نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 8 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

The Republic Turkey was founded in 1923. Its founders have applied to manage cultural and political engineering so much in order to stabilize Kemalist central value system. The applied policies in this period and its reflections have formed in a sense the cultural, social and political transformations. So, the question of the nature of Kemalist central value system and the process of its stabilizing in the period of One-Party Ruling System in Turkey is regarded as an important question. (Question) Its seems that the nature of central Kemalist value system which is formed by three principles of Positivism, Secularism and Nationalism, led to train a Kemalist generation and formation of conflict between state and society in the frame of the theory center-periphery. (Hypothesis) The current article has made to recognize the consequences and results of applying the Jacobian methods and impositions from above which are taken in order to stabilize the central Kemalist value system as its main target (Purpose), researched this topic and its concerning topics with using the theory of center-periphery and using descriptive – analytical method (Method) and grasped at this result that the central Kemalist value system was unable to achieve at a comprehensive, exhaustive and applied political system in the frame of nation-state. (Result)

Arab Nationalism was a historical movement which took place in a part of Islamic world based on "Insider-outsider" theory. Arab nationalism was a reaction against internal tyranny, foreign colonization and occupation. It was an imported notion which triggered to revive all aspects of national identity of Arabs including their society, history, geography, politics, religion, cultural heritage, language and literature in order to form a united nation. The movement which gradually started in the second half of the ninetieth century, finally became the main force in Arab world after World War II. But signs of weakness and decline in this movement appeared from 1970s which brought failures and crises in Arab world; its reflections are observable in current changes. However the reasons, causes, aspects and reflections regarding the historical background and human factors of this movement has not been appropriately analyzed yet. As Arab nationalism was an imported notion, basically it could not have been a solution, then it changed to be a crisis-causing issue. By means of historical analysis, the reasons behind development and evolution of Arab nationalism, the causes and aspects of its failures, crises and its current reflections will be analyzed in the present paper. In order to achieve the purpose of this paper, the study will apply a descriptive – analytical approach. The main findings of the present paper are: inability of Arab Nationalism as an imported notion in political, social, economic and cultural aspects and causing crises. The reflections of this movement were: the return of trans-regional hegemonies, strengthening of traditional and dependent conservatives as well as Takfiri groups, and interrupting the expansion of moderation and proximity discourse of Islamists.

Kings like Shah Abbas I in Persia made the Saffavid Empire stronger and it resulted in political unity, growth of trade, roads safety, and ultimately commerce. Meanwhile, by having thousands of years of experience in textile, the city of Yazd brought up Ghias Al-din NaghshbandiYazdi, the greatest fabric designer in the history of Iran. Yazd history in the knitting high quality fabrics returns to the early of Islam, and since patriarch period its name was known besides several major cloth weaving center. Yazd reached to a position so that officer named KerkYaraqi was responsible for market requirements fabrics. Central government support of textile workshops Stimulate employment in the textile industry and a prominent designer such as GhiyasoddinYazdi emerged. He moved to Isfahan and became chief of the Royal Workshops. He was known as the most prominent fabric designer in textile history of Iran. In Safavid era, two technical initiatives occurred in designing and weaving tuple and velvet fabric, which Ghiyathoddin was highly skilled in both of them.

Throughout different historical eras, Persian Gulf has always been in the center of attention for regional and trans-regional countries. As Persian Gulf is an extension of the water of Indian Ocean, European colonist countries were attracted to the area in the 19th century which highlighted the importance of the area and especially its harbors and islands.
In the late 19th century, Germans made efforts to exert an influence over Iran in order to achieve political and economic position in Persian Gulf. Emphasizing on commercial and economic relations in Persian Gulf, German tried to exert an influence in Persian Gulf. They sent commercial groups to dominate the trades engaging in Persian Gulf, nevertheless they failed to achieve a leading role in the area due to strength and influence of the Great Britain.
Naser al-Din Shah planned to engage another European country in politics of Iran as a beneficiary in order to encounter the influence of Russian and British representatives in internal affairs of Iran. It could also protect independence of the country and create balance in foreign policies. Following the visit of Naser al-Din Shah to Germany in 1873 a commercial convention between Iran and Germany was agreed in Saint Petersburg which start economic relations between the two countries.
Through a descriptive – analytical method and by means of library study and documentation, the position of Germany in economic affairs in Persian Gulf during the ninetieth and twentieth centuries will be analyzed in the present paper. Based on the findings of this article, Germans managed to achieve a leading role over commercial trades in Persian Gulf from the Constitutional Revolution in Iran until World War I. Although it was profitable for them, it lasted only for a short period of time.

During the last years of the third century (Islamic calendar), Isma’ilism movement succeeded in establishing a government related to Alavids of Fatimid branch in Islamic Maghreb. This occurred as a result of efforts made by active Da’is like Abu Abdallah Shi’I, long term cultural wars and military victories, as well as taking advantage of the political conditions of Middle Maghreb and dissatisfactions of Kutama tribes. Employing discourse strategies based on Mahdaviat notion and effective mottos in attracting dissatisfied people, and propagating Imam Mahdi’s re-emergence, as the savior of the oppressed, were the main tools adopted by the Fatimids in controlling Maghreb and influencing nearby governments. Although this motto, which was based on the religious culture, gave temporary spiritual authority to the Fatimids in Islamic Maghreb, yet its instability caused severe damages to the newly-established Fatimid government. This article aims to answer these questions: What was the genesis and hegemony of Fatimid’s agents of Mahdaviat discourse in Islamic Maghreb like? Why didn’t this discourse succeed in stabilizing Fatimid government in Maghreb? And what were the reasons for this hegemony’s instability in Maghreb? Researches have shown that this discourse was not stable in Maghreb because of the political challenges caused by overall clashes with different governments, transformation of the original Mahdaviat notion to a tool of deception, failure to fulfill initial promises, and failure in establishing social and economic justice. This study analyzes the proposed hypotheses using Laclau’s and Mouffe’s Discourse Analysis Theory and descriptive and analytic research method based on historical sources.

The great Mughal emperors of India, with their fortunes, were considered to be the most important advocates of art, especially art, during their time in the Muslim world. Due to the political, social and economic conditions in India, many painters from different lands, including Iran, migrated to the court of the Mughal kings of India. This led to India's art, especially painting, to be influenced by Iranian art. India's land was the first Islamic country to accept and be very impressed with Western art. This interaction and opposition to Indian artists, in their ancient artistic style Which is available in the Agenta cave complex, has led to the emergence of new and integrated styles in Islamic art. The art of painting in the land of India began from the period of Zahir al-Din Babar, and during the Akbar Shah, he reached his artistic peak, and he continued after him, but with the reign of Orangebe the advent of art was declining. The purpose of this study was to show the impact and The influence of the arts of ancient, Iranian and western Indian art in the Indian Mogul empire has been shown. The results show that Iranian art, and then Western art, had the greatest impact on the art of Indian painting of the Mongol period, although this effect ultimately leads to artistic contrast In the realm of the Great Mughal government of India. This research seeks to answer the question of the influence of Persian, Hindi, and Western painting What was the result of the Great Diocese of the Mongols of India? Also, the study of the impact and influence of the Mogul empire in India is one of the innovations of this research. The research method in this paper is descriptive and analytical.