فهرست مطالب

نامه معماری و شهرسازی - سال چهارم شماره 8 (بهار و تابستان 1391)

نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی
سال چهارم شماره 8 (بهار و تابستان 1391)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1391/05/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
|
  • آیت محمدی تبار، ریما فیاض صفحه 5
    در این مقاله تاثیر معماری داخلی بر میزان شدت روشنایی فضای معینی بررسی می شود. پیش از این همواره تاثیر محل و مشخصات پنجره بر میزان روشنایی داخلی در نظر گرفته شده بود، اما تاثیر معماری داخلی بر میزان روشنایی فضای داخل مورد بررسی قرار نگرفته بود. به این منظور برای یافتن مقادیر شدت روشنایی بهینه در یک اتاق خواب ساده، شدت روشنایی متوسط و نیز حداقل و حداکثر در آن برای 72 روز سال از روزهای اول، پنجم، دهم، پانزدهم، بیستم، و بیست و پنجم هر ماه در ساعت 10:30 صبح و در ساعت های مختلف روزهای یکم فروردین، یکم تیر، یکم مهر و یکم دی شدت روشنایی، کف، سقف و دیوارها به کمک نرم افزار محاسبه شد. در ادامه، تاثیر شرایطی مانند استفاده از مصالح مختلف برای جداره های داخل اتاق، تغییر رنگ جداره ها، تغییر مبلمان داخلی، محل استقرار پنجره و نظایر اینها که بخشی از آن در اختیار طراح داخلی است، بر شدت روشنایی متوسط و نیز حداقل و حداکثر اتاق مطالعه و بررسی شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهند که نه فقط محل استقرار پنجره در دیوار بلکه جنس و رنگ و مشخصات سطوح داخلی همراه با جایگزینی صحیح مبلمان داخل اتاق می تواند تاثیری عمده بر استفاده از نور طبیعی داشته باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: معماری داخلی، روشنایی طبیعی، شبیه سازی نور روز
  • نادیه ایمانی، محبوبه مومنی رنانی صفحه 23
    اهمیت بررسی آثار معماری از منظر تاریخ و نظریه و نقد معماری، بخش عمده ای از پژوهش ها در این حوزه، به مطالعه اثر و بیان فهم حاصل از آن سوق داده است. اگر چه پرداختن به مقوله «مواجهه با اثر معماری» و جستار در «معیارها و مراتب فهم اثر معماری»، با بررسی خود بنا آغاز می شود، اما خاستگاه های آن در بنیان های نظری معماری است و لاجرم در حوزه نظری قرار می گیرد. اثر معماری چگونه فهمیده می شود و فهم آن چه ابعادی دارد؟ این پرسش اصلی مقاله حاضر است، که مراتب فهم اثر معماری و دستاوردهای آن را در برمی گیرد. در پی پاسخ به این پرسش، مسیری که این مقاله می پردازد، اصولا عبارت خواهد بود از: مراتب مواجهه با اثر یا همان «بنا»، بدون پرداختن به مصداقی خاص، با محوریت جستار در رویکردهای شناخت و بنیان های نظری مقوله های مطرح در فهم اثر و پیامدهای آن در حوزه معماری. از این رو مباحث با مطالعه رویکردهای شناخت اثر در نظریه ها و پارادایم های معاصر آغاز می شود و با بررسی مراتب فهم اثر در حوزه معماری ادامه می یابد. سپس به معیارهای مطرح در فهم اثر معماری اشاره می شود تا مشخص گردد که مبنای شناخت نظری چه نقشی در فهم مصداق های معماری دارد و هر کدام از رویکردها می تواند مخاطب را به چه مرتبه ای از فهم اثر برساند.
    کلیدواژگان: فهم اثر معماری، نقد اثر معماری، مراتب فهم، مواجهه با بنا
  • محمود طاووسی، مژکان خاکپور، مجتبی انصاری صفحه 37
    خصوصیات اقلیمی گیلان موجب شده است که تحقیقات چندان شایسته ای در مورد آثار برجای مانده از دنیای کهن در این منطقه صورت نپذیرد و گیلان به لحاظ شناسایی تاریخ کهن آن مهجور واقع گردد. اما با نگاهی به تزئینات معماری بومی در روستاهای گیلان می توان نقش مایه هایی را مشاهده کرد که تا حدودی متمایز از دیگر نقاط ایران است. با بررسی کشفیات باستان شناسی پیش از اسلام در منطقه نیز ردپایی از این نقوش را در معماری امروز می توان یافت. استمرار این نقش مایه ها و بن مایه فکری ای که موجب تداوم به کارگیری این نقوش بوده اند، شالوده این مقاله را تشکیل می دهد. مقاله بر پایه تحقیقات تاریخی و توصیفی و با مطالعات اسنادی و میدانی انجام پذیرفته است. در این مقاله، مقایسه ای تطبیقی بین تزئینات موجود از میان سیزده هزار شیء ثبت شده در موزه شهر رشت، برخی از اشیای در معرض نمایش در موزه ایران باستان که بخش اعظمی از آنها متعلق به تمدن آماردهاست از یک سو و تزئینات معماری بناهای سنتی روستایی گیلان بر اساس برداشت های میدانی از سوی دیگر، صورت گرفته است. نوشتار با نگاهی کوتاه به تاریخ گیلان از زمان های کهن آغاز شده است و سپس کشفیات باستان شناسی اشیایی که در آنها طرح هایی به منظور تزئین به کار گرفته شده است، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. اهمیت تزئین و پرداختن به جنبه های هنری خلق اثر، از مباحثی است که در حد مقاله به آن توجه شده است و مقایسه تطبیقی نقش مایه های تزئینی امروز با گذشته، محور اصلی این نوشتار است. در پایان، نحله های فکری مولد این آثار هنری و عوامل این تداوم در به کارگیری طرح های همسان، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. حاصل سخن آنکه هنرمند بومی گیلان، به رغم توانایی در ظهور هنر طبیعت گرا، بر اساس نحوه اندیشه درباب انگیزه غایی، دست به خلق هنر انتزاعی و هندسی زده است و این استمرار نحله های فکری، هنرهایی همسان را در طول تاریخ به وجود آورده است.
    کلیدواژگان: تزئینات معماری بومی، نقش مایه های تزئیناتی، تزئینات پیش از اسلام، معماری روستایی گیلان
  • بازشناسی مکان / مطالعه موردی: میدان شهرداری رشت
    مصطفی کیانی، مصطفی پور علی صفحه 59
    در آغاز می توان پرسش هایی از این دست را مطرح ساخت: چرا بازشناسی مکان ها ضروری است؟ در این بازشناسی به چه مولفه هایی می بایست پرداخت؟ این مولفه ها در مکانی مصداقی، چه شناختی را می توانند به دست دهند؟ این نوشتار تلاشی دارد برای شناخت «مکان» که بر پایه تحقیقی کیفی، از طریق سه مولفه کالبدی و کارکردی و معنایی به دست آمده است. در این تحقیق مولفه معنایی حاصل رویدادها، خاطره ها، افسانه ها و روایت های ذهنی مشترک است؛ مولفه کالبدی همانا برآیند چشم انداز طبیعی و مصنوع است؛ و حوزه کارکردی نیز از عملکردها و فعالیت های انجام شده در مکان نتیجه می شود. البته باید بر این نکته تاکید کرد به دلیل تسلط عنصر زمان، عموما آنچه که به دست می آید، فقط به بخشی از هویت پویا و مبهم مکان اشاره می کند. به منظور تبیین بیشتر موضوع، شناخت شاخص های تعیین شده در یکی از عناصر مهم شهری یعنی میدان، با مصداق «میدان شهرداری رشت»، که زندگی جاری شهروندان این شهر خواسته یا ناخواسته با آن عجین شده، مورد تحقیق قرار گرفته است. افزون بر آن، آشفتگی های کالبدی، نابسامانی های کارکردی و اختلالات ایجادشده در مولفه معنایی مکان در این میدان شهری تبیین گردیده است. میدان شهرداری رشت میدانی تاریخی است که در عین دارا بودن ظرفیت های مناسب معنایی و کالبدی و کارکردی، متاسفانه به دلیل سیاست های اعمال شده، معمولا در حد فلکه تسهیل کننده ترافیک خودرو عمل می کند. کالبد پیرامونی آن نیز بی ارتباط با بستر و زمینه اش، هر روز نوایی ناموزون تر از پیش ساز می کند. این میدان، برخلاف معنای دیرین آن، مردمان را از حضور در آن برحذر می دارد. این نوشتار در جست وجوی یافتن پاسخ برای این سه پرسش است: چرا به بازشناسی مکان نیاز است؟ 2- در این بازشناسی به چه مولفه هایی می بایست پرداخت؟ 3- این مولفه ها در مکانی مصداقی مانند میدان شهرداری رشت چه شناختی را به دست می دهند؟
    کلیدواژگان: بازشناسی مکان، مولفه های معنایی کالبدی و کارکردی، معماری، میدان شهرداری رشت
  • شراره عظیمی، پروین پرتوی، پوریان شهابیان صفحه 75
    محدوده مرکزی شهرها که گنجینه ای گرانبها از تاریخ و فرهنگ جامعه را در خود جای داده اند، مقاصد مهمی در جذب گردشگر محسوب می شوند. با توجه به رابطه متقابل میان توسعه گردشگری و باززنده سازی بافت های تاریخی، بهره برداری از میراث فرهنگی و تاریخی دربردارنده منافع بسیاری در زمینه های اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و کالبدی برای جوامع عرضه کننده آنهاست. این مقاله بر آن است تا ضمن بررسی آثار مثبت و منفی توسعه گردشگری بر بافت های تاریخی در زمینه های اقتصادی و اجتماعی و کالبدی، و با استفاده از تجارب جهانی در امر باززنده سازی فضاهای شهری کهن و اصول و معیارهای مستخرج از جمع بندی آنها، به شناسایی مولفه ها و عناصر فضایی عملکردی باززنده سازی بافت های تاریخی، با محوریت توسعه گردشگری شهری بپردازد. نوشتار حاضر، پژوهشی تحلیلی توصیفی و مبتنی بر مطالعات کتابخانه ای و برداشت های میدانی است. بدین منظور پس از معرفی محدوده مرکزی تهران به عنوان نمونه موردی، مولفه های اصلی باززنده سازی فضاهای تاریخی شهرها در قالب ماتریس سوات در محدوده مرکزی تهران مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. نتایج این تحلیل حاکی از آن اند که عواملی چون فرسودگی بافت و بناهای ارزشمند، گریز جمعیت اصیل و رنگ باختن یا از بین رفتن فعالیت های متناسب با هویت محدوده، زیرساخت های ناکارآمد، حرکت دشوار سواره و پیاده، اغتشاش سازمان فضایی، و ناخوانایی ساختار کالبدی از جمله موانع عمده محدوده مورد بحث، برای تبدیل شدن به مرکز فرهنگی و گردشگری تهران به شمار می آیند.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری شهری، گردشگری فرهنگی، گردشگری میراث، بافت های تاریخی، آثار گردشگری
  • هادی رضایی راد، مجتبی رفیعیان صفحه 95
    پرداختن به شاخصه های مسکن به عنوان اصلی ترین ابزار برنامه ریزی را می توان از حساس ترین مراحل برنامه ریزی دانست. عرصه مسکن به منظور تامین رشد اجتماعی، علاوه بر خود واحد مسکونی، محیط پیرامون آن را نیز در بر می گیرد. در مقاله حاضر سعی بر این است که به ارزیابی کیفیت مسکن در شهر سبزوار بر اساس آمار موجود پرداخته شود. به منظور این ارزیابی، در ابتدا شاخص های کیفی و کمی مسکن مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند و سپس از بین شاخص های تاثیرگذار بر کیفیت مسکن بر اساس اطلاعات موجود، 16 شاخص تعیین شدند و به روش تحلیل عاملی (FA) و کم کردن تعداد متغیرها به چند عامل و تهیه نقشه به تفکیک هر عامل در محیط GIS، وضعیت هر عامل در نقاط مختلف شهر تعیین گردید. پس از بررسی کیفیت مسکن به تفکیک هر عامل، لایه ها در محیط GIS بر روی هم قرار گرفتند و در نهایت کیفیت مسکن در نقاط مختلف شهر ارزیابی گردید. نتایج تحقیق حاکی از آن است که رابطه معناداری بین کیفیت مسکن و نوع بافت محله ها در شهر سبزوار وجود دارد. کیفیت مسکن در بخش های جنوبی (بافت فرسوده)، بخش های شرقی و جنوب شرقی (بافت غیررسمی) و بخش های شمال شرقی (بافت روستا شهری)، نازل تر از دیگر نقاط شهر است. با استفاده از رگرسیون، مشخص شد که بین کیفیت عرصه مسکن و انواع بافت های موجود شهر به میزان 77 درصد ارتباط معنادار وجود دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: کیفیت مسکن، سنجش فضایی، تحلیل عاملی، سیستم اطلاعات مکانی، شهر سبزوار
  • محمد مهدی عزیزی، مجتبی آراسته صفحه 111
    شهر یزد در جریان توسعه در سال های اخیر، با فرم های مختلفی از توسعه در نواحی مختلف مواجه شده است. به طور کلی، فرم های مختلف توسعه شهری در شهر یزد را می توان به سه بخش درونی و میانی و بیرونی تقسیم کرد. هدف از این تحقیق، شناسایی عوامل موثر بر کیفیت محیط مسکونی در شهر یزد و ارزیابی کیفیت محیط مسکونی در هریک از سه نوع بافت مذکور است. روش تحقیق این پژوهش تحلیلی اکتشافی، و بر اساس تکنیک تحلیل عاملی و خوشه ایاست. فرضیه تحقیق این گونه بیان شده است: «فرض می شود کیفیت محیط مسکونی در بخش درونی شهر یزد نه چندان مناسب، ولی در بخش بیرونی مناسب تر از دیگر نواحی شهر یزد باشد». یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهند که به دلیل ناسازگاری شرایط کالبدی بافت تاریخی با نیازهای امروزی، کیفیت محیط مسکونی این ناحیه در پایین ترین حد به نسبت دیگر نواحی بوده است. رشد منطقی و بدون شتاب بخش میانی، با رعایت معیارهای سنتی طراحی و نزدیکی این بخش به بسیاری از خدمات موجود در مرکز شهر، آن را به بهترین و مطلوب ترین محیط مسکونی بدل ساخته است. این در حالی است که در بخش بیرونی شهر، به دلیل پراکنده رویی و دوری مراکز خدمات از هم، رضایتمندی کمتری از محل سکونت وجود دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: یزد، کیفیت زندگی، کیفیت محیط مسکونی، تحلیل عاملی، تحلیل خوشه ای
  • غلامرضا کاظمیان، وجه الله قربانی زاده، سعید شفیعا صفحه 131
    ساخت وسازهای غیررسمی، بخشی از حیات ناپایدار شهری در طول تاریخ شهرنشینی بوده اند. این محله ها به واسطه تامین تقاضای سرپناه اقشار کم درآمد، محل تجمع گونه های مختلف اقشار و طبقات اجتماعی فرودست هستند. این درواقع تقاضا و تجمعی است که شاکله ناپایداری حیات شهری این محله ها را به وجود می آورد. این مقاله، به مردم نگاری سکونتگاه غیررسمی شمیران نو واقع در منطقه 4 شهرداری تهران می پردازد. هدف پژوهش، شناسایی انگیزه ها، تمایلات و آثار گروه های سازنده غیرمجاز است. نتایج نشان می دهد که حداقل سه گروه اجتماعی متفاوت، دست به ساخت وسازهای بی قاعده در محیط و فضای این محله می زنند: گروه یکم قدیمی های ناچار است، گروه دوم مهاجران مهاجرپذیر و گروه سوم سودجویان مسافر. هریک از این کنشگران می توانند منابعی بااهمیت برای پایداری محله باشند. مقایسه نتایج تحقیق با مدل های معتبر نشان می دهد که محله مورد بررسی دارای گونه های متفاوت اجتماعی با وضعیت روانی و اجتماعی مختلف است. بنابراین دستیابی به اهداف برنامه های بهسازی و اصلاحی با استفاده از روش های ترکیبی و پویا با هدایت ظرفیت ها و انگیزه ها و خواسته های گروه های سازنده مقدور خواهد شد.
    کلیدواژگان: ساخت وسازهای غیررسمی، محله غیررسمی، شمیران نو، گروه های اجتماعی، توسعه ناپایدار
  • احمد بنکدار، فریبا قرایی، ناصر برک پور صفحه 147
    هدف اصلی این پژوهش بازشناسی جایگاه قانونی اسناد طراحی شهری و همچنین فرایند تهیه و انواع اسناد در نظام برنامه ریزی ایران و انگلستان است. در این مقاله تفاوت ها و شباهت های نهادی و ساختاری و رویه ای میان جایگاه این اسناد در نظام برنامه ریزی ایران و انگلستان بررسی و مقایسه می شود. این پژوهش در حیطه پژوهش های کاربردی قرار می گیرد و با استفاده از چارچوب تحلیلی عمومیت گرایانه و کشف مغایرت و روش تحلیل داده های ثانویه (اسنادی)، سعی دارد تا شباهت ها و تفاوت ها را میان نظام برنامه ریزی ایران و انگلستان در زمینه جایگاه اسناد طراحی شهری مورد موشکافی قرار دهد. یافته ها نشان می دهند که تفرق عملکردی در ترتیبات نهادی - نهادهای قانون گذار و تهیه کننده و نیز نهادهای اجرایی در حوزه اختیارات و تصمیم سازی و تصمیم گیری، نبود هماهنگی و همیاری و همکاری بین بخشی در دستگاه های ذی ربط، فقدان سیاست های طراحی مشخص در برنامه های توسعه فرادست اسناد طراحی شهری، ضعف در حوزه مشارکت مردمی، عدم نظارت و بازنگری در اسناد تهیه شده و ضعف در نهادهای مطالعاتی و پژوهشی به لحاظ درجه استقلال و سیاست گذاری از مهم ترین مشکلات رویه ای پیش روی اسناد طراحی شهری در نظام برنامه ریزی ایران اند. این مسائل و مشکلات درواقع اصلی ترین تفاوت های ساختاری و نهادی و رویه ای جایگاه اسناد طراحی شهری میان دو نظام برنامه ریزی در دو کشور به شمار می آیند.
    کلیدواژگان: اسناد طراحی شهری، سیاست های طراحی، نظام برنامه ریزی انگلستان، نظام برنامه ریزی ایران، بررسی تطبیقی
|
  • Ayat Mohamaditabar, Rima Fayaz Page 5
    Of the total electrical energy consumed in Iran, 70% is allocated to lighting interior spaces of dwellings. Then a simple method to conserve electricity is using daylight for illumination, which mainly depends on window specifications and depth of room. It should be remembered that interior design of a room can also affect the amount of electrical energy consumed for illuminating interior spaces. Researches carried out so far on day lighting mainly concentrate on the dimensions and specifications of the openings. In this paper, the authors have studied the effect of the interior design in a bedroom in Kermanshah, including variations in furniture arrangements, materials of interior surfaces and their colours, and also window position on interior illuminance. This research is based upon the simulation. For this purpose, the Dialux software has been used, whose validity is studied in related researches, which show that the simulated quantities are very similar to that of the real ones. In this software, there are three different skies: sunny, semi-cloudy, and cloudy. For this simulation, sunny sky was chosen for Kermanshah. The calculated items of this research are as follows: the intensity of average, minimum, and maximum illumination of the room under study and the same amounts for the illumination of floor, ceiling, and walls for each month of the year with five days intervals, totaling 72 days, at 10:30. Concerning day lighting, 10:30 is a time when there is enough sky illuminance during the year in Kermanshah. The illuminance intensity on remaining days of the year is almost similar to the selected ones, and as a result, the simulation has not been carried out for the whole year. Additionally the same amounts of illuminance for solar equinoxes and solstices, from sunrise to sunset have been simulated. Four different materials for the floor have been applied. The number of chosen materials for the walls was six, and two for the ceiling. Different arrangements have been designed for the room under study. Actually the components of the furniture has been omitted one by one to show the effect of each one on the interior illuminance. Eight different colours – from light (yellow) to dark (brown) – have been compared for the interior surfaces, regarding the interior illuminance. Moreover, variations in the height of the ceiling and window sill have been studied. It has been found out that not only the colour of interior surfaces, but also the interior design of the room can change the amount of natural light inside. Decrease in ceiling height and increase in widow sill helped to increase the average illuminance of the room. It has been observed that the best position for window, in order to distribute light more uniform within the room, is in the center of the wall. The results showed that to increase the interior illuminance, walls, ceiling and floor should have materials with light colours and high reflectance factor. On the other hand, the arrangement of furniture must not obscure the light from windows. Less furniture around the windows and inside the room increases the amount of daylight entering the room significantly.
    Keywords: Interior design, Natural day- light, Day- lighting simulation
  • Nadieh Imani, Mahbubeh Momeni Renani Page 23
    Considering the significance of understanding architectural works in terms of history, theory and architectural criticism, a great deal of researches have been dealing with the study of architectural works and expressing one’s understanding of that work. Although the study of issues such as “perceiving an architectural work” and seeking for the “standards and steps for understanding an architectural work” begins with analysis of the building, the fundamentals of these issues are deeply rooted in the theoretical bases of Architecture and so they inevitably belong to the realm of theory. In other words, the issue of “Understanding an Architectural Work at the time of perception”, on one hand is related to direct study of the work ()building)(itself, and on the other hand, it is linked with the richness of architectural thoughts that form the sources for quality and quantity of creating desirable places in the real world. Therefore, the knowledge on the aspects of “understanding an architectural work” and possessing “the principles and standards” for coming to an understanding of the architectural work plays a significant role in validity of quality of the visitor’s understanding of the architectural work, and lack of the principles and standards in coming to an understanding of the architectural work will cause the taste of an individual to influence the understanding and it will lead to the invalidity of the understanding of the visitor. But, how an architectural work is understood and what are its dimensions and aspects? This is the main question of this article and it deals with understanding the architectural work and its achievements. In response to this question, this article mainly deals with the steps of perception a work, i.e. “the building”, the approaches to realization, and theoretical bases of the issues proposed with regard to the problem of understanding an architectural work and its achievements in the field of architecture. The study of the modern paradigms on “understanding the architectural work” reveals that a major part of the discussions raised on this matter are rooted in philosophy, philosophy of art and linguistics and they have focused on understanding the literary works and the art works and then, they have been introduced into the field of architecture after a short delay. Hence, it is inevitable to step into the field of philosophy and philosophy of art from an epistemological aspect, while studying the issue of “understanding the architectural work”. So, this article starts with a review of the approaches to realization of a work in contemporary theories and paradigms, and later it will deals with the steps in understanding a work in the field of architecture. Then, the established standards for understanding a work and understanding an architectural work will be analyzed. Therefore, it will be possible to determine to what level of understanding the scholar will come through any one of these approaches. So, this article offers the different steps of visiting and understanding architectural works and their achievements, the significance of speaking with “the architectural work” in understanding it, the reason behind the necessity for questions and answers in perceiving the work and stepping beyond the structure of that work and pondering on the nature of the architectural work.
    Keywords: Understanding of Architectural Work, Criticizing Architectural Work, Steps of Understanding, Perceiving the Building
  • Mahmood Tavoosi, Mojgan Khakpour, Mojtaba Ansari Page 37
    Because of the special climatic specifications of Guilan Province, Iran, no proper research has been done in relation to the works remained from the old world in the area and the ancient history of Guilan has not been recognized. Regarding the native architectural decorations in Guilan Villages There are many designs, which are somewhat distinct from those of the other regions of Iran and with study of the archeological works and detections in the area in relation to the age before Islam the trace of the mentioned designs in today’s architecture could be found. Continuation of these designs and the mental bases which caused continuation of designs application has been the focal point of this article. The article has been written on the basis of historical and descriptive researches with documented and field studies. A contrastive comparison has been made in it, among the existing decorations from the thirteen thousand objects registered in the Museum of Rasht City ()center of the province)(and some objects have been exposed to sight at Ancient Iran Museum, the major part of which belongs to Amards’ Civilization on one hand, and architectural decorations of Guilan Province traditional rural buildings on the other hand, on the basis of field sampling method. The article is started with a short view to the history of Guilan Province since ancient times. Then the archeological detections of objects, in which some designs were used for decoration, have carefully been investigated. The artistic aspects of the creative worksand their decoration has been mentioned as well as a contrastive comparison between the former and today’s decorative designs is the main body of current article. Finally mental ideologies creating those artistic works and the factors effective on continuation of using the similar designs have been investigated. Conclusion is that the decorative designs come from the nature, and the majority of the village farmer socials used abstractive and geometrical designs. This abstractive art includes a female nature as well as the decorated rural constructions of Guilan does. The arts and the artists are united with a view to art creation thought and the native artists of Guilan province in spite of their efficiency in creation of nature-inclined art on the basis of the manner of thought in relation to final motivation have created abstractive and geometrical arts. The arts have been involved with the settlements of the ancient people of Guilan as well as the present rural architecture. The arts have been involved with the religious thoughts on the basis of supernatural views. In this way, the arts have also been configured to satisfy the spiritual needs, and the existence of the unique thoughts in time duration converged to the similar arts. Consequently, the continuation of the decorative designs from the pre-history era up to now, and application of the similarity of symbolic designs illustrate the artistic thoughts of the people of this land.
    Keywords: Native architectural decorations, Decorative designs, decorations before Islam, Rural architecture of Guilan Province
  • Moftafa Kiani, Mostafa Pourali Page 59
    This article is adapted from an attempt to identify “place” has been achieved based on qualitative research through three physical components, functional and semantic. In this research semantic components of events, memory, myth and tradition and common mental energies of skeletal, ambushed the prospect of natural and artificial, And the function of performances and activities occurred in the place, stressed that due to control generally element of time what is the result and point out to only part of a dynamic and uncertain place. In order to further clarify the issue, an important element of urban indicators defined in the field, with a true “Rasht city hall” has been investigated the citizens of this city’s life has been intertwined with that willingly or no. And physical disturbances, functional disorders and disruptions in the semantic component in space have been presented in this city hall square. From past to now the developments can be divided in to three sections:A: The squares with geometric, regular and spatial plan that there is an interaction among square and monumental building in around the square with visual effects (example: Naqsh-e-Jahan square in Esfahan).B: The squares where is formed in the middle of a main street. In this field there is a sense of semi-square. This type show the square space has retreated from street. This is a contemporary feature in some cities ()example: 15 Khordad square in Tehran)(.C: The late contemporary square as a circle street where a place for traffic. In this square the presence of people is lower and cars are more at all of cities)(.The Shahrdari square in Rasht is a contemporary square when had constructed in Pahlavi I period and during these years has considered in fields of type of “A” and “B” too, but now, has considered actually in type of “C” shape and structure of square in urban areas of Iran and during the historical period has changed to real evolution. These changes in relation to nature of function and performance or depending on the circumstances of place and time had been variated and indicate that the square had been human-centered identity in the past. In addition, in the contemporary period, the function and plasticity was affected to other needs and necessities. Rasht Shahrdari square is a historic square. Today, this square is symbol and central core of Rasht city. Shahrdari square and its rectangular shape have special emphasis in the direction because of municipality building establishment in line with the long axis of the rectangle. This square also having semantic adequate capacity, physical and functional unfortunately, because the policies generally limit vehicle traffic, the square has a facilitator and the body’s relationship with its surrounding context, every day more inharmonious sound plays from yesterday. Unlike its old meaning of this field, people are warned of their presence within. Writing ahead is searching of answers to the following three questions:1-Why do we need to recognize places?2- In this recognition, what components should look like?3-This applies to components in a single location (city hall Rasht) what we offer to cognition?This article mentions the both functional component and meaning component had been associated because of municipality building as an important memorial in Shahrdari square. In final this article mention to many conclusion points and such that any program or physical planning without knowing the quality of location can damage to functional facilities and meaning context. So it cause to denial of participation of citizens in the field of square and even the death of memories.
    Keywords: Recognition place, Meaning, Time, body, Performance, Architecture, Rasht Shahrdari (city hall) Square
  • Sharareh Azimi, Parvin Partovi, Puorian Shahabian Page 75
    In today’s world, tourism industry is one of the major sources of income and is the main factors in cultural exchanges, and holds a special place as the world’s largest service industry. Tourism as large industries is a phenomenon that has high mobility in the economic, political, social, and environment. As far as many pundits consider the tourist as a unique opportunity for local and national economic. Urban tourism is excelled in variety of tourism which has the most customers; So that because special place of city, in many countries which success in this industry, city is the foundation of the tourism development. Urban tourism within the framework of a spatial sample has different versions, which is on the base of attractive place in a city, events and tourism motivations. As the central limit of cities fit the history and culture treasure of the society into themselves, they are very important to attract tourist. Historic- cultural spaces of cities are the living evidence of ancient traditions and styles of thought, art and architecture and urban style of their creators, and hence, they are attractive and interesting for people, and have an important role in attracting tourists and investment to the city. There for, economy of city’s historic center forms by industry and tourism activities. Considering interrelation between urban tourism and revitalization of historical context, exploitation of cultural and historical heritage, specially for tourism development and exhibitor societies, will have many profits in the fields of economy, society, culture and mold, as well, tourism development can have an important role to protect and revive of these places. Although, in the field of tourism, contrast between humanity and historical and cultural space of the city can have positive effects on tourism and historical context, but it can also imply considerable negative effects, specially for host society if there is not a strategic and complete program. With this general foreground, this article aim to study the positive and negative effects of tourism development on the historical context in different terms of economy, society and mold. And also through the global experiences in the field of revitalization of old city’s spaces and their standards and basics, we can identify functional - special components of historic context revitalization which are on the base of tourism development axis. This article is an analyzing - descriptive inquiry and consists many of documentary study and visual and place concept. Thus, after introducing the central limit of Tehran as case study, the main components of the city historical spaces of their revitalization will be analyzed in the SWOT matrix framework. The result of this analyze indicate that the factors such as exhaustion of context and valuable historical buildings, desertion of authentic population and appropriate activity according to the identify of that place, ineffective infrastructure, difficult movement of pedestrian and equestrian, commotion between spatial conformation and inappropriate mold construction, are the most important obstacle or defect for city of Tehran to be a cultural and tourism center.
    Keywords: Urban tourism, Cultural tourism, Heritage tourism, Historical context, Influence of tourism
  • Hadi Rezaei Rad, Mojtaba Rafiean Page 95
    Housing as a key tool which acts as the foundation of urban planning and urban design, is a critical concern in planning. Dwelling is far beyond just housing units and it also includes surrounding area for flourishing the social behaviors. Increasing immigration from rural areas to the urban areas and forming slums and squatters, especially in developing countries, indicates the need for housing as well as planning. Therefore, responding to spatial assessment of housing quality is a necessity for urban planning and housing in a city. There is no acceptable conceptual framework for special assessment of housing quality in the literature and existing research. There is no unique methodology for defining the housing quality’s indicators and dimensions, too. For each study, Indicators are chosen based on the aim of research, the researcher subjective point of view, the study area, and the available data. However, this paper evaluates housing quality of Sabzevar city, one of the towns of Khorasan Province in Iran, according to available data by using Factor Analysis Method and compares the result with current urban fabric to see to what extent this method matches reality. In doing so, the quantitative and qualitative indices of housing are studied and 16 indices and criteria were selected. Five of them are quantitative and 11 ones are qualitative. First of all, index is extract from Quantitative and qualitative criterions by using SPSS software, and then they are assessed through factor analyzing. Outputs are raster maps for showing the spatial results. Status of each factor (that includes some variables) is defined and a GIS map is provided for each, after assessing the quality of housing by each factor in different part of the city, and overlaying them in GIS, housing quality of each parts of city is evaluated. At the same time urban fabric of this city is studied and the results indicated high correspondence between housing quality and urban fabric in Sabzevar. Regression indicates Correlation coefficients of 77% between the housing quality and variety of urban fabric in this city. Finally a Calibration of urban fabric type relevant to housing quality is provided. Housing quality in south ()old district)(, east and south-east squatter settlement)(and north-east rural-urban areas)(of Sabzevar are lower than other parts of the city. Therefore, for future planning and housing of Sabzevar, those areas should be focal points for more attention and might need special considerations. Development in those areas should be based on accessibility to local resources and shortages. Providing and implementing renewal plans and, revitalization and regeneration ones for squatters and rural-urban areas in order to enhance the quality of housing and life style in Sabzevar might be one possible solution which could be considered by urban planners and authorities. Providing urban facilities such as accessibility to educational, recreational, and sport centers, and also open and green spaces could be considered beside the other plans.
    Keywords: Habitation quality, Spatial Evaluation, factor analysis, GIS, Sabzevar City
  • Mohammad Mehdi Azizi, Mojtaba Arasteh Page 111
    City of Yazd has experienced various forms of expansion and development in recent years. In general, various forms of urban expansion and development in the city of Yazd can be divided into three areas: the inner area ()central-historical zone)(, the middle area development occurred in the late Qajar and Pahlavi I and II eras)(and the peripheral area development in the last 40 years)(. These three areas generally include different physical-environmental characteristics that can form their own environmental quality. The purpose of this study is explaining the factors effecting on the living environment quality as well as the satisfaction of the residents. There for, the main factors that can affect the environmental quality have been, identified and the quality of residential environment has been evaluated in each area. The methodology of the study is based on Analytical – Exploratory method, using factors and cluster analysis technique. The research hypothesis stated as follows: “the quality of residential environment and satisfaction of residents in the inner city of Yazd are the worst among the other parts of the city, while they are better in the peripheral”. To achieve the factors affecting the quality of residential environment, 28 indicators have been defined. For evaluation and analyzing these indicators, first of all two neighborhoods were selected from each area for applying a multi-stage sampling technique and a simple random sampling method has been used too. Then a number of samples have been selected for the field research and interview, based on simple random sampling (proportional allocation) of the total households in each neighborhood. Dispersion of the selected samples covered the entire neighborhood area. Findings of the study showed that the indicators of the quality of residential environment and satisfaction could be divided into five factors, including (with the order of importance) “qualitative – quantitative potentials of living environment”, “easy movement and displacement”, “quality of public space”, “access to essential services” and “social – economical diversity of residents”. In fact, it could be said that the mentioned factors had important key roles in increasing satisfaction of the citizens of Yazd city. Cluster analysis of the data showed that ()among three areas of Yazd city- inner, middle and outer areas)(, the inner or central historical zone faced the lowest satisfaction of residents from environment quality point of view, and the middle zone faced the most satisfaction. Furthermore, the rate of outer zone of the city is between inner and middle section. Indeed, the conflict between current needs of residents and physical conditions of the historical zone is the main reason that satisfaction of the residents in this zone has been at the lowest level. While the middle zone of the city satisfies its residents because of the environment quality, through a rational and slow growth, adapting traditional criteria and efficient plan and design. Accessibility of the middle zone of the city to the existing services and facilities available in the CBD has been the most important factor in increasing people’s satisfaction, making it the best and most suitable area as a residential environment. However, the rate of resident’s satisfaction in the outer zone of the city has been less than the middle zone, because of its inaccessibility to the services.
    Keywords: Yazd, Quality of Life, Quality of Residential Environment, factor analysis, Cluster Analysis
  • Gholamreza Kazemian, Vajhollah Ghorbanizadeh, Saeed Shafia* Page 131
    Informal and not following established procedures constructions have been a part of non continuous survival and urban unsustainable life, during urbanization history and urban life. These neighborhoods have been the aggregation points of different social and community species and inferior social classes due to demand for low income housing. Demanded and accumulation points which have formed and caused unsustainable urban life of these neighborhoods and settlements. Development of these parts of neighborhoods in the cities have occurred in illegal and unlawful ways, so researchers are eager to find out the results and consequences of these kinds of complex changing in relationship with urban life. These human gatherings have caused immigration of other people to these places, and therefore finding different cultures in them is a norm. Divers life styles and conflicting capacities are results of these different ways of living, but Communities and social groups of these urban sectors are not negligible, because they are residents of cities and they have Civil rights. This paper is an ethnographic research report of Shemiran Nou informal Settlement, at 4th region of Tehran municipality. The observations and interviews have been used in this research method, and description of illegal constructor’s groups has been very important to recognize the informal neighborhood status. In this research it is accepted that the social groups of these settlements have the most important capacities for neighborhoods sustainability, so development of their abilities and powers is among the main objectives of the research which are achievable by finding the characteristics of these communities. It is clear that the social groups of these neighborhoods are active actors, so urban planners and managers need to know about their behavioral, social and economical positions. The objectives of this research are to indentify motivations, desires & impacts of social groups of illegal constructors. Therefore, successful access to each part of this community will be the best way for deep understanding. Because of that makes the trust and confidence was very important. The results illustrate at least three different kinds of social groups have and are constructing irregular constructions and buildings in this neighborhood: the first group is so called as the inevitable aboriginal people or poor primitive owners who are the oldest residents in this neighborhood. The second one known as immigrants that are immigrant absorber. These people have traveled to the mentioned settlement and tempt their ex-neighbors into immigrating to this informal settlement. The third one is identified as travelers group of profit seeker or users of the economic potentials of constructions and building activities. They travel and leave the neighborhood after their actions and don’t care about their customers and constructions. While each one of these actors could be regarded as important sources for neighborhood sustainability, achieving rehabilitation plans through utilizing hybrid and dynamic methods with directing the producer group capacities, motivations and demands, could be feasible. A comparison between the results this research and the social groups of informal settlements’ models shows that Shemiran Nou is a mixed community with different construction ways.
    Keywords: Informal constructions, Shemiran Nou, Informal neighborhood, Social groups, Unsustainable development
  • Ahmad Bonakdar, Fariba Gharai, Naser Barakpur Page 147
    This research provides a comparative analysis of procedural aspects, types and statutory role of urban design documents in the planning system in Iran and England. It argues the fundamental institutional, structural and procedural similarities and differences between two countries, focusing on recent changes and trends.In current planning system of Iran, in which development documents defined, there is no clear vision of proper function, procedure, implementation and formal status of urban design documents. The poor quality of much of the contemporary urban environment, and lack of concern for overall quality, are functions of the processes by which the environment is produced. In a similar vein, focusing on the product than the procedures of urban design, urban quality has drastically been degraded. Recent attempts in clarifying urban design role in planning system have positively contributed in design development processes, but have not faced with great success nonetheless. In 2009, two important acts approved by Shoray-e-A’li Memari va Shahrsazi ()high council in architecture and urban planning)(have underpinned the urban design recognition in the future.Contrary to Iran, urban design documents have substantial weight in the form of supplementary planning documents [SPDs] in England and have taken a significant role in improving and enhancing the quality of life, through a full understanding of the conditions under which decisions are made and development is delivered. England Planning System provides the means to encourage good design and showed its commitment by placing greater emphasis on urban design in number of good practice guides, particularly planning policy statements []PPSs][, government’s national and overarching policies on different aspects of land use planning in delivery of sustainable development. Local planning authorities’ [LPAs] role in preparation of development plan documents DPDs][and setting out design policies included in the plan are key elements of achieving design quality and proper design development processes.The main approach in this study is based on descriptive methodology. Analysis of secondary data is also of crucial importance in preparation of theoretical framework. Universalizing and variation-finding comparative analysis methods are also used as key components in research strategy, a holistic and context-embracing approach to understand the present circumstances of planning system and urban development in both countries.This research work concludes that functional fragmentation in agencies arrangements including executive, main legislative and agencies responsible for preparation of the urban design documents within the planning framework, ()resulting in lack of integrated policy-making with no appropriate cooperation, coordination and collaboration)(; lack of design policies in the development plan documents; negligence in role of public participation with a lack of cohesive monitoring and review program on prepared urban design documents; and failure in achieving dependency in government’s advisory agencies in order to policy-making, are the procedural challenges urban design documents in Iran are facing with. These influential factors are also identified as the key differences in institutional, structural and procedural features of urban design documents in the planning systems between two countries.
    Keywords: Urban Design Documents, Design Policies, England Planning System, Iran Planning System, Comparative Analysis