourjafar, Ehsan Ranjbar Page 113
    One of the most significant factors for improving the quality and success of urban spaces is increasing the publicity of their routine activities. Direct observations of some great experts such as William White and Jan Gehl demonstrate that the successful public places have three essential advantages: density, variety and wide range of different social interactions. Despite former studies by academic experts, the activities themselves have never been considered in particular as effective factors on the space design. Studying urban spaces from this point of view will also help us organize the activities. “Sitting” is one of the most attractive and most important activities in urban spaces. Conscious decisions being made on where to sit (ledges, benches, steps, etc.) are evidences for an appropriate space, view or peripheral circumstances. Hence making assessments on these decisions will clarify the extent at which these spaces may seem appropriate to citizens. Considering the diversity of social and cultural activities in Theatre Shahr Square, it could be labeled as an important urban space in Tehran. Theater and traditional performances attracts a variety of social crowds specially youngers and artists to this public place. Sitting on ledges and benches is one of the most popular activities of attending people therein. Reasons for this particular activity vary from waiting for weekly programs to start, waiting for friends, having a chat, watching people and the surrounding area and so on. Holding the objective of investigating the relation between the physical environment of this urban space and the important activities conducted therein and also the rate at which this environment satisfies the behavioral patterns of attendees, this paper will analyze and assess the activity of sitting in the public square of Theatre Shahr. The assessment is based on direct observation of the public area in front of the Theatre Shahr building and the surrounding public zones by camera shooting in accordance with Whyte Pattern and also the statistical analysis of the activity-level, the count and the age group of people and the time period they are engaged with the activity using GIS and MS Excel software programs. The results show that in this urban space the ledges are more favorable to people, especially to those attending there in groups, in comparison to benches. In the time of any acrobatic or theatrical shows, the use of sitting places increases by 2 to 10 times; being concave, dependence to the shape of the square, being shaded and serving the possibility of sitting in different height levels are among the specifications of an appropriate place for sitting. Most of the activities happen in the areas where sitting places have better physical characteristics; design of the edges includes considering the attributes of its physical environment and also providing a suitable view for any activity show in front; and finally the physical environment of the square does not provide the requirements for the attendance of women and children.
    Keywords: Theater Shahr, Sitting, Evaluation of Activities, Ledge, Chair
  • Hooshmand Alizadeh*, Kioumars Irandoost, Leila Khosravanian, Roohollah Tavallaei Page 133
    Social capital is a relatively new concept that has been identified as the key explanatory factor in economically prosperous territorial communities. It is a collection of actual or potential resources that emerges as a result of the institutional ties in the context of social networks which can improve citizens’ life. Since these social relations have a spatial dimension, so too the social capital. Depending on the kind of the ties and interactions, different types of social capital may exist. This, in turn, may include different spatial dimensions of social capital. In this regard, as social capital can have a great role through being integrated into the concept of neighborhood, the context which contains common interests and face-to-face relationships of its inhabitants, this study aims to investigate the level of social capital in three spatial layers at the community level in order to recognize the presence or absence of social capital and to identify the reasons behind them. The research strategy is primarily a quantitative one, in which three neighborhoods has been chosen as three different spatial layers (Informal settlements, old/central and planned neighborhoods) in the city of Sanandaj. Their social capital has been investigated through field survey using a designed questionnaire in summer 2012, where 150 questionnaires were randomly distributed among residents of each neighborhood. The administration method of the survey involved face-to-face interviews with residents. Data was analyzed using AHP method to determine correlations between the variables (comparative analysis of the three neighborhoods). This involved testing factors associated with social capital, identifying the key relationships and where the differences were between the neighborhoods. The results of this study indicate that the maximum level of social capital is in Abbas Abad (the informal settlement), the average level in Ghatarchian (downtown) and the minimum level in Mobarak Abad (the planned) neighborhoods. However, this classification mostly covers the content of bonding social capital and the next two dimensions of social capital (bridging and linking) are relatively the same across the neighborhoods. In other words, the highest level of social capital in the field study is associated with the bonding dimension of social capital and the least level of social capital is related to bridging and linking dimensions of social capital. The study reveals that the ‘concept of “neighborhood” is not a fixed one according to the survey findings and based on residents’ perceptions of their neighborhood boundaries. Another finding is related to the level of social capital. While the level of social capital is a good indicator of the ‘quality of the neighborhood’, the social capital cannot be seen as the factor which ‘causes’ neighborhoods to be ‘better’ places to live. The findings of this study suggest that social capital of positive community will tend to occur in neighborhoods with associated positive impacts, rather than causing it.
    Keywords: Social capital, Spatial layers, AHP, Neighborhood units, Social networks, Trust
  • Mahdi Norouzi Fard, Naser Bakpour*, Mahdi Arabi Page 151
    Rapid urbanization has caused different problems such as irregular physical growth of cities, emerging various forms of huge settlements resulted from urban sprawl, and expanding developments on valuable, but vulnerable, lands and areas prone to develop. Among these, urban sprawl is one of the most important metropolitan problems. It means irregular spatial growth resulted from moving and distributing activities and population from central city towards suburbs. Urban sprawl often occurs on the lands out of the municipalities’ boundaries, where the authorities’ control is weak and, therefore, is prone to expanding developments. Thus, different strategies, including Infill Development, Smart Growth, Growth Management (GM), Urban Containment Policy (UCP) and Satellite Town, have been considered to cope with these problems. Specifying urban boundaries is a tool of growth management and urban containment policy which is used to prevent unplanned physical growth, which in turn, results in destruction of environment and damaging open spaces and vulnerable lands. This study aims to analyze the role of urban boundaries (named Mahdoode and Harim in Iran legislation and development literature) in controlling and guiding urban development of Tehran. The first question of this study focuses on the importance of urban boundaries in controlling urban development based on the relevant literature review and experiences of different countries in using this tool under various titles such as Green Belt, Urban Service District, Urban Service Area Boundary, Urban Service Line, Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, Restricted Development Zone and so on. The second question addresses the evaluation of the performance of city boundaries, Mahdoode and Harim, in guiding Tehran development. To do this, four areas of study, including the functions, planning, governance and legislation of urban boundaries have been considered. With respect to the importance of the role of urban boundaries in the theory and practice of urban development and, also, the few available research concentrated on this subject, at least in Iran, the present study is regarded as an introduction of future studies on urban boundaries in Iran. Desk study, secondary and content analysis, and other relevant methods have been used to gather and analyze information in this research. The main findings of the research show that the urban development management system of the city of Tehran has used green belt to prevent unplanned and unwilling urban physical growth, as well as urban boundaries, i.e. Mahdoode and Harim, to control and guide the amount and direction of the urban development. However, due to effects of other elements out of the control of Tehran management system, it has not been able to achieve all of its objectives. Nevertheless, these boundaries have been relatively effective to control and guide urban development in the city of Tehran.
    Keywords: Urban Containment, Urban Boundaries, Controlling, Guiding Urban Development, City of Tehran