نشریه حسابداری و منافع اجتماعی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 32، بهار 1398)

This study examines the effect of CEO's power on corporate leverage by using a sample of 150 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period from 2010 to 2017. In particular, this study seeks to investigate the relationship between the power of senior management and financial leverage based on the theory of Agency. To measure the CEO's power index, an index based on the characteristics of four power-related power variables was used, then OLS method was used for estimating regression. The results showed that as CEO increases, the corporate capital structure and the leverage ratio will move in the negative direction and will reduce debt in the corporate capital structure.

Since accountants are responsible for preparing financial statements that reflect the performance of the business, their commitment to ethics is of utmost importance to society. In Islamic countries, accountants must adhere to the ethics of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), in addition to complying with the ethical principles established by the Accounting and Auditing Organization of Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI). Ethics education warrants the future of accounting profession and ensures that accounting continues to play its historic role for the prosperity of the economy and the progress of the community. In addition, Islamic values education in accounting makes institutionalization of ethical behavior in students and prepares them for an effective encounter with the ethical challenges in the workplace. Even after the accounting scandals in the early 2000s, which led to greater attention universities and professional institutions to ethics education in accounting and despite the recent efforts of Islamic countries to educate Islamic values in the universities curriculum, in Iran there are still no significant changes to incorporate ethics and Islamic values in the accounting curriculum .Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a theoretical analysis of necessity of ethics and Islamic values education in universities accounting curriculum.

Incentive programs in compensation form are for mutual interests and aligns the interest’s managers with shareholders. Designing and implementing an incentive program in right way, requires sufficient knowledge of theory and theoretical perspectives in the area of incentive plans and executives’ compensation. So motivational programs without theoretical backing or without consistent with the theoretical foundations, necessarily will not be lead to reduction of agency problems and therefore will not motivate to maximize corporate value and the interests of all stakeholder groups. In other words, with knowledge of the theoretical foundations of executive’s motivation, can help researchers and standard setter’s that answer to questions about the following; how much compensation should be paid to managers? How should rewards be paid? And a rewards program or contract how are influenced by social beliefs? In this article theoretical approaches in design the executive compensation has been introduced in form of three approaches, value approach, agency approach and symbolic approach.

Auditors' report in the decision making process of users of financial statements is considered as one of the useful information and one of the ways to ensure the quality of financial reporting is the audit report. This research is investigating the effect of financial reporting quality on adjustment clauses of audit report. The research sample consists of 645 views (year - year) from 2009 to 2014. These models used to measure the quality of financial reporting: including Kothari & et al (2005), Kaznik (1999) and McNichols & Stubben (2008) and the research hypothesis has been tested using logit regression. In all three models, there was a negative correlation between financial reporting quality and audit adjustments. The result suggests that the quality of financial reporting is critical to auditors' decision making for adjustments, and with the increase in the quality of financial reporting, the amount of adjustments is reduced. This study, by identifying the impact of the auditor's moderation clauses on the quality of financial reporting helps investors and creditors to investigate managers' opportunistic behaviors. It also by applying three different criteria in assessing the quality of financial reporting adds to the richness of existing literature.

This study aims to examine the impact of ownership structure (i.e. family ownership, government ownership, and foreign ownership) on firm performance, (Tobin's Q ratio and return on assets)with emphasize on research and development in companies admitted to Tehran Stock Exchange. The required data for the six-year period from 2011 to 2016, using systematic elimination during was collected, for 129 companies from listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. The hypothesis testing is done using Eviews and Stata software. The results of the research show that there is a negative and significant relationship between government ownership with the Tobin's Q ratio but there is no significant relationship between family ownership and the Tobin's Q ratio. There is also a negative and significant relationship between government and foreign ownership and return on assets and there is significantly positive relationship between family ownership and return on assets. Research and development expenditures have a significant effect on the relationship between government ownership and the Tobin's Q; however, there is no significant effect on the relationship between family ownership and foreign ownership with the Tobin's Q. Also, research and development expenditures on the relationship between government ownership and family ownership does not have a significant effect on return on assets, but it has a significant effect on the relationship between foreign ownership with return on assets.

The nature of the life-cycle theory shows that investment and financing decisions and the company's operating strategy largely will be affected by different variables and organizational capabilities (life cycle). The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between corporate life cycle and cost of equity in listed firm on Tehran stock exchange. For this purpose, 105 firms from our statistical society for the period of 2009-2014 were chosen. Multivariate regression method based on panel data and independent T test was used to test the research hypotheses. The result shows that there is a positive relationship between the firm life cycle and cost of equity. Also, there is no significant difference between cost of equity in mature stage with compare decline stage and also between growth stage with compare decline stage.

Companies to centralized customer have higher business risks, because a major customer loss could result in a significant reduction in the cash flow of the suppliers. Hence, managers request higher Compensation to cover this probable risk. Also, customer concentration allows managers to kind of bargaining, which can increase their cash Compensation. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of customer concentration on the managers' compensation in listed companies at Tehran Stock Exchange. Multiple linear regression model has been used to test hypothesis based on combined data. Normal logarithm of cash compensation and three indicators including, major sales ratios (sales above 10%) to total sales, the Herfindahl-Hirshman index and the index of the presence or absence of a major customer in the company were used for measuring of managers' compensation amount and customer concentration respectively. The statistical population of this research included 140 companies selected by screening during the 2009-2016 period in Tehran Stock Exchange. The research evidence showed that customer concentration has a positive and significant effect on managers' compensation. In other words, in companies that concentration on a major customer is existed, managers' cash compensation are higher.

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of quantitative indicators of corporate social responsibility on financial and economic performance volatility in firms at Tehran Stock Exchange. By reviewing internal researchs related to corporate social responsibility and because of the importance of this area for developing economies to attract foreign investments, this study examined the impact of corporate social responsibility on financial and economic performance volatility in the financial reporting environment of Iran, by means of quantitative indicators extracted from the financial statements. For this purpose, ten hypotheses developed and data on 105 companies in Tehran Stock Exchange gathered and analyzed for the period between the years 2010 to 2017. The regression model using panel data with fixed effects approach was tested. The results showed that the ratio of the number of employees to total assets and the ratio of tax to total assets as indicators of corporate social responsibility would reduce the company's corporate financial and economic performance volatility. On the other hand, the results indicated that the ratio of fixed assets to total assets of the company, the ratio of the cost of R&D and advertising to sales and the ability of corporate governance as indicators of corporate social responsibility, have Insignificant effect on the company's corporate financial and economic performance volatility. Therefore, given the contradictory results obtained for the impact of corporate social responsibility on volatility of financial and economic performance, this area requires more research.