مجله پژوهشهای گیاهی (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال بیست و نهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1395)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (0, 5, 10 and 20 μ) in plants under different levels of Cu (0, 50, 100 and 200 μ) were performed. Proline, reducing sugars and absorption of iron, zinc, magnesium and copper were measured in plants. The determination of Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu contents was performed on a model Vista MPX Varian inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) under optimized measurement condition. Our results showed that with the increase of copper concentration in the nutrient solution of copper accumulation in shoots and roots increased. Use of methyl jasmonate reduces the amount of copper in plants. The presence of large amounts of copper in the nutrient solution, iron content in roots increased while decreased in shoots. Use of methyl jasmonate reduces the amount of iron in the shoots. The magnesium content of copper stress on root crops decreased while the magnesium content was unchanged compared with controls. The rate of decline in plant roots and shoots did not change. Methyl jasmonate treatment of certain concentrations under increasing amounts of copper ions such as magnesium and zinc in the shoot.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors in arid and semiarid regions that lead to disorder in growth and development of plants especially at germination stage. Germination is one of important stages of growth which is a basic requirement for determining optimum plant density in farm. For this purpose germination and plantlet growth of 20 genotypes were tested in drought stress condition at four levels including 0 (control), -4, -8, -12 and -16 Bar using PEG. Data were subject to variance analysis and mean comparison. Result indicated that in most consider traits, effect of potential levels or genotypes and their interaction water potential. Also, there was observed a positive and significant correlation among the traits: RS, VI and %Gr. In general, results represented that considerable genetic diversity is occur among genotypes. Regarding the studied traits, the genotype 16 (Star/plaisout) had been high tolerance to drought stress at germination stage.

Since Iran in comparison with other countries is a country with low cover forest, using fast-growing species of Eucalyptus could play a key role to extend such coverage. However, micropropagation methods applied for colon production of best-qualified verity and/or species of Eucalyptus by many researchers, because of difficulties in Eucalyptus propagation through usual methods. The possibility of micro propagation of Eucalyptus rubida (Candlebark Gum) through somatic embryogenesis was investigated for the first time. Leaf cotyledon, stem and root explants of un-contaminated E. rubida plantlets were cultured on semi-solid MS media with 36 hormone treatments and 3 MS liquid media, all together 39 MS media. The best results obtained in liquid MS media supplemented with 0.2 mg/l BA, 1 mg/l 2,4-D and ABA by root explant's calli on the first medium with 2,4-D and TDZ. Embryogenic calli proceeded three global, heart-shaped and torpedo stages.

In this project morphology of different parts of plants and pollen grains of P. koelziana Burkart, P. farcta (Sollander ex Russell) Mac bride, P. juliflora DC. and P. cineraria Druce species are studied. The aim of this study was to clarify the species relationships of this genus and to separate the taxa based on morphological features. In total 65 qualitative and quantitative features of 34 populations of 5 taxa (4 species and 2 varieties) were measured and evaluated. Observations carried out using a stereomicroscope as well as light and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analyses of qualitative and quantitative characters were done by use of SPSS software Ver. 16. WARD cluster analysis and ordination based on principal component analysis (PCA) resulted from Factor analysis, was used to clarify the species relationship. Statistical analysis revealed that three main factors presented most of the observed variations in these populations the most important are vegetative form, inflorescence type, leaflet base, thorn tip shape, thorn type and presence, shoot color, hair presence at shoot and fruit shape. Based on morphological features, an identification key was prepared for Prosopis species present in Iran. Pollen morphological study of the genus showed that pollen is monad, tri-colporate and prolate. Diagnostic value of pollen features in Prosopis species of Iran is discussed.

The response of twenty genotypes of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) against drought stress was assessed via in vitro mature and immature embryo culture. The reaction of derived calli to drought stress was evaluated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentration of PEG 6000 (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/l), using a 20×5 factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. The traits including, callus growth rate, relative fresh weight growth, relative growth rate, water content, tolerance index and chlorosis percentage under stress condition were studied. There were significant differences amongst genotypes concerning all the traits and response of genotypes to drought different levels. Cluster analysis of the mature or immature embryo cultures classified the genotypes into four groups, but the result of classification for each group of mature and immature embryo cultures were in different manner. It can be concluded that the genotype No. 75-5-3-5 showed relative fresh weight growth, relative growth rate and water content and lowest chlorosis percentage. Furthermore, this genotype showed superiority concerning in vitro drought tolerance. Therefore, it may be used as a drought tolerant genotype in plant breeding programs.

This research was started in 1995, in order to investigate the effect of thinning on the young plantations of velvet maple (Acer velutinum Boiss). The silvicultural interventions were included 3 main treatments (medium thinning and heavy thinning), 2 secondary treatment (a 3-year and a 5-year rotation) in the fully randomized design with three replications. There were 9 sampling plots in the experimental design with an area of 0.3-0.4 hectare. Results derived from treatments showed the story movement and positive effects of thinning on the future trees diameter (1.1 cm year-1, and reduction of the slenderness factor ( = 79) in the year 2006, of the 1% significant. The thinning woody pre-product in diameter class of 12.7 in 1996 increased to 21.5 in 2006. The mean annual basal area increment between two measurements (1995 and 1998) was 3 m2ha-1year-1. The mean annual volume increment (remained stand) was 15.43 m3ha-1year-1, and the mean annual volume increment was 29.07 m3/ha/year. According to statistical analyses of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, the heavy thinning with 5 years rotation is the best treatment in the lowland area of the hyrcanian forests.

The genus of Hawthorn (Crataegus L.), belonged to Rosaceae family has medicinal and ornamental applications. Its seed germination is poor, due to stony endocarp and embryo dormancy. This study was carried out to determine methods to break dormancy in Crataegus pseudoheterophylla seeds. For this purpose, seeds were sown in plastic pots as a factorial experiment in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Treatments including chemical scarification in KNO3 for 0, 2500, 5000, 7500 and 10000 mg l-1 and concentrate sulfuric acid (H2SO4 96 %) for 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 minutes followed by continues regime (1 month at 23 °C, then 3 months at 4 °C) and alternate regime (1 month at 4 °C and, 2 weeks at 23 °C, then 1 month at 4 °C and 2 weeks at 23 °C, finally 1 month at 4 °C) were applied. Results showed that in KNO3, the highest germination percentage (19.33 %) and germination speed (4.18 number/day) was determined at 10000 mg l-1 alternate stratification and in sulphuric acid, the highest percentage germination (55 %) and speed germination (8.63 n/d) was determined for 120 minutes alternate stratification. The highest mean time germination in both scarification treatments was observed in continues regime.

Myrtus communis is distributed in humid and semi-humid regions of Iran and it is important for pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. The current research was set in completely randomized design with factorial experiment and three replications at the research laboratory of the faculty of natural resources-TMU. Because the breeding and growing by seeds is the priority and this is basically in plant production, we tried to achieve higher germination, biomass and production by using of modern treatments of carbon nanotubes along with different concentrations of sulfuric acid, potassium nitrate and boiling water treatments. Finally, the results show that the potassium nitrate with0/2 g/l concentration for 24h and carbon nanotubes treatment at a concentration of 0/1 g/L, both in relation to germination indices such as rate and percentage of germination and associated seedling growth parameters such as seedling root and shoot and seedling dry weight have better performance.SEM micrographs from seed coat proved that adhesion and penetration of particles of carbon nanotubes can be effective in removing physical dormancy.

The biological activity and use of essential oils in different industries depends on the oil composition, which is affected by several factors. Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Persian name, "Marzeh khuzistani") belongs to the family Lamiaceae is an endemic plant to Iran that is widely distributed in the southern part of Iran. The essential oils obtained from Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad in full flowering stage from 3 different habitats in west and south west of Iran were evaluated for their chemical composition. The aerial parts were subjected to hydrodistillation for 5 h using a clevenger apparatus, giving yellow oil. Analysis of the volatile compounds was carried out with GC/MS system. The average yield of essential oil in 3 habitats was 1.4 to 2.8 % (Lives, 1.4%: Mongere, 1.6%: Takhtechan, 2.8%). The number of identified compounds in the essential oil were different in these habitats (Lives, 34: Mongere, 29: Takhtejan, 30). In the oil obtained from Lives, carvacrol (90/74%), β-bisabolene (2/73 %), γ-terpinene(1/19 %) and p-cymene (1/10 %), whlile in Mongere samples carvcacrol (93/60 %) and β-bisabolene (1/47 %) were characterized as the main components. In Takhtejan carvacrol (89/60 %), caryophellene oxid (3/01%), β-bisabolene (2/56 %), γ-terpinene (1/78 %) and p-cymene (1/78 %) were found as the major components. There were notable differences in the amounts of several compounds among these 3 habitats. Results from this study showed that ecological and regional condition of habitat can influence the amount and kind of essential oil components.

Acer velutinum is one of the most important forest species which forms a pure stand in the Asalem region (Guilan province). In this research, four untouched habitats or with less anthropogenic impacts were selected for A. velutinum in Asalem forest watershed catchment No.7. Then, the most important quantitative and qualitative trees characteristics and also some soils’ physico-chemical factors and geomorphological factors including the height from the sea level, altitude, percent slope and aspect were examined. The number of individual trees per hectare, diameter, total height of trees, grade quality, and symmetry of the crown were determined for all individuals in order to examine the growing stock condition of the species in each natural site (the mean was considered for these factors). The obtained results showed that there was a significant difference between the diameter, height and volume of the standing trees (per hectare), while there was no a significant difference between the symmetry of the crown and tree quality grades in the study area. The results of soil surveys demonstrated that the available phosphorus of soil and soil texture were two important variability factors in the study area. Based on the obtained results, the growing stock of A. velutinum has an optimal condition towards northern direction with low slope areas and height around 800 m.

Auxin and cytokinin are two phytohormones which are effective for various vital processes such as plant growth, development and coordinating the responses to the environmental stimuli. It has been argued that these two phytohormones can affect the process of organogenesis by balancing each other's level. The MS medium including 2 mg/lit of BAP hormone and the MS culture medium including 1 mg/lit of NAA hormone and 0.05 mg/lit of Kenitine hormone were respectively used as media for regeneration and callus formation of the tobacco explants. The amounts of Auxin and cytokinin were estimated in the first, second and third months after regeneration in the new shoots and the first generation callus respectively. The results of the above analyses revealed the proportion of Auxin to cytokinin in the time span of three months and this proportion confirmed the quick and preventing effects of auxin in early stages of growth on synthesis and amount of cytokinin. However, the preventing effects of cytokinin on auxin are slow and are probably through managing and changing other developmental processes. In addition, the amount of auxin and cytokinin in callus was lower compared with the amount of it in the control plant. This can be due to the fact that the cells of the callus are not distinctive and are different from the cells of the leafs which have compartment and different sources for the synthesis of hormone, in fact, the only available hormonl source for calluses is the one provided in the culture medium.

Stachys L. (Lamiaceae family, Lamioideae sub family) genus with enormous medicinal properties is one of the largest genera of this family. Due to the similarity among the species, high morphological diversity and several hybridizations, the taxonomy of this genus is greatly complicated. Consequently, the aim of this research is to study the flavonoid diversity, identify the flavonoid class and determine the taxonomical position of five species and three subspecies belonging to four sections. Therefore, the leaf flavonoid was extracted by methanol solvent and thin layer chromatography. In order to determine the flavonoid class, column chromatography and cephadex was used. As well, the diversity of flavonoid patterns and the taxonomic position of species and accessions were studied using cluster analysis. The results of cluster analysis showed that the highest flavonoid diversity was observed in St. lavandulifolia Vahl. Moreover, six flavonoid classes were identified which mostly included flavone and the variations of flavonoid patterns were hydroxylation, methoxylation and glucosylation. Obviously, St. setifera subsp. daenensis was separated from St. setifera subsp. setifera and St. setifera subsp. iranica using five kinds of flavones and a kind of flavonol. Based on the results of this study, the flavonoid compounds are useful to determine the position of Stachys species.

Resistance of many diseases pathogenic bacteria against synthetic drugs and their side effects ,besides high expense of chemical drugs directed the attention to scientists toward natural and herbal medicines usage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antibacterial properties of root, leaf and stem hydroalcoholic extract of Dendrostellera lesserti against some human pathogenic bacteria. Dendrostellera lesserti was collected from Hamedan province in 2013. After plant identification, the extracts were prepared using maceration method. The eight positive and negative gram human pathogenic bacteria were tested. For antibacterial properties investigation, agar well diffusion, MIC (serial dilution method) and MBC methods were used. The amount of total phenol was measured by Folin-ciocalteu. The results was statistically analysis using sas 9.2 in factorial with completely randomized design in three replications. Though, the highest growth inhibition zone (18±1.00 mm) in Bacillus subtillis culture in presence of root hydroalcoholic extract, the stem hydroalcoholic extract showed more inhibitory and bactericidal effect on the most bacterial cultures. The amount of total phenol in the root, stem and leaf was measured as, 111.8± 2.69, 79.47±0.55 and 69.16±3.29 (mgGAE/g), respectively. According to the results, the root, leaf and stem hydroalcoholic extracts of Dendrostellera lesserti contain different amount of phenol and plant contains compounds with antibacterial properties. This research can be used as a base in antimicrobial compounds study of this plant.

Grand fir is one of the important conifers.Two provenances of abies seed were imported from Germany in 2006. The first phases of the project activities were started. With planting in ground bed. After two years seedlings in Pisesoon nursery were replanting in plastic pots. Care of seedling (weeding and watering) was conducted annually. Collar diameter and height measurements and percent of survival were estimated for two times. Germination of Seeds and mortality in the first year was 17 and 7.8 percent for the low land origin and 72 and 6.3 percent for middle land origin, respectively. Total of the survival rate was 96% and a minimum and maximum of diameter were 1.5,8.5 mm, and height was 11 cm and maximum height 43 cm Statistical analysis showed that the collar diameter and height growth of seedlings in the nursery at different times in the production phase was significant(p=0.01). For this purpose a research in a completely randomized design with three spacing treatments (2×2, 2×3 and 3×3 meter) and three replications were done in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces. At first, seeds were planted in nursery and finally seedlings were replanted in plastic pots. Weed control and irrigation were performed. Collar diameter, height and percentage of survival seedlings were measured two times. The average of collar diameter and height is not significant difference. Because it is not starting competition between seedlings planted in treatment.

Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.) is known as a model plant in tissue culture and genetic engineering from the past decades. In this study the effect of ultrasonic waves on viability and disruption of tobacco cells were investigated. For callus induction, tobacco leaf explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 1.5 mg/l and 1 mg/l Kinetin. The cell suspension culture was initiated by transferring of calli into liquid medium. Then the cell suspensions exposed to ultrasonic wave with different levels of temperature and duration. Cell viability was determined by Trypan blue staining, and structural and ultra-structural disruptions in cell wall were evaluated using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the viability of cells significantly influenced by temperature and duration of ultrasonic wave treatments. The highest cell viability (%76.702) was obtained with 2 min sonication at 25 or 40 °C, while, the highest cell wall disruption were observed at 50° C with 14 min sonication (% 18.733) and at 25° C with 20 min of ultrasonic treatment (% 17.48). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was confirmed the formation of different sized pores on cell wall under ultrasound treatment.

Identification of plant species adapted to the desert conditions is valuable for introducing to the area and restoration of vegetation. This can be done by autecological studies of plant species. Salsola richteri (Amaranthaceae) is a drought resistant species that prefers sandy areas subjected to wind erosion. Therefore, it is important in controlling wind erosion of sandy hills. This research was conducted to examine the autecology of salsola richteri in South Khorasan province. Two research sites viz. Shahrakht and Boshrooyeh were selected in 2011 and characteristics of the sites along with soil properties, phonological stages, regeneration, life form and conservation status were examined. The results show that this species is distributed in the altitudes ranging from 830 to 1050 m.a.s.l., with the mean annual precipitation of 110 to 180 millimeters and mean annual temperature of 16 to 20 ºC. The Soil texture of the area is sandy with the Electrical Conductivity of 0.54- 2.02 ds/m and soil pH of 8.49. The vegetative growth of the species starts in last March, flowering in July, fruiting in August, early seeding in September, seed maturity in last October and inactivity period is from Novembre to March. Natural Regeneration is done with the seeds. It is a Phanerophyte based on the life form classification of Raunkiaer. The conservation status of the species shows that it may be considered as Least Concern based on the IUCN classification. Pollen is Spheroidal and Pantopolyporate and Leaves anatomy shows Salsoloid type based on the Kranz anatomy type.

This experiment was conducted in order to investigation the effect of different concentrations of kin (0, 1 and 2 mg.l-1) and Putrescine (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg.l-1) with 8% sucrose and 8% agar on the microtuberization of potato. This study was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Tabriz. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Results of data analysis showed that none of the traits except percent microtubers non dormant in the second month, and shoot weight were not affected by different concentrations putrescine. Percent of non dormant microtubers in the second month increase on concentration of 20 mg.l-1 and increase shoot weight was 80 mg.l-1 putrescine. However, the effect of different concentrations kinetin was significant in relation to the creation microtuberization. In this experiment, the best concentration of kinetin for most traits microtuberization 2 mg.l-1. Also the best of putrescine concentration for weight microtuberization in media containing 2 mg.l-1 kinetin, 40 mg.l-1, which increase microtuber weight was 0.16 mg.l-1

Cadmium is one of environmental pollutant heavy metals that is very toxic for plants. Pollen grains are more sensitive than vegetative parts of plant to cadmium. Brassinostroids are a group of effective hormones in ameliorative in various biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. To evalute the effect of 24- epibrassinolid on alleviation of cadmium stress on Petunia hybrida L., pollen germination and tube growth of plants were secreened in semi-solid medium on Petri-dishes. The experiment was laid out using split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factors were two epibrasinid levels (0 and 0.05 mM) and six cadmium (CdCl2) concentration including 1, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 300 µM. It was observed that cadmium in concentrations more than 100 micromolar decreased germination and growth of pollen tube grains, while, Cd in 10 µM stimulated germination of pollens. 24- Epibrassinolid in higher concentrations than 50 µM of cadmium increased germination and growth of pollen grains, but in lower concentrations did not have any effect on pollen germination and tube growth. Concentration of 10 µM Cd increased pollen tube length in comparison with control. Based on the results, it can be concluded that 24-epibrassinolide did not increase pollen tube length in control and 10 µM Cd. However, in concentrations higher than 10 µM, hormone treatment increased growth of pollen tubes significantly.

Birch regeneration in natural habitats of species in Iran has been faced with severe problems and they are disappearing. This study was carried out in laboratory aiming to determine the best treatment to break surface dormancy in germination and primary function of Betula pendula seeds. Seeds were collected from Siahmarzkooh habitat (Golestan province) and treated with seed soaking for 24 hours in water, hormone gibberlic acid (50, 100, 150 ppm), potassium nitrate (0.1, 0.2, 0.25 %), stratification for 3, 6 and 9 weeks at 3 to 5°c in sterile sand and a control group (only light). Then the germination characteristics (germination rate, germination value, mean daily germination, germination energy, germination speed) and seedling growth characteristics (root length, shoot length, seedling length and weight of biomass) were obtained. Results showed that at the level of 99%, there were significant differences between treatments. It appears that the birch seeds just need the sun light to relieve seed dormancy and germination but to achieve higher germination and better growth characteristics, treating 50 ppm gibberellic acid may helpful because the best germination rate (71%), energy (22), speed (5.15) and the highest seedling growth characteristics including shoot length (4.39), root length (4.63), weight of biomass (0.18), seedling length (8.85) was achieved in this treatment after three months.

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles was examined on the survival of the oranges. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design with three factor based on a completely randomized design with three blocks. Treatments were included in the 6 levels of silver nanoparticles (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm), Orange varieties at three levels (Local, Valensia and Blood) and storage cycle at three levels (harvest time, one and three months after harvest). Fruit diameter and length, TDS, Titratable acidity, decay percent, weight of meat and fruit pulp, Vitamin C and electrolyte leakage in zero-day, one-month and three months after storage were measured. The results showed that the nanoparticles had a significant effect on all traits. Concentration of 25 ppm nanoparticles decreased decay percent, 90 percent compared with the control. No significant difference was observed between 20 and 25 ppm concentration. The length and diameter of fruits blood figure was less than the other two varieties. Decay percent in the blood were lower than the other two varieties. The overall results of the blood and 20 and 25 ppm concentration of nanoparticles showed the greatest effect in reducing postharvest losses.