نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی
سال پنجم شماره 9 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

Land use is a result of interplaying between economic, ecological, social and cultural systems. By addressing these systems in their spatial dimension (that is the distribution dimension, like location and density, and the spatial interaction dimension, like attraction, pressure and change dynamics), it is possible to impinge on more fundamental concepts. Urban land use is one of the most important planning tools to achieve the goals in urban development plans and it considered as a content platform of urban and regional activities and functions. In other hand one of the basic issues in urban development plans success is attention to desired urban land use system and considering stable and sustainability framework. Today in most of urban comprehensive and detailed plans land use changes are among challengeable issues that take places in many cities and cause of many structural changes in urban comprehensive plans. While by considering three subjects (Indicator-based, method-based and network-based) in determining land uses in urban development plans, problems in such plans should be resolved. Therefore, the dynamic and flexible urban mechanism formation is paying attention to mentioned important aspect of urban planning. Beside the general concept of urban land use, land use sustainability in its special concept, is an important category in literature of urban planning that accumulates the success of urban plans. This problem represents the challenge that Tehran Metropolitan faced with, and relevant projects from the first Tehran comprehensive plan of Tehran in 1968, as well as the Master Plan 2006 attempted to find suitable responses for the mentioned problems. Considering urban land use sustainability, both in theory and practice are available in related documents of the mentioned plans. The main purpose of this paper is explanation and evaluation of sustainable urban land use and its relevant criteria in the studies of Tehran comprehensive plan. Among the other objectives of research, are developing related literature in urban land use sustainability in regard of global context and presentation of a new evaluation models in urban planning. Therefore researchers review and extract the main criteria in urban land use planning, especially in metropolises, for evaluation using new models. Method of the research is explanatory-analytical method and the methodology is based upon ANP and group Fuzzy DEMATEL models. The results show that: 1. in connection with the internal relations between criteria, they can be divided into two main categories: causal criteria’s and effecting ones and 2. The final ranking distinct that has been less attention, nevertheless the most important and influential on other criteria and unaffected, to tow mixed land uses and sustainable transportation. Mean while more attention on criteria of farmland preservation and reducing environmental risks. Also the research results show that in Tehran comprehensive plan (Structural-Strategic plan), little attention has been paid for the casual criteria. According the expert’s point of view, these criteria have important roles in sustainability of urban land use. Moreover, it is necessary to pay more attention to the criteria such as preserving agricultural lands.

Urbanization, globally, has led to a general perception that cities are becoming more dense and overcrowded places. While the urban form and land-use activities in the centre of cities have increased significantly, globally the population density of cities is falling. Quick expansion of cities’ area compared to the population growth rate during recent half-century has turned the concept of “urban sprawl” to an umbrella term. Because of Urban Sprawl all countries, both developed and developing have faced many problems such as waste on land consumption, degradation of natural resources and environment, economic problems resulting from the development of required facilities and services,… The concerns resulting from the urban sprawl and expanding urban areas have made different countries all over the world take actions for restraining this crisis. Taking new strategies, new expressions are formed, namely urban consolidation, sustainable city, compact city and Smart growth. Smart growth provides a solution to the concerns facing many communities about the impacts of the highly dispersed development patterns characteristic of the past 50 years. The Urban Density is the most widely recognized indicator of sprawl and low density development is a hallmark of sprawl. The current research is endeavours to detect and analyses the effective elements on determination of residential density by applying principles of Smart growth and introducing appropriate strategies for a practical guidance on expansion of urban fabrics. Tehran is one of the cities which have experienced quick expansion of area in proportion to its population growth; as it can be said that Sprawl and spread-out development is the city’s growth pattern. District 22 of Tehran is the vastest and largest urban development connected to this city which is developed with the aim of addressing the deficiencies in urban services and resettling part of the population of Tehran. This district with dispersed towns and vast land lots free of urban constructions has been selected as the case study for this research. The research first refers to investigation of theories and experiences related to the issue of urban density and the applied theoretical framework is introduced. Thereafter, the residential density is defined for district 22 by cognition of specifications of studied area, selection of variables effective for residential density, performance of factor analysis, returning to principles and strategies of Smart growth regarding urban density. Along this, six factors of population density, Floor Area Ratio, rate of compactness of residential lands (distribution of residential land plots), locations and state of public services, state of passage network, and the existence of green and open spaces were introduced as explaining factors of residential density pattern in district 22. At the end, fourfold regions of this district were evaluated based on the defined pattern. For this, investigation of fourfold regions of this district indicates that region four has the maximum and region three has the minimum conformity with the principles of Smart growth.

Wide movements against motor vehicles have been occurred all over the world in recent decades because of increasing city problems such as environmental pollutions, traffic congestion, unsafe transportation, demolition of historical places and quality reduction of public spaces. Regarding to these issues, pedestrian zones, as a component of sustainable transportation systems, have been considered by urban planners and designers, especially in European countries which have some valuable experiences about developing pedestrian-friendly places. In Iran, and especially in Tehran, pedestrian zones are going to become the prominent transportation systems in the city center. It is necessary to aware that sustainability of transportation systems is not limited to their establishment, but effective usage of these spaces is important. It could be determined by evaluating effectiveness of these systems which provide mobility and accessibility for people. In this paper the establishment and usage of pedestrian zone in Tehran bazaar in 15-Khordad Street has been evaluated. Locating of this pedestrian zone near Tehran bazaar together with valuable historical places attract so many citizens to the mentioned region and this subject needs special attention to provide facilities based on volume of users. Evaluation has been done in four dimensions: socio – economical; functional; accessibility and transportation and urban design. In socio-economical dimension criteria such as safety, existence of historical places, cultural and interesting activities, 24-hours activities and participation have been evaluated. In functional dimension criteria such as mixed land use, diversity of activities and volume of pedestrians have been noted. In accessibility and transportation, integrated transportation, traffic flow, accessibility for service and urgent vehicles have been mentioned. In the category of urban design, criteria such as suitable design of the path, urban furniture, Preserving from environmental hazards, diversity of the path and human scale have been noted. In this research, first of all the definition and history of establishment pedestrian zones in the world and in Iran have been considered and the necessity and importance of them have been mentioned. Then, indicators for evaluating the pedestrian zones have been defined in four dimensions. After that, the result of evaluating Bazaar pedestrian zone has been presented by tables, graphs and pictures. Finally, based on the results of the evaluation, some recommendations have been introduced for improving the function of the mentioned zone. The observation method has been used for evaluating and 100 questionnaires by pedestrians and 50 questionnaires by tradesmen have been completed, also 10 deep interviews have been done with authorities. The results show that establishment of the pedestrian zone has caused satisfaction of users (pedestrians and tradesmen) as general. But it is necessary to pay more attention to issues such as public security by installation facilities of visual supervision, paying attention to the historical places, providing and management of urban furniture based on number of users by emphasizing on public Hygiene and Clarity, management of vendors, Wheelbarrows and motorcycles, Retrofitting and renovation of buildings, encouraging night life, increasing quality and frequency of public transportation, Continuity of the path and attracting participation of tradesmen and residents.

Perhaps the most central topic in the field of urban design is urban form. In this regard, many theories have been presented to explore and explain this concept, but few of them presented useful techniques for analyzing it and making it an applicable one. In other word, although the need for a close relation between knowledge of urban form and its application in urban design is evident, the nature and application of this relationship is more important. In this article, it is explained that morphological studies in urban planning and design can solve this problem and employ the urban form in analysis and preparation of urban design proposals. Urban morphology as an interdisciplinary field has grown rapidly in last 3 decades. The ideas developed by M.R.G. Conzen have provided a basis for conceptual reconstruction of the urban development process and regionalization of the urban form. This is reflected in the increasing number of related researches in a wide variety of geographical regions, new theoretical advances and attempts to strengthen the contribution of research in urban morphology to the practice of planning and design. According to literature review, typomorphology technique is explored as an applicable useful technique in urban morphological studies. This technique is defined as one that utilizes appropriate morphology elements to divide the urban tissue to uniformed parts in a proper and applicable resolution according to projects’ goals. Apart from its intrinsic importance, it is argued that typomorphology is a fundamental technique in two main stages as following:•Urban form analysis: Analysis helps to establish why things look and operate the way they do. One of the most obstacles in urban form analysis is multiplicity of elements that harden the formation of holistic perception of urban fabric. Typomorphology technique enables urban designers to get rid of individual elements and think to the urban fabric holistically. Moreover, this technique helps them in recognizing the identity elements of urban form and applying them in design process.•Preparation of new urban design proposals: Preparation of guidelines and development codes based on typomorphology is a way of imbedding planning and urban design decisions within the context of the existing city in a systematic and flexible way. Working within the existing typologies also accelerates the process of urban improvement. Also this technique guides urban designers to a more context sensitive design process. Therefore, in preparation of design guideline and development codes, typomorphology technique can lead to make design decisions according to the urban character and identity.In the next part, this article presents three tables that include ingredients and criteria, output and application of typomophological technique in triple scale. At last of this article, Farahzad neighborhood is analyzed typomophological technique.

Children are different from adults in physical and psychological aspects. They use different physical spaces and facilities too and therefore they should be expected to experience different perception and evaluation of the environment rather than adult users. The existing study shows that designers, planners and psychologists have paid special attention to know how children and adults perceive and behave in their environments. However, the theories and observations have not been able yet to achieve a deep scientific response to understand children’s world. Children lack sufficient experience of various spaces. Therefore, it seems that examining the perceptive and cognitive capabilities of children with respect to space can yield better understanding and selection of the research methods. Meanwhile, it is important and necessary to understand the scientific methods of research on children, as prerequisites for selecting these methods. There is an extensive need to a valid and reliable approach, which may be named as “scientific approach”, in the mentioned field. The main objective of this article is to explore the way of scientific research is conducted on children subjects and to introduce some of the suitable framework and methods of environmental studies about children in hypothesized environments. Ideally, this manuscript would be able to respond to major questions associated with selection of suitable data collection and analysis methods, once the research problem and objectives in an environment of interest and the age group of interest were determined. Assuming that ability to carry out active discovery in an environment boosts the spatial perception of children, this article aim to clarify research in environmental studies of children, first by exploring the way spatial knowledge is obtained by children at various developmental stages. At the second step, the article introduces various scientific approaches within positivist (quantitative) and constructivism (qualitative) paradigms in the related environmental studies, in order to shed light on these approaches and show how they are subject to prejudice and subjective interpretation. Due to the importance of application of qualitative approaches in understanding the children’s world which can yield optimum understanding as a result of dialectic interaction of the environment with children’s minds. The article will finally present some of the qualitative methods of research which suitable for various developmental stages of children. The authors conclude that creativity in a research process depends on the application of mixed approaches and implementation ofa spectrum of research methods on children’s experiences, simultaneously. This will provide the opportunity for supplementary understanding, difficult to achieve by reliance on a single data collection method. The outcome of this article is a presentation of the typology of research methods in the mentioned issue.

The first rampart of Tehran was built in 1554 in Safavid era, during the reign of shah Tahmasb 1st. It is still called to as the Tahmasbi Rampart and contained four gateways at the time: Shemiran Gate to the north, Dulab Gate to the east, Shah Abdul Azim gate to the south, and Qazvin gate to the west. Two other gates had also been built later: Dowlat Gate had been added to it during the period of Afghan occupancy to the northern rampart where the citadel and the rampart shared the walls. The gate was to provide the occupants with a safe passage to flee if the citadel would be in a state of siege. The construction of Mohammadia Gate in Southern walls of the city had been constructed during late years of Mohammad shah (a Qajar king). The gate had finally come into use during the reign of Nasseroddin – shah of Qajar. At the middle years of his reign in 1867, all of the mentioned gates had been destroyed along with the other parts of the city’s fortifications in order to build a new rampart with 12 gates. The only gate that still exists is the Mohammadia gate which had also acted as an entrance to the Bazar. Today there is no evidence of the gates, but a few numbers of visual records and historical maps. Some tourists and ambassadors have described these fortifications and gates in their journals and books. The largest collection of the pictures is belonged to Emil de Hose who traveled to Iran in 1858. In some pictures, one could recognize the architectural aspects. There are three historical maps that contain valuable information about Tehran surrounded by remained walls since Safavid Era. The earliest map belongs to Naskov and has been drawn in 1826 for the Russian army. The second one has been drawn in 1842 by Nikolayevich Berezin. In 1860 a group of Iranian students supervised by an Austrian professor, named Kriziz had completed the third map. In this paper the information derived from all documents are utilized to specify formal differences or similarities as well as general features of gateways. Results indicate that all the Safavid gates had defensive roles and constructed as parts of the. City’s fortifications. Though this role had become of less importance in later Afghan gate, and the last gate – louilt in Qajar era – acted as was rather an entrance, rather a defensive part of the rampart. The Safavid Gates had been built much stronger than the later ones with two massive watchtowers at each side of the entrance. There was also a round watchtower outside the gates at a distance of each which were built during the Zand era. According to the documents in the Afghan gate, the proportions of the main watchtowers had noticeably been reduced. These towers could not be seen in Mohammadia gate. Compared to the Qajar gates, it is deduced that last gate of the Tahmasbi rampart, is a prototype for the gates of the Qajar era. Moreover, using the common rules that shaped most of these gates, a model is presented which demonstrates the main elements and their composition in gateways of Tehran’s Safavid rampart.

In the past, thermal comfort and lighting were provided through the building design and a limited number of construction equipment. Buildings orientation’s, form, location of spaces, selecting the appropriate skin according to climate, size of opening, etc., all were significant items in architectural design. Such condition, however, was changed considerably in 1960 and mechanical facilities taken to be the main way for providing occupants comfort of buildings. Posterior to the energy crisis in 1972, attending to building design before the mechanical equipment’s use, were under consideration as one of the best ways for saving energy. This issue is an unprecedented one in our country, therefore, it should be determined that; how a historical architect decreased thermal load in buildings and put the ways in priority of design process, as well as the effect of each point on energy consumption, etc. The present study focused on the effect of building design according to the solar cycle in one of the cold climates of Iran. In Solar Design the main spaces which are used during the day, are located in southern side of building due to natural heating, lighting and so on. As a result of the importance of entering light enclosed spaces, the calculation was made for south windows. These mathematical approaches are performed by modeling in energy calculation software named “ECOTECT”. In this research, three main types of common residential plans in Ardabil have been modeled. Therefore, the interior spaces have been replaced in two parts called days and night parts. Spaces located in day part, usually occupied during sunrise to sunset and Spaces located in night part, include the rooms which are used during night like bedrooms. At the first plan, day spaces are located in north of building and bedrooms are located in south. In the second arrangement, living room and one of the bedrooms are located in south. Other spaces are located in north and at least in the third plan, day spaces are located in south and bedrooms are located in north of plan. Final output of simulation is the required domestic heating and cooling load over a year for various dimensions for south window of these three types of plans. The results of energy calculations show, that by comparing plans with 25 percent opening in south face of building, first option has more annual thermal load due to lack of attention in locating spaces according to solar cycle. The thermal load of the second planes 10 percent less than first one, because of having solar gain in living and bedroom. Last plan which all day-time spaces are located in south of building has least thermal load; that is 18 percent less than the first one. Besides, the results show that significant amount of energy saving could be achieved only by locating spaces according to solar cycle, without excesses costs.

In the vast territory called Iran, Consistently accessing to fresh water and springs due to the broad surface of the desert and lack of rainfall has been associated with many problems. Therefore the motivation to escape from problems of water absence, intelligent strategies for achieving, storage, and appropriate use has been developed. Nowadays, according to quantitative thinking, architecture and planning are viewed as machines and the elements and nature of them as parts of machine are considered that maximum economic efficiency. Water as the most basic natural element, has a significant impact on formation and effectiveness of urban spaces and architecture from the ancient till today. But nowadays the relationships between the men with the element of life have been changed. Therefore, it is necessary that the methods which reconnect and restore a culture of water in architecture, and design methods be reviewed. The present article describes the conceptual foundations, as well as the aesthetic aspect and analysis of water in architecture of Iran Background and past experience with emphasis on restoring material, spiritual and mental dimensions of water. The mentioned categories in contemporary life, cope with problems caused by cars on lifestyle, and therefore human contact with nature is neglected. in the first part of this article, as regards the human worldview and world communities play role on their own activities, to examine the predecessors worldview, with the aim of identifying “position and the role of water element” in the various period and feedback in arts and culture, especially in architecture, is considered as a scientific support to the other sections of this paper. Then, in order to explain the aesthetic principles, water will be reviewed from three aesthetic aspects: sensory, symbolic and formic. These characteristics are surveyed in the third section, by using the instances of Iranian architecture and functional aspects of water in architectural spaces, with four functions such as mosque, school, home and garden.At last these characteristics have been analyzed by using so samples, and at the end of each section, only two examples are presented. After analyzing the conceptual, aesthetic and functional characteristic of water, the design principles, is defined with emphasizing on “spiritual, aesthetic and material”. The results of this study showed a deep interest in the past, to access to the water resources although the structural relationship between water and the city, and moreover the usage of water in architectural spaces. There are different approaches for human tendency to excite and stimulate the beauty, but beyond that the water as an element with high spiritual qualities is present in the human sketches. Research and data collection in this study is descriptive-analysis and it is based on documents and library studies and surveys have been done in this study.

Persian Garden is a cultural landscape which has been made from an interaction between Iranians minds and the nature of geographical context over a long period of time. Lack of continuity in using Persian Garden Pattern for contemporary landscape design in Iran was like a danger bell, which first rang when Naser al-Din Shah ruled as the king of Iran, by starting construction of parks. In fact the sound of that bell is being heard louder nowadays. Although it was a decade ago when the degree “Master of Art” (M.A.) has established for a discipline called “the landscape architecture” in Iran relying on understanding and appreciating the importance of Iranian nature as well as the cultural characteristics, the process of using imported design patterns and lack of continuity in using the pattern of Persian garden is still in progress. The process is a serious threat for Persian Gardens. The first step, in this paper, is the introduction of Persian Garden as a cultural landscape, and the second one is emphasizing the role of architecture education in speeding up the process of switching from “gardens” to “parks”. The consequences of new architecture education system, which is the gap between “academic education” and “practical jobs”, are among the main reasons of this change. Among lots of reasons for lacking the continuity in using the mentioned pattern and with regard to degree of M.A. in landscape architecture in Iran and the quantitative method, in this paper, understanding Persian Garden by landscape architecture students and designers as well as the experts identified as the key point of landscape architecture education. The results of this research show that academic education has led to raise awareness and increase in understanding Persian Garden by landscape architecture students, designers and experts. However, raising awareness was not fair to everyone. The level of awareness and understanding Persian Garden pattern is higher among designers and experts in comparison with landscape architecture students or newly-graduated students who may not have many practical experiences. This means that the process of raising awareness for understanding the pattern should not be stopped by graduation, and practical experience may provide opportunities to answer the questions which might not have answered or even brought up during academic education. Other results of the investigation demonstrate that the difference in level of awareness does not directly result in desires to use the pattern of Persian Gardens in landscapes. Among the students, raising the awareness results in using the pattern more; and it is not so necessarily among the professionals. This shows the existence of other factors in practical experience. In other words, even though the issue of education is still remained, and finding a solution for the problem has great importance, it may not lead to boost the use of Persian Garden pattern. In this paper, firstly the necessity of revising the subjects studied in this field in universities of Iran is exposed in order to fill gaps. Secondly, it identifies the importance of many factors which do not guarantee the use of Persian Garden pattern as a result education. Recognizing these factors may be the beginning of another research.