نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی
سال هشتم شماره 16 (بهار و تابستان 1395)

Peri-urbanisation is a type of metropolitan growth in its periphery which occurs as an answer to economic, social and political tensions in its geographical context. The growth of Tehran metropolitan region in its periphery has brought about widespread changes in residential system and activity placement in rural areas and also its natural environment. With the spilover of population and activities to beyond the official boundaries of Tehran metropolis, the surrounding rural become urbanized with respect to economic, social and physical dimensions. These urbanized rural settlements are described as Peri-Urban. In this regard, the main issue is the rapid process of urbanization of rural areas or in other words the peri-urbanization of these settlements which takes place in the absence of required infrastructure. Hence, the present paper aims to study and analyze changes in peri-urbanization or, in other words, the rate of urbanization of rural centers around the Tehran metropolis during the period 1996-2006 based on the criteria extracted from the theoretical foundations. A territory entitled “Tehran metropolitan fringe” is the case for analysis of peri-urbanization process in the present study. This research is a descriptive-analytic study. The argument basis for explaining the features and stating the problem will be provided through the theoretical foundations under the overall title of “understanding and interpretation of peri-urbanization phenomenon”. The required data and information on the theoretical foundations will be collected through library studies and reviewing the books, articles, papers, and spatial development plans, especially in English. Using TOPSIS model, these changes have been ranked and rated in rural and peri-urban settlements located within the Tehran metropolitan fringe in 1996 to 2006. In the next step these changes were spatially analyzed and classified into zones in an spectrum from highest to lowest using clustering tools in ArcMap. Application of TOPSIS model aims to measure the minimum and maximum peri-urbanization changes during the period 1996-2006. For this purpose, changes of quantitative criteria in the studied points should be calculated first of all. Then, the obtained results should be used for rating peri-urbanization changes. Using spatial analysis method, the final scores obtained from TOPSIS are divided into homogeneous zones by clustering analysis tool in ArcMap. This is essential for evaluation of the research hypothesis. Finally, in order to test the hypothesis, peri-urbanization changes in the metropolitan fringe will be analyzed based on the distance from Tehran metropolis.The results indicate that the peri-urbanisation changes in Tehran metropolitan fringe difrence based on the distance from Tehran Metropolis. The area with 15 to 25 kilometers distance from Tehran, which is the legally approved limits of 2006, has the most peri-urban, dispersed growth and thus the highest peri-urbanization. However this phenomenon is rippling towards further distances. In this respect, a Green-Belt policy can convert the threat of the peri-urban growth to an opportunity for achieving a novel pattern of rural urbanization and constructive development.

The city is a dynamic system that composed of numerous subsystems that interaction and communication between them is effective on urban development. General behavior and the effect on each subsystem through the time cause to urban development or non-development. Land use planning with the aim of predicting the pattern of urban development and implementation has not been successful due to some factors such as lack of recognition significant factors the land development, interaction and conflict with each other and lack of awareness of policy results in long-term. With the rise of system approach in urban planning that tries to identify different activities that determine the nature of the human environment and understand the relationship between them, several techniques were developed to analyze these activities. System dynamics is a powerful methodology and computer simulation modeling technique for framing, understanding, and discussing about complex issues and problems. System dynamics make an opportunity for interaction effects on urban subsystems together, through the time, to adopt policies and make optimized decisions for urban development.
In Tehran, failure to achieve urban development projects’ goals on the base of mentioned reasons has caused high population growth and unbalanced urban development that is based on organic patterns. 18th district of Tehran, has experienced the hastily development in recent decades. It has also undesirable functions those are adverse with urban development and it has unbalanced development pattern. The purpose of this study is finding subsystems affecting urban development, dynamics and time effect on their behavior, and their interaction with each other in time in order to planning for development management of 18th district of Tehran.
In this paper, system dynamics has been used for designing of 18th district of Tehran development model. According to this purpose, have been identified influential factors in the development process, the most important subsystems were selected and then the process of model design and development is done in “Vensim”. Subsystems used in the model include population, economy and the land. Designed model is applied to simulate possible future options in the 18th district. Because of the importance and effective role of population factor in development and land use, options have been simulated on base of demographic changes in the model and finally, the results were compared and policies for 18th district development have been proposed.
The results of simulation show that population changes have direct effect on land use. Another side, changes in the business is effective on population increase or decrease by influence on employment rate. Therefore, usage the policies that could organize the physical space of the district and provide the housing and services needs of residents, and also increase employment opportunities, will be effective on development in this area.
Overall, the use of system dynamics modeling, due to its characteristics and capabilities,
including the ability to explore and connect the past to the present situation and steer it towards the desired future conditions and attention the subsystems and their interactions on each other, can be effective in efficiency and effectiveness of planning and urban development management.

Identity has always been a popular research subject for various disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy, sociology, human geography and anthropology. The role of "place" concept in forming the Identity of a person, society or group has been emphasized in environmental psychology and relative disciplines. On the other side, “Identity of place”, has been emphasized as a significant dimension of place that concerns the meaning and significance of places for their inhabitants, users and others. “Identity of place” is among the notions specifically being considered in the second half of the 20th century in urban planning and design literature and some methods were applied to assess “Identity of place” based on various definitions. The objective of current paper is to present a research framework for evaluating the Identity of Place. This paper is provided in three general sections.
In the first part, a definition for “Identity of place” and its forming elements is provided after investigating the theoretical bases and the literature available in the field of “Identity of place”. According to the content framework, the identity of place is the output of the dynamic system of interaction between internal meaning and external meaning created and endorsed about the place.
In the second part of the paper, the research framework for evaluating “Identity of place” is explained based on the discourse study methodology, narrative inquiry method and analytical framework based on discourse analysis. Then, Fouladshar new town is selected as the case study and the aforementioned research framework were tested on it. Recognizable social forces, respective place independence, and outstanding elements are the most important criterions in process of case study selection. Also, identity crisis of new towns in Iran is a Meta criterion in the case study selection process.
In third part, collected data in Fouladshahr is analyzed in two levels including separated level and integrated level. In the separated level, analysis indicated that among any elements of “identity of place” in each social group, there is a distinguishable “dominant discourse”. Also, each “dominant discourse” can be categorized on the basis of “discourse orientation” and “discourse type”. According to “discourse orientation”, dominant discourses can be “Negative” or “Positive” and according to “discourse type”, dominant discourses can be categorized in three types including “Descriptive discourse”, “Argumentative discourse” and “Propaganda discourse”. These three types are differentiated on the basis of intensity and emphasize of respondent to deliver a specific meaning.
In the integrated level, dominant discourses are analysed according to other groups. In this level, analysis reveals the potential and crisis elements of the “identity of place”. Also, Crisis elements can be categorized in three types including “negative same-directed” elements, “intrinsic tensioned elements” and “extrinsic tensioned elements”.
This research and analytical framework in evaluating the “identity of place” can be utilized in places in different scales. Also this framework utilized “identity of place” as a strategic and applicable concept.

Place attachment is the emotional bond with a place and positive emotional attachment that develops between place and individual and clarify ones sensitivity to especial geographical situation that bond individual to place. The concept of attachment alludes to the desire to maintain proximity to the object of attachment. When people feel positive sense to a place it means that they love that place and wanted to be there and communicate with it, therefore fate of place get important for them and they feel responsible about that place. But if people loose their sence of place attachment, they might be indifference to that place or they might avoid it, and their connection with the place will be reduced. Zayandeh-Rood which means “life-giving River” has caused beauty, elegance, Social interaction and vitality in the city of Isfahan and is a symbol of history and identity of it, this river attract many tourists from inside and outside of Iran each year. Zayandeh-Rood urban spaces because of its natural attractions like water and green infrustructors and its historical and artificial attractions like Khaju Bridge, can affect on individuals attachment to its urban spaces. The banks of the flowing river were the centre of all social, recreational and economic activities in the city. Now the river, which flowed for 400 kilometres from the Zagros Mountains in the west through parks and under Safavid-era bridges and was known for its fertile and verdure, has been drought and replaced by dirt and stones. The question of this study is that, amount of individuals sence of place attachment of urban spaces around the Zayandeh-Rood river how has changed in comparison with before the drought of it? And how much is the effect of Zayandeh-Rood drought on each dimensions of place attachment? This research is applicatory and has evaluated the effect of river drought on the amount of people sence of place attachment in urban spaces around the Zayandeh-Rood river via a quantitative- qualitative method. In this regard the effective elements and indicators of the place attachment have extracted and with analysis of 100 questionnaires by correlation test and regression, the people's attachment to Zayandeh-Rood urban spaces has assessed rather than before river drought. Results showed that attachment of people to urban spaces around the Zayandeh-Rood has reduced in comparison with before drought. People in the natural environments like zayandeh-Rood urban spaces has expect to experience psychological benefits through interacting with the place and the other people in that place, therefore try to keep their bond with the place. But because of river drought, the possibility of answering all these demands is less than before. Thus attachments to these spaces reduce over time and it provides settings to be abandend and forgotten places and converting them to unsecured places during the time. Thus negative impact of river drought on people tendency to refer to such places has revealded. Therefore attachment to the Zayandeh-Rood urban spaces, has received the most negative impact from the river drought, especially from behavioral aspect.

Today, environmental designers, separate themselves from society in various forms. They suppose that people cannot distinguish architectural quality. Some of architects believe that giving priority to users is wrong and they assume it restricts their creativity. For that reason, architects design and built, regardless of the user's expectations (expectation arising from cultural patterns and archetypes in more vernacular and natural environments). This means that users may not use the architecture or they may change it upon their needs. In this paper, first, it has been investigated that which discrepancies arise from incompatibility of architect's and user's mind in rural housings built by custodians of architecture for people. For this purpose, discrepancies have been investigated with reference to the world's literature in general and specifically those enquiries concentrated on Iranian rural areas, by reference to current examples. Then a method had been proposed to approach subjectivity of user and designer based on practical research about ideal environment. In this method, not only, visual subjectivity expectations (identity) have been perused, but also all of people life details have been investigated in a regular structure. To have a systematic process for the project a triaxial model (developed by the author) has been used to explore factors of subjectivity. It includes three axis (experience time, person experience, experiencing) for exploring identity factors. If we define identity as a kind of recognition arises from human experiment with built space or unity of mental expectation with perceptional content of this experiment then it would be a natural strategy to pursue the subject via human perceptional dimensions. These dimensions upon their place in the spectrum of material-spiritual perception can be proposed in four categories: 1. Physical or bodily dimension; 2. Mental dimension; 3. Social dimension and 4. Spiritual dimension. These kinds of perceptions are in turn subdivided in two main categories due to their source of stimulation: native or nonnative. There is a third and important factor for analyzing these four types of recognition that must be taken into account: what kind of recorded content of the brain is referred. At least four kinds of them can be seen due to the duration of the recorded humane experiment: 1. Immediate perception; 2. Life-long experiment; 3. Inherited image from previous generations (archetypical) and 4.timeless experiment of human-being; upon these three factor a cubical model of 32 separate positions each of which is representative of a different dimension of architectural identity as it relates to human experiment., this research, Based on the model of identity factors, determined in three condition: first, physical absolute factors; second, the factors formed between the body and the social-behavioral facts; third, social-behavioral absolute factors. For each of the conditions examples of projects done by researchers of architecture have been showed. Finally, executed a component of this process, in rural environment of Ilam and its results are presented here. Supplemental step is to net weight the exploring identity factors and separation of structural from non-structural factors. This will be done in future research.

With the advancement of technology and appearance the digital revolution insert new streams such as architecture to all artistic fields. This change that lead to the arrival of the computer. The changes created in the process of architectural design and the computer was known as an effective component in this process. The presence Eventuated to the creation occurrences dependent on the computer including parametric architecture. This architecture is based on the principles of geometric and evolutionary growth and present of the algorithm. So that in it, the parameters needed by the design under algorithm language are placed in a system. One of the design principles in this architecture is fractal geometry. This article will pay to analyze of the application of this kind of geometry in parametric architecture. Traditional Iranian Architects were always putting the nature one of the most important sources of inspiration. Original works of this architecture show that they have been well aware of strong and complex geometry that was used in the structure of the natural elements. On the other hand the research of the traditional Iran architecture works; in order to re-reviviscenceit using the science of the new architecture seems essential. Based on the preliminary studies, The Interior of the dome ornament of Sheikh Lotfollah mosque is also designed using fractal geometry. The research seeks to respond to these two questions, is it possible using geometric parametric architectural features, redefine this ornament. Is there the possibility of a new definition of this work in the form of the algorithm? Therefore, in this study will be analysis, the geometry used in the Interior ornament of the domeof the mosque and the geometry of the extracted from it redefined within the framework of the parametric architecture principlesand with the language of algorithm. Research methods used in this research is a type of historical and computer with the strategy simulation in which the study sources described and analyzed. To properly studying geometric analysis, the algorithm will be evaluated by Grasshopper extension in Rhinoceros software. The results of this research suggest, that recall the noble classical Persian works and translate it to the architectural language of the new architecture (including parametric design) to create opportunity for architecture of Iran. So as to re reviviscenceprinciples of architecture of Iran, In addition to the previous functions of the works the new actions added it. Or even with the integration of new ideas gave the evolution and used in architectural new forms.

Temporary exhibition of contemporary artworks in historic building, like any other interior projects, is a proportion between subject or artifact on display and the context of design. The important parameters in this proportion are: Limitation on intervention in the context, space restriction and relying on interior architecture elements. Organizing and presenting the artifacts in any kind of building are related to these factors directly. Specifically, in historic buildings, these aspects of works will be more important since the issue of intervention rate- in order to preserve and display the building’s values- will be added. Therefore, the goal in this article was considered to be providing design principles for the interior artifacts to reduce interventions in the context of design and its purpose was considered to be redefining the nature of the interior design artifacts in temporary exhibition of contemporary artworks in historic buildings. So, the article’s main question was stated as following: how can we provide the temporary exhibition of contemporary artifacts relying on capabilities of design artifacts with lower intervention in historic building? The answer of this question was conducted in three stages as following:In first section, in order to determine the characteristics of existing artifacts, the existing concepts and methods in similar cases, were analyzed. This work was done among four buildings (Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Iranian Artists’ House, Iran Glass and Ceramic Museum and Moghadam’s House/ Museum) as representatives of various types of work in the interior spaces. In this section, the effort was based on having the conceptual models of each representative.
In second section, in order to find the nature of design artifacts, the objectives and affordances of artifacts in the exhibition, based on an abstract model of the artifacts’ affordances, were surveyed. In this regard, the Gero’s commands were referred in conceptual foundations of design. Therefore, we could define the abstract model of the artifacts’ nature.
The third section was allocated to describe architecture and redefining the artifact in order to construct these artifacts and convert their abstract model into objectively model, in construction’s concepts. In this regard, the Ulrich’s commands referred in production processes. Finally, the combination of modular architecture and integrated design was redefined to these artifacts and Features of configuration process and their components were determined.
Finally, based on the outcome of these three stages, the artifacts were proposed when displaying artifacts instead of intervention in context, with their adaptive nature, will keep the values in historic building. On this basis a redefinition of design were obtained in temporary exhibition of contemporary artifacts in historic building.

Privacy as one of the human essential needs in the health care system is very important, and lack of the satisfaction of it will cause lots of stresses on patients. These stresses include negative effects on the recovery procedure. The affliction of the mentioned stresses comes from environmental factors like unfamiliar surrounding, lack of the privacy and individual spaces, deficit of independency, and uncertainty about the result of treatments or illness. Most of the medical moral connoisseurs believe that preparation of privacy is the essential base for providing the health cares. In the Iran and all around the world, the researches have indicated that opposite to what nurses and other staffs believe that the patient’s privacy is observed, the patients are not satisfied of their privacy rate. In the medical environment the separation of the patients from their families and their usual life, hospitalization and staying in the sharing rooms, and repetition of information registration cause more interruption in their requires from the privacy. The methods of preparing privacy in health care spaces and hospitals are very important and should be chosen carefully because these methods should not interrupt medical services and cause problems in the health care systems.
This research is arguing for answers to this question that how the patients’ privacy can effect on the enhancement of health care system and recovery, and what the architectural role in the patient’s needful privacy is. In this research the importance of privacy for the patient who confined on the bed in the health care space, the different attempts they make to obtain enough privacy for themselves, and finally the role of architecture to bring about and improve the quality of satisfaction are discussed. This study deals with finding some points about patients’ privacy with qualitative approaches via literature review, observation and surveyin two focus groups in two hospitals in the Yazd. Despite of the small variation in comparable hospitals, the result shows some similarities in the same points that could be considerable. The results reveal that the importance of privacy is undeniable in the health care spaces especially in the required of visual and vocal privacies. It is not being ignored that in the hospitals, as a health care center, patients have to stay for days, so the preparing privacy methods are very important and require excessive attention. Privacy in the health care spaces depends on cultural various conditions, type and intensity of disease, personal habits, duration of confined on the bed, methods of giving services and medical activities. In addition to patient privacy necessity, this situation will change in the period of the treatment as the treatments policies may change.
Regarding to the purposes mentioned above, the architects should consider appropriate strategies based on the specific conditions in the health care centers. Some points like individual space, observing the distances and personalization are total qualifications that should be achieved in various forms and the architectures and designers should consider and innovate architectural methods to prepare them. Some practical suggestions have been presented as results of this research so that they could be helpful for architectures to use.

During past years, the goal of creating spaces for higher education has been quantitative development of institutions to respond to the problem of knowledge development; hence many centers have been created in package buildings and lack of open space. In modern times, open and semi-open spaces has been proposed as the physical context of civil life of students in university areas and has become even more important to consider the quality of these environments. Specially communication pathways in universities as Behavior Settings, play an important role in providing social needs of students and their communication with each other. Hence the importance of this issue, the universities ought to provide this context for students. Due to the need of supplying the thermal comfort for users to use from spaces for a long time, knowledge and study of climatic factors are essential in pathways designing. Because of the warm and dry climate and lack of proper design of open spaces in Kashan University Campus, it does not have a good quality and it is facing climatic problems. Therefore, this study attempts to pay for evaluation of climatic dimension in the pathways of this university. This study has been performed using field data and data analysis through the theory of thermal comfort conducted. In open spaces and the aim is to assess the current status of university campus by case study approach and offer suggestions to improve the climatic quality of it. Generally, the technique is organized in several ways. First: Analysis of climatic parameters have been done using Penn warden criteria, climate calendar, sun pathway map through statistical data of synoptic stations of Kashan, during the period of forty years (1966-2005), and then doing field work in campus in 15- 16 December 2012 and 23-24 June 2013 using the WBGT and the speedometer of KESTREL devices that could have picked up the temperature, humidity, wind speed and subsequently providing the identification of micro- climate and finally Analysis field data through Outdoor thermal comfort factors such as WBGT, UTCI and WIND CHILL. Research shows in this university most of open and semi-open pathways is lacking of harmony with the climate and have climate problems .it can be noted to important contribution of this study to identify areas with extreme climatic conditions, and strive to create a climate comfortable in them by giving advices and guidelines in six main subjects in pathway design, contain direction and size of ways, various kinds of sunshades such as architectural elements, tent structures or plant scaffolding. the main type of plants and trees and also materials that should be used and using cold water evaporating. finally extract criteria for promotion and design points that has the transforming potential into a successful public places. It is hoped that this research can be opening the ways to the future studies in the field of quality improvement of campuses