نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 4 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

Iran and Turkey are regarded as two Muslim neighbor countries which had their different approaches toward Islamism from the beginning (Brief History). These differences have built huge ambiguities in deep understanding of modern Islamism (Problem), which were enormously ignored by most of the researchers (Background). An Islamic government is in control of country in Iran. Such government considers Islam as a religion with comprehensive plans for all the aspects of life. On the other hand, Turkey has a secular government while Islamists are coping with secular government despite emphasizing on Islamic values and identity. As a result, the main question of current paper is: Explaining and illustrating these differences between Islamism in Iran and Turkey (Question). Background historical and social aspects of Islamism in these countries are the main reasons behind these dissimilarities (Hypothesis). The purpose of the present paper is carrying out a comparative study on both these countries (Purpose), which is done by a descriptive – analytical method along with library research (Methodology). We believe a special mystic Islam in Turkey and a jurisprudential Islam in Iran led to Islamic government in each of these countries.

Since the fall of Ottoman Empire to the end of 20th century; Turkey applied a different policy toward Turkish minorities who live abroad (Brief History). Thus, ignoring the mentioned policy by Turkish governments and applying mutual relations and ignorance policy with Turkish minorities, including Iraqi Turkmens, are ambiguous issues (Problem), which were not scientifically studied by researchers (Background). As a result the question of the current paper is: What are the background and obstacles of convergence between Iraqi Turkmens and Turkish government within the framework of Pan-Turkism and new regional policies of Turkey? (Question) Within the framework of new policies, Turkish government have tried to go beyond Kemalism, also new considerations were redefined based on national interests of Turkey on Iraqi Turkmens, within the framework of Pan-Turkism. (Hypothesis) The purpose of presenting two illustrations of old Turkey and new Turkey is facing a single phenomenon based on unstable national interests. (Purpose) The present paper has applied an analytical – descriptive method on documentary and collected data which are accumulate by library sources; all the information will be analyzed in order to reject or prove the hypothesis of the current paper. (Methodology) A mutual ignorance between Turkish government and Turkmens incurrent situation of Turkey’s policies toward Pan-Turkism is the main finding of the paper. (Finding)

The history of Indonesia was hugely influenced by anti-colonial and anti- autocratic Islamic movements and also its geographical situation. (Brief History) there are ambiguities on the raise (generation), stability (Process), decline (Fall) and other issues degrading Dar al-Islam movement (Problem) which was not expertly analyzed, regarding its importance for Islamic World (Background). Therefore, the current paper will answer the question of paper: What were the process of the battle of Dar al-Salam Movement and changes in their goals in contemporary history of Indonesia? (Question) According to previous studies, Dar al-Islam movement generated in order to expel Dutch colonialists, however because of injustice situations, their goal was changed to establishing Islamic government. Nevertheless after failing in achieving their goal they declined (Hypothesis). The purpose of the present paper is: Depicting the image of Islam resulting from spices businessmen and preaching of Sufi Muslims in a successful and continuous battle against tyranny andinvasion (Goal). The paper is carried out through a descriptive – analytical method (Methodology). Dar al-Islam movement was among the first attempts in the battles of Eastern South Muslims against European colonialism and internal tyranny. (Finding).

Gradual immigration of Iranian to India, their early penetration to court of local rulers and achieving political power from mid-eighth century led to constancy of their presence to thirteenth century in Kashmir (Brief History). However, the influence of Shi’a Iranian agents in civil changes of Kashmir has not been examined so far (Problem). Therefore, this period of time has not been scientifically studied so far (Background), which has raised numerous questions. The current paper tries to answer the main question of present paper: What were the role and consequences of presence of Iranian agents in Kashmir changes from mid-eighth century to the thirteenth century? (Question) From the first view it seemed Shi’a Iranian immigrants have played a vital role in stability of political system of local governments, progress of cultural and social conditions in Kashmir or development of Iranian culture and civilization in India (Hypothesis). Presenting an actual image of the influence of active presence of Iranian in Kashmir in two parts, crisis management and stability of social and political systems, is the purposes of the present paper (Goal). The paper has applied a descriptive – analytical approach in achieving its goals (Methodology). The result of this study shows civilization could not have been achieved in Kashmir without Iranian roots in civilization and language (Result).

The role of Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in important political changes in Afghanistan in recent fifty years (from 1350 to 1393) was briefly reported in written sources and internet websites (Brief History). These reports do not represent a clear image on the quality and quantity of cooperation between Afghanistan and Organization of the Islamic Conference (Problem). Therefore, it can be said: Despite the role of Afghanistan in establishment of OIC and its cooperation, the influence of OIC before and after the occupation of Afghanistan is not tangible (Background). Therefore, the question of the present paper is: How was the cooperation of Organization of the Islamic Conference in Afghanistan before and after its occupation? (Question) Organization of the Islamic Conference’s stand on the occupation of Afghanistan was only limited to issuing verdicts without performance bond. However, In Karzai’s time OIC took several actions (Hypothesis). Representing efficiency of Organization of the Islamic Conference as an International Islamic institution in [regional] changes is the purpose of the present paper; which is regarded a highly important issue for Islamic World (Goal). This topic will be studied through a historical analysis of written sources and websites reports (Methodology). According to current study, achieving peace in Afghanistan is considered hardly possible for Organization of the Islamic Conference as an institution which needs to be adapted to changeable and modern global situations (Finding).

Turkey is among the few countries which have faced a number of changes in contemporary era. Back then Turkey was the leading country in political and religious leadership of majority part of Islamic World. Then it became the pioneer country with secular system among Islamic nations (Brief History). Understanding such changes, need resolving numerous ambiguities on this issue (Problem) which is caused by lack of serious scientific efforts in this area by researchers (Background). In order to resolve such ambiguities, the present paper tried to answer the raised question: What were the process and consequences of political and cultural changes in Turkey in Mustafa Kamal Ataturk’s time? (Question) Achieving a modern and western civilization and culture were purposes of Mustafa Kamal; therefore, any obstacles on his way was changed and altered by him (Hypothesis). The present paper tries to say: Although Mustafa Kamal Ataturk was not able to change the principal beliefs and theology of people, he managed to make a irreversible distance with traditions of society (Goal). Achieving such purpose is possible through a library study and an analytical approach (Methodology). Considering the actions of Ataturk we can conclude, no change will lead to civilization without people’s consensus (Finding).