فهرست مطالب

Basic & Clinical Pathophysiology - Volume:6 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2018

Journal of Basic & Clinical Pathophysiology
Volume:6 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2018

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/12/26
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Masoud Afshari, Mohsen Parviz *, Mansoor Keshavarz, Majid Ghaseminejad Pages 1-8
    Background And Objective
    A great body of evidences suggested a marked elevation of endogenous opioid levels in plasma of animals with acute cholestasis. Endogenous opioids are implicated in the pathophysiology of cholestasis. Also, many studies have shown that endogenous opioids modulate memory processes. To clarify possible role of endogenous opioid receptors in information processing in acute cholestatic rats, we administered acute (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and chronic (by implanted osmotic mini-pump, s.c.) naloxone as an opioid receptor antagonist to male cholestatic rats.
    Materials And Methods
    For this purpose, male rats were divided into eight groups. All the rats were assessed for spatial learning and memory (a major cognitive function in rats) by the Morris water maze task about 8 days after the first operation. Rats were subjected to 6 days of training in the Morris water maze (MWM): 4 days with the invisible platform to test spatial learning and on the 5th day, one day after the last trial, retention performance was examined in a single probe trial. On the 6th day, motivation and sensory-motor coordination was tested with the visible platform.
    Results
    During the four consecutive acquisition trial days of this behavioral test, acute and chronic naloxone-treated bile duct-ligated rats had a significantly longer latency to escape than the bile duct-ligated groups (p
    Conclusion
    The results of this study suggest that blockade of opioid receptors, both acute and chronic, results in spatial memory deficits in cholestatic rats.
    Keywords: Naloxone, Cholestatic rat, Spatial memory, Morris water maze
  • Fereshteh Mehraein *, Maryam Zamani, Feraidoon Negahdar, Asieh Shojaee Pages 9-16
    Background And Objective
    Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease that affects 3% of the population. PD involves a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and subsequent loss of dopamine. Dopamine depletion leads to movement dysfunction and is accompanied with tremor, rigid muscles and impaired balance. Mechanisms of the pathogenesis of PD include oxidative stress and inflammation. Cinnamaldehyde acts as a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. This research is focused on the effects of cinnamaldehyde on neurons of SNc of mouse model of PD.
    Materials And Methods
    Adult male mice with an average weight of 25-35 g were divided into 4 groups of 5 each: group 1: control PBS, group2: MPTP, group 3: MPTP cinnamaldehyde pretreatment (30 mg/kg), and group 4: MPTP cinnamaldehyde treatment (30 mg/kg). Rotarod test was used to assess motor and balance of the mice. After behavioral studies, all the mice were anesthetized and perfused transcardially with 0.1 M PBS (pH=7.4) followed by 4% buffered paraformaldehyde fixative. The brains of the mice were removed and fixed in the paraformaldehyde and stained for TUNEL and IHC. Then the number of the apoptotic, TH and GFAP cells were counted. The level of MDA and catalase enzyme activity were also evaluated. Data was analyzed using SPSS software by one way of variance (ANOVA) and t-test.
    Results
    The results showed that groups 3 and 4 had significantly better locomotion than group 2 (p
    Conclusion
    This study showed that cinnamaldehyde attenuates dopaminergic neuronal loss in substantia nigra and induces midbrain catalase activity in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease.
    Keywords: Cinnamaldehyde Dopaminergic neurons Parkinson's disease
  • Faezeh Mousavi, Akram Eidi, Mohsen Khalili, Mehrdad Roghani * Pages 17-22
    Background And Objective
    Diabetes mellitus (DM) in long-term is associated with learning and memory decline. Metformin is an anti-diabetic drug with antioxidant and memory-improving effects. Thus, this research study was conducted to assess the effect of metformin on learning and memory in diabetic rats.
    Materials And Methods
    In the present study, male Wistar rats (n=32) were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control, control treated with metformin (200 mg/kg), diabetic, and diabetic treated with metformin (200 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 60 mg/kg. Metformin was administered i.p. at a dose of 200 mg/kg one week after STZ injection for 7 weeks. Blood sample was taken from retro-orbital plexus before STZ injection and 4 and 8 weeks after STZ injection to measure blood glucose level. Passive avoidance and Y maze tests were performed to evaluate learning and memory dysfunctions.
    Results
    After 8 weeks, diabetic rats showed a significant cognitive decline in passive avoidance and Y maze tests that was significantly improved after metformin treatment. In addition, metformin exerted a significant hypoglycemic effect in this model of DM.
    Conclusion
    This study clearly showed that treatment with metformin for 7 weeks could ameliorate cognitive decline in diabetic animals and part of its beneficial effect is due to its hypoglycemic effect.
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Metformin, Streptozotocin, Cognition, Learning, memory
  • Maryam Amini, Iman Ansari *, Mohammad Vaseie, Marjan Vahidian Pages 23-30
    Background And Objective
    Owing to the new patterns of antibiotic resistance, selection of the appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of nosocomial infections, especially gram-negative bacilli, has become a big challenge. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of nosocomial infections with Gram-negative bacilli in Iran during the years 2012-2014.
    Materials And Methods
    In this cross-sectional study, samples of the culture of patients with nosocomial infections in various departments of the Shahid Mostafa Khomeini hospital of Tehran were studied over a three-year period. Information on the culture-positive blood, urine, sputum, and exudates in terms of the presence of the most common nosocomial aerobic Gram-negative bacilli (Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae), the type of consumed antibiotics, and an antibiotic susceptibility test was extracted from patient records and recorded in the information forms.
    Results
    The percentage of P. aeruginosa resistance has increased during the study period as compared to the colistin, meropenem, imipenem, gentamicin, and ceftazidime antibiotics. A. baumannii and E. coli bacteria showed the highest resistance, while the maximum susceptibility was observed in this period to ampicillin and colistin. The high resistance of K. pneumoniae was also observed to cefotaxime and ampicillin, but this bacterium had a high susceptibility to colistin and meropenem.
    Conclusion
    The results obtained from the antibiotic resistance of the studied bacteria during the three years of the study demonstrates the increasing prevalence of the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to common and available antibiotics. This could become a major clinical crisis in the near future.
    Keywords: Nosocomial Infection, Gram, Negative Bacilli, Antibiotic Resistance, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Nida Jamali-Raoufi, Hossain Barati, Javad Fahanik-Babaei, Tourandokht Baluchnejadmojarad* Pages 31-36
    Background And Objective
    In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), recurrent seizures accompany with cognitive deficit. In some patients, the current medications cannot provide satisfactory control of seizures, therefore new drugs that act through different mechanisms are required. In the present study, the useful effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor was evaluated in experimental model of temporal lobe epilepsy in male rats.
    Materials And Methods
    In this study, the effects of administration of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, linagliptin, on seizures score according to Racine’s scores and learning and memory impairment induced by intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid (4 g) using Y-maze and passive avoidance test were studied in rats. Linagliptin thirty minutes before kainic acid injection was administrated intracerebroventricularly.
    Results
    In this study, the kainic acid-induced recurrent seizures, reduced alternation level in Y-maze test (p
    Conclusion
    The obtained data indicate that linagliptin in kainate rats mitigates seizure severity and develops short-term memory.
    Keywords: Kainic acid, Linagliptin, Passive avoidance, Y maze, Rat
  • Nida Jamali-Raoufi, Sara Keimasi, Tourandokht Baluchnejadmojarad * Pages 37-42
    Background And Objective
    Diabetes as a metabolic disorder can cause memory and learning impairment. In recent years, the effect of plant extracts on the treatment of diabetes mellitus has been raised. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of isorhmnetin administration on learning and memory disability in an experimental model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats.
    Materials And Methods
    In the present study, for inducing diabetes, streptozotocin was administered at a dose of 60 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) in male rats. Intraperitoneal injection of isorhmnetin (10 mg/kg) was performed after induction of diabetes (10 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Control groups also received relevant doses. Y-maze and passive avoidance tests were used for assessing of learning and memory ability. The serum glucose and body weight were determined before and 12 weeks after diabetic development.
    Results
    Behavior data showed that compared to control rats, alternation percentage in Y-maze task (p
    Conclusion
    This study reveals that isorhmnetin administration to diabetic rats attenuates learning and memory impairment.
    Keywords: Streptozotocin, Isorhmnetin, Passive avoidance, Y maze, Rat
  • Mohsen Khalili, Elham Zahedi *, Jamshid Narenjkar, Ashkan Sanaie Rad Pages 43-48
    Background And Objective
    Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the end choice treatment for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Regarding researches that show NMDA receptor inactivation could yield the same results as anti-depressant drugs, however, the present study examined co-administration of ECT and ketamine (as NMDA antagonist) on depressed rat behaviors.
    Materials And Methods
    Fifty healthy adult male Wistar rats were divided into control (normal, no treatment) and CUMS induced depressed rats. The depressed animals were subdivided into 1- ECT, 2-ketamine, and 3- ECT ketamine and 4- no treatment. We used sucrose preference, forced swimming, open field and elevated plus maze tests for evaluation of depression-related behavioral function.
    Results
    Data analysis in CUMS depressed rats that treated with ketamine ECT showed higher sucrose consumption in sucrose preference test, more immobility in forced swimming, and the vast activity in open field and plus maze tests.
    Conclusion
    The behavioral analysis tests show that combination therapy with ketamine and electroconvulsive could markedly reduce depression and anxiolytic behaviors than ketamine or ECT treatment alone.
    Keywords: Ketamine, Electroconvulsive therapy, Depression
  • Safoura Raoufi *, Tourandokht Baluchnejadmojarad Pages 49-55
    Background And Objective
    Oxidative stress induced by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β plays a major role in β-cell destruction in diabetes type 1. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a polyphenolic compound with antioxidant and protective effects. Thus, objective of this study was to assess the protection exerted by Sal B on isolated rat islets exposed to IL-1β and to investigate an underlying mechanism in vitro.
    Materials And Methods
    Isolation of pancreatic islets was done by using the collagenase digestion method. Isolated rat islets were divided into 6 groups including: 1. control, 2. interleukin-1β treated, 3 and 4. interleukin-1β treated Sal B, 5 and 6. interleukin-1β treated Sal B PKB and PI3K inhibitors. Interleukin-1β (1 U/ml) was used to induce cytotoxicity after pretreatment with two doses of Sal B (50 μM and 100 μM) and application of each inhibitors was before Sal B.
    Results
    IL-1β significantly decreased insulin secretion from isolated islets. Pretreatment with Sal B ameliorated the effect of IL-1β on glucose stimulated insulin secretion in a concentration dependent manner. Inhibitors of PKB and PI3K both abolished these improving effect of Sal B.
    Conclusion
    Sal B that has antioxidant, anti inflammatory and anti apoptotic properties, provided resistance to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction from cytokine in part via PI3K/Akt pathway. The findings represent that it is a promising agent for prevention of β-cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes.
    Keywords: Salvianolic acid B, Insulin, Pancreatic islet, Pancreatic ?, cells, Interleukin 1? PI3K, Akt