فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناسی ورزشی
پیاپی 21 (پاییز 1396)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Mindfulness and Motor-Working Memory training on quality of life in active elderly. Participants were 32 athlete's elderly male from Tehran. Research method was semi-experimental and the sample were selected conveniently and then participants were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups (Mindfulness, Motor-Working memory, combined and control). Participants completed the quality of life questionnaire in pre-test and post-test. Interventions were performed during 12 sessions. The results of showed that, there is a significant effect of three methods on improving the quality of life of the active elderly. Also, there was a significant effect of mindfulness on Autonomy and Self-realization subscales and there was a significant effect of Motor-Working memory on Autonomy. Generally, the sport coaches and psychologists can to apply Mindfulness and Motor-Working Memory training as a simple and inexpensive way to improve the quality of life in active elderly.

The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of prediction with conditions of time occlusion in elite and non-elite taekwondo players. The population of this study were all adult male taekwondo players in 2015 that 20 taekwondo players were selected. The errors and data record form, Adobe Premiere audio-visual software, and the repository software for images were used as the instrument. The images with specified time occlusion (0.050, 0.100, and 0.150 seconds) were presented to subjects to detect and to respond. The results showed a significant difference between elite and non-elite taekwondo players’ prediction mean in time occlusion. The prediction in 0.050 seconds before the hit was the best time to identify the type of hit. Non-elite taekwondo players’ error of prediction was significantly more than elite taekwondo players with the increasing of time of before the hit from 0.050 seconds to 0.150 thousandth of a second.

The propose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and mental toughness in super League Taekwondo athletes. For this purpose, 110 taekwondo athletes were selected through random sampling from among Iranian Taekwondo participants in super League competition. Participants were asked to complete the questionnaire of emotion regulation and mental toughness. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, multiple regression (inward method) and Anova tests. The results showed a significant relationship between emotion regulation strategies and mental toughness. Regression analysis showed that reappraisal strategy positively and suppression strategy negatively predicts 48 percent of mental toughness variance. Finally, the results of ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between male and female of taekwondo athletes in both emotion regulation strategies and mental toughness. According to the results of this study, emotion regulation strategies can be useful to conducting educational interventions and programs for Taekwondo mental toughness.

Addiction is captivity like abuse of substance or drugs that makes a person be physically and psychologically dependent to it and influences all his personal and social behaviors and as the most important social harm it attacks human societies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical exercise on self-control skills and also aggression among addicted women. 30 addicted women were purposively selected and divided into two groups of physical exercise and control based on age. Aerobic exercise program was included on 24 sessions, three sessions per week (60 minutes for each session). Self-control and aggression questionnaires were filled at both occasions including baseline and at the end of the last training session. The results of MANOVA showed significant improvements in both self-control and aggression variables. According to the results, physical activity can improve mental and psychological skills in addicted women and can be used as an alternative for non-drug treatments during withdrawal period.

In Self-controlled practice, feedback is provided by the learner himself. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of self-controlled practice of basketball shots performance on self-efficacy of female students. The statistical sample of this study included 20 female students who were randomly selected and divided into two self-controlled and yoked groups. The research was conducted in five sessions including a pre-test session, three sessions of practice, and a post-test session. Free Throw in basketball was chosen as the criterion task. The Sherer's self-efficacy questionnaire was completed and collected at the same time with pre-test and post-test. The results showed that self-controlled practice significantly contributed to the student's self-efficacy. As a result, due to the further improvement in the self-controlled group's retention and also the better self-efficacy, self-controlled practice has a positive effect on retention and self-efficacy of the individual.

The purpose of this study was to determine a relationship between intelligent quotient and motor proficiency and comparing motor proficiency in different age categories. Population was seven to 10 years old boys and 12-15 male students and also 18-21 male students from Tehran University. Sample was 120 people in each age group that were chosen by cluster sampling. Results showed that relationship between motor proficiency and intelligence quotients in children and adolescence is high but in youth is very low and youth motor proficiency average is lower than children adolescence. Therefore, it could be argued that IQ is associated with motor proficiency but this relationship is varied at different ages of course more researches are needed in this field.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness with cognitive flexibility in students. 38 students were randomly selected from physical education students of kurdistan university and those who had qualified on the basis of the relevant questionnaire (age: 22/23±1/60-year, weight: 70/82±6/88 kg). To estimate cardiorespiratory fitness, by using Bruce test, maximal oxygen uptake of subjects was measured and to assess the cognitive flexibility, the computerized Wisconsin card sorting test was used. By using descriptive statistics and pearson correlation coefficient, statistical analysis of the data showed that, there is no significant correlation between maximal oxygen uptakes with variables of Wisconsin card sorting test. These finding suggest that, there is no significant relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive flexibility in students.

The present paper aims to examine the effect of self-control feedback and trait anxiety on learning the motor skill of throwing dart in high school boy students. Accordingly, 80 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method. Spielberger state-trait Anxiety Inventory (1983) was used to collect data. The subjects were divided into two anxiety groups (low-high) based on the questionnaire results and two groups (self-control; paired) based on type of feedback. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis test. The findings of learning stage were different in terms of anxiety and feedback. The subjects of self-control feedback group with low trait anxiety exhibited better performance than other groups. It seems that consideration of trait anxiety level bears special importance at the time of providing self-control feedback. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct further studies in this area.

The warm-up decrement is a temporary drop in performance that is followed by a short period of rest. 60 subjects were randomly divided into six groups of imagery and skill types including: internal-closed, external-closed, control-closed, internal-open, external-open and control-open. Each group performed their tasks for 15 minutes and their points for ten final trials were recorded. During the rest period, the subjects performed internal and external imagery followed by five other trials. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the imagery and control groups in both open and closed skills. In the external imagery between open and closed groups (at a five-minute rest), there was a significant difference in favor of the open skill group. Based on the results, the imagery is an appropriate method for the improvement in warm-up decrement and it is recommended to use external imagery especially for open motor skills.

The purpose of this study was to predict drive for muscularity from attitude for muscularity, exercise dependence, and attitude toward performance-enhancing drug use among males athlete. In this research, the statistical population consisted of all Tehran athletes in the year 2016, which were selected 240 athletes as samples by access sampling method. The data were collected through questionnaires of drive for muscularity (DFM), drive for muscularity attitudes questionnaire (DMAQ), exercise dependence scale (EDS) and performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS). Data analysis showed that the three variables of attitude for muscularity, exercise dependence and attitude toward performance-enhancing druguse, could predict the drive for muscularity among athletes. The results of this study suggest that in order to prevent and reduce the negative effects of drive for muscularity among athletes and also increase the awareness of sports caretakers, identifying the three predictive factors of it, namely, attitude muscularity, exercise dependence and attitude toward performance-enhancing druguse are recommended.

The purpose of this study was to determine the factorial validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Long Flow Scale for athletes. For this purpose, 545 athletes were chosen and completed the Persian version of the Long Flow Scale. At first the face validity and translation accuracy were confirmed using back translation technique. To determine the questionnaire´s construct validity based on structural equations model was used; to determine internal consistency, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used, and to determine temporal reliability of the items, intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used. The results showed that the Long Flow Scale enjoyed favorable fit indexes. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that fit indexes (CFI=0.96, TLI=0.96, RMSEA=0.047), internal consistency (0.75), and temporal reliability (0.85) were suitable. So, the Long version of the Flow Scale can be characterized as a valid and reliable tool to study and evaluate the Long Flow Scale of Iranian athletes.