فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناسی ورزشی
پیاپی 17 (پاییز 1395)

The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of selected background colors on dart throwing performance in girls before and after puberty. In this Quasi-Experimental study, 240 ones randomly selected and after the pre-test were divided into six groups of background color. A week later the post-test were taken similar to the pre-test. The personal information questionnaire, standard darts and dart board were used as tools. Data analysis was conducted using the K-S, Levene, Dependent T tests. One-Way ANOVA and Tukey test. Results showed that in the age group 7-9 years, the favorite color group performed better. In the age group 15-17 years, the blue background color had positive effect and red background color had negative effect. Selected colors significantly had different effect, in the two age groups. So, it seems that color can be regarded as an environmental factor involved in improvement or reduction of dart throwing performance.

Limits in performing concurrent multiple tasks often refer to as central attentional limitation. Visuospatial attention improves performance especially when stimuli are presented at attended locations. The aim of this study was answering to this question whether changing visuospatial attention by manipulating the cue-target compatibility would affect the attention mechanisms that limit central processing in multiple-task situations. In this experiment, a modified psychological refractory period paradigm was incorporated in which the second task was either a detection or discrimination, and a valid or invalid cue was presented before the first stimulus. The time interval between the first and second target were 200,400, and 900 ms. Finding revealed that visuospatial attention is related to the central attentional limitation, but controlling spatial attention without central resources is possible.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cooperative learning on adherence to exercise with emphasis on mediating role of sport self-efficacy and enjoyment.
Sample was 42 students who registered in two handball classes (cooperative: 20, conventional:22). Self-efficacy and enjoyment were measured after and before the interventions. Also, adherence was measured based on the results of the attendance.
Self-efficacy was significantly increased after interventions in the cooperative group, while enjoyment did not change significantly in any group. Studying the intra-group differences of self-efficacy and enjoyment showed that there was a significant difference in these two variables in conventional group, but not in the cooperative group. Although the adherence of cooperative group was more than the conventional group, this difference was not statistically significant.
The cooperative learning increases the self-efficacy and prevents from intra-group enjoyment differences which in turn lead to the increase in adherence to the exercise.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the causal relationships among controlling coach behaviors, psychological needs thwarting, and in turn, sport devaluation and Intention to continue sport participation in adolescent athletes. The method of this research was descriptive-correlation. 350 Adolescent athletes of Tabriz city (185 male and 165 female) with age range from 15-18 years old were selected by random cluster sampling and completed the questionnaires. The path analysis results showed that controlling coach behaviors indirectly and through the psychological needs thwarting predicts positively sport devaluation. However, controlling coach behaviors is not related to intention to continue sport participation. Also psychological needs thwarting positively predicts sport devaluation and negatively predicts intention to continue sport participation. Overall, these findings indicate the important role of controlling coach behaviors and psychological factors in sport participation related factors of Adolescent Athletes.

The present study aimed to investigating the effect of the frequency of instructional and motivational self-talk on motor performance in dart throwing skill. A number of 38 non-athlete male students volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects were assigned into either an instructional or motivational self-talk groups with one and three repetitions based on pre-test scores. To analyze the data, we use a 2 Group (instructional and motivational) ×3 Test Condition (pretest, one and three repetitions) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor. The results showed that instructional and motivational self-talk with one repetition exerted a significant effect on dart throwing performance. However, instructional and motivational self-talk with three repetitions significantly deteriorated dart throwing. In other words, repetitions of self-talk had a negative effect on dart throwing performance.

The purpose of this research is to predict the level of resiliency based on Stage of Exercise Behavior Change and self-efficacy in students. Therefore, the number of 292 male and female students in Shahid Beheshti University were selected. They completed resiliency questionnaires (Connor and Davidson, 2003), Stages of Exercise Behavior Change (SEBC) (Cardinal, 1997) and self-efficacy (Schwartz, 1999). The results showed significant difference between various SEBC in level of resiliency and self-efficacy. Students in higher SEBC grades (action and maintenance) have higher resiliency and self-efficacy. And also we find significant positive correlation between SEBC and self-efficacy with resiliency. Finally, SEBC and self-efficacy were significant predictors the level of resiliency. Therefore, physical activity and regular exercise can be considered as resilience environment and makes some resiliency features.

The purpose of this study was to determine relationship between mental toughness and sport success in male and female martial arts. For this purpose, 180 athletes of two sexes were chosen through purposive sampling. The instruments of this research were Mental Toughness Questioner 48 (MTQ48) and Sport Success Scale (SSS). The validity and reliability of these instruments were determined in the Iranian population of athletes. The result of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that challenge and confidence factors can significantly predict the success of men in martial arts, while predictive factor for women athletes were challenge, control and commitment. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that athletes using mental skills such as mental toughness can increase their chance of success in sports competitions. It seems that the difference between predictive factors for success in men and women are due to physiological, psychological and social learning.

Bipolar disorder is a complicated disease that reduced quality of patient's life. Rhythmic physical activity is one of the ways which its effectiveness, except for these patients is frequently measured. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise with music on symptoms, social relationships, and personal hygiene in bipolars. A total of 17 patients (9 women and 8 men) with bipolar disorder, of 160 patients that live in nursing home, were selected randomly. patient's symptoms are measured by Frakav test, and for personal hygiene and social relations A questionnaire was used. Participants for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and each session lasting 1 hour of physical activity were associated with music. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for analyze the data. The results showed improvement in symptoms of bipolar disorder and personal hygiene and social relations that is consistent with existing theories.

The aim of this study was to compare the expertise acquisition process in the national and international wrestling medalists. For this purpose, 40 national and international medalists were selected through convenient sampling. The retrospective interview was used to record age of starting and the amount of wrestling exercises, physical fitness exercises, and psychological preparations. There was no significant difference between the two groups in age of starting wrestling. There was no difference between the amount of deliberate practice at the sampling phase (6-12 years) and the specializing phase (13-15 years), the difference in the amount of deliberate practice only occurred at the investment phase (above16 years). None of the wrestlers practiced psychological skills before age of 16 and only 20 percent of these wrestlers practiced psychological skills after the age of 16. The findings of this study can be informative and fruitful for sports planners, coaches and parents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of football players’ psychological capital and its causal relationship with the spiritual leadership with regard to the role of social capital in the Asia Vision League in Fars province. The study type was descriptive-correlational. The population of the study consisted of all football players involved in Asia Vision League in Fars province. Considering the statistical population size (N=180), the sample size was equal to the statistical population, and it was used the whole population sampling method. To collect data, questionnaire was used. Data was analyzed using structural equation modeling using LISREL software. The results showed that the psychological capital of players in the league was found to be moderate, the results also showed that the spiritual leadership could influence the player's psychological capital both directly and indirectly through the social capital. According to the results, it is suggested that coaches

The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of aerobic and Pilates training on body image and eating disorders among female students. After completing the Questionnaire s of body image and eating disorders by the available students, 60 participants were purposefully selected and divided into four homogeneous groups. Then, the experimental groups performed the aerobics and Pilates training programs for eight weeks with moderate intensity for 45 minutes three times a week The results showed that aerobic and Pilates training had a significant effect on the reduction risk of eating disorder and favorite body image, however, there was no significant difference between the effects of Pilates and aerobics training methods on body image and eating disorders. Using these two methods of training can create favorite mental image of the body and reduce the risk of eating disorders among female students.