نشریه حسابداری و منافع اجتماعی
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 31، زمستان 1397)

The global challenge of business environments is essential the need for accountants and managers who be aware of the complex international financial issues and to have knowledge and information related to solving business-related issues, financial issues, and international investment. Recently, the study of international accounting, challenges and benefits is a significant issue and accountant have taken significant steps to create a consistent and same set of international accounting standards applicable to all companies and organizations, but the question is how much should moving towards convergence and internationalization, and what are the costs of this choice? In this paper, the study of financial and accounting literature about the implementation of international accounting standards or the change of national standards to international standards has examined the unknown and known effects of this event and the aim of this, is developing and promoting knowledge about the effects of convergence and harmonization of accounting standards.

The paper has been pointed the most important proxies of audit quality and the strengths and weaknesses of each proxy and has been evaluated the application of the criteria in the Accounting Journals in Iran. For this purpose, we first reviewed the published audit articles in the country and after the categorizing the criteria, we presented the application of any criteria and the results of their using. Then, the mentioned papers are categorized and analyzed by author, type of journal, year of publication and so on. In this paper, we used the information over the 5-year period 1389 to 1393 at the 12 journals. The results of audit quality measurement showed that in this period, the 10 audit quality criteria have been employed 72 times in 59 papers. This only to be included less than 4% of the total number of published articles. Also, in many cases, using the same criteria is lead to different and contradictory results. It is essential to the implementation of researches to present appropriate proxies for measuring the audit quality with respect to the situation in Iran. We hope that by offering this paper and according to the strengths and weaknesses of audit quality proxies, the quality of scientific researches will be improved.

In this research, managerial overconfidence is considered as a behavioral explanation for the improper adjustment costs. This study aims to investigate the effect of managerial overconfidence on improper adjustment costs. With using the powerful technique of panel, we  have applied remained overinvestment as index of managerial overconfidence and also other control variables affecting cost stickiness such as the number of the staff, the amount of assets, consecutive decline in sales, natural logarithm 1 in addition to the yield of initial annual share, free cost flow, constant payment to managers. Sampling population of the present study includes 91 accepted companies at Tehran stock exchange and manufacturing parts in the time period of 2007-2016. Based on the findings, the effects of managerial overconfidence on improper adjustment improper adjustment costs is accepted and we can say that too much confidence and trust of the manager leads to increase in cost stickiness. Also, other control variables have meaningful effects on improper adjustment cost.

Recent research of expense behavior showed that expenses increase more quickly with an increasing activity level than they decrease with a declining activity level. The term expense stickiness captures an asymmetric expense behavior. In this research, we test whether reported expenses and costs paid in cash may be used interchangeably for estimating cost stickiness. We further test whether a noteworthy reporting choice as depreciation influences the estimated level of stickiness. The main goal of this research is to compare sticky accruals costs, costs paid in cash and the effect of depreciation costs of emergence of costs stickiness phenomenon among firms accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, two hypotheses were developed for this issue and data were analyzed for 91 members of Tehran stock exchange (selected by systematic elimination sampling method) for the period of 2004 to 2015. The regression model was tested and tested using conventional combination data. Results of this research indicated that accruals costs are significantly stickier than costs paid in cash. Moreover, operating costs after deducting depreciation are less sticky than operating costs before deducting depreciation.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the quality of the audit committee and the corporate social responsibility disclosure level. Social responsibility is including a set of tasks and commitments that the company needs to do for maintaining, care and assistance to the community in which it acts. It has used from Mishra and colleagues to evaluate corporate social responsibility disclosure level in this study and from the proposed variables of Personz and Rouhana and co-workers and Hysham and colleagues to assess the impact on the quality of the audit committee disclosure. The period of study is from 2011 to 2015 and the sample is consists of 67 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. It was used from ordinary least squares regression method to test research hypotheses.  The results of hypothesis testing showed there is a significant positive relationship after controlling for factors including size, ratio of book value to market value of equity and systemic risk, the audit committee independence, expertise of the members of the audit committee and the audit committee with the disclosure of corporate social responsibility; Also, there is a positive relationship between the number of members of the audit committee and the disclosure of corporate social responsibility which is not significant. According to the research findings, it is claimed to increase the quality of the audit committee, the corporate social responsibility disclosure level is increased. As a result, it is suggested that companies increase the level of social responsibility that is an important issue, pay special attention to the quality of the audit committee.

Today, Intellectual capital is the main operating profitability and maintains corporate competitive advantage. In today's knowledge-based world, knowledge assets and intellectual capital is the company's profitability and maintain competitive advantage. The importance of intellectual capital and the difference between book value and market value of companies is obvious. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship between intellectual capital and market value and the financial performance of accepted public companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Tehran. For measuring intellectual capital Value added intellectual coefficient (Pulic model) is used. The study period of 1393-1385 and the selected sample consisted of 59 accepted public companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The results show that human capital performance relative to other components of intellectual capital has the greatest impact on the market value of the company. Also, capital efficiency coefficient is positive and significant impact on financial performance.

Nowadays, the role of company has changed a lot and it is expected that these units should not be only thinking about increasing profit-making and they should be responsible about their works to the society. The reason is that the company cannot operate without society and the society also needs the company. Therefore, a mutual relationship has been formed between these two. Therefore, corporate social responsibility is profitable for both themselves and the society. Primary form of social responsibility had strong religious, patriarchy, and philanthropic aspects, but the new concept of corporate social responsibility is directly focused on daily commercial works and their effects on the vast spectrum of the beneficiary. In the 1950s, only commitment to the society was introduced but gradually in the 21st century, environmental and social concerns, voluntary works, ethical behavior, economic development, development of citizens’ life, human right, work right, protecting the environment, cleanup, encouraging development of transparency and appropriate responsibility have become important. By reviewing the concepts, dimensions, theories, and fifteen models of social responsibility, it can be claimed that after passage of fifty years of this concept, introducing a single definition for it, is still a difficult work. Yet, the important point is that almost all of the definitions consider the corporate responsible before the society. Therefore, to be responsible before the society, it is needed to carefully apply the theoretical subjects of social responsibility in practice too.

This study examines the reaction of profits in companies with different and heterogeneous strategies in business. Accordingly, the company's response rate is compared with adopting cost-management business strategies and companies that adopt business differentiation strategies versus profit declarations. The profit declaration survey has been performed using structural failure equations. The necessity of using structural failure equations is to solve the probable structural failure points due to the downside of the reaction of profit. The research sample includes 43 companies adopting cost leadership strategies and 88 companies with differentiated business acquisition strategies during the period from 2009 to 2015. The Eviews is used to investigate research hypothesis. Evidence from the present study suggests that companies pursuing cost leadership strategies, declare their profits publicly than companies that have differentiated methods, with better changes in corporate earnings declarations to users of financial information. As a result, companies that pursue differentiation strategies are subject to heterogeneous interpretations and fewer changes in investor beliefs. Also, the results of structural failure equations indicate a bullish profitability continuity in companies by adopting business leadership strategies.