نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 5 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

In February and October of 1917 two revolutions took place in Russia which had different political relations in international level due to their different roots and ideologies. The present paper will answer the raised question: What were the relations between the Russian government of the February revolution and the October revolution and the government of Iran, regarding origins of both governments, as well as their different goals) Question. )Socialist – Communist origins of the October revolution had different political relations with the government of Iran, comparing to Bourgeoisie – Imperialist origins of the February revolution of Russia) Hypothesis. )The influence of different intellectual and operating roots of temporary government of the February revolution and the government of the October revolution of Russia were represented in their political relations with the government of Iran) Goal. )The present paper has applied a historical – comparative approach in analyzing different political relations between these two revolutionary governments of Russia and the government of Iran) Methodology. )Regarding complete diverse identities, roots and goals of the February and the October revolutions, they had totally opposite relations with the government of Iran. As a result, political relations between the first government with Iran was parallel to the situations of the time in Iran, while the second government tried to interrupt it) Finding.)

Accuracy in relations between the countries and the delay in its quality is the most important issues in the historical topics, According to this importance, this research is plans to analyze the nuclear relations between Iran and Germany. The most important findings of this research is show the nuclear relations between Iran and Germany Can be divided into two periods Before and after the Islamic Revolution Each course has its own characteristics But the common point is that Germany has always been influenced by America Saysthay Something that makes nuclear-German relations Two terms are quite different.

Shi’ism is a religious sect which was derived from Islam, its political aspect was revealed after the demise of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Like other religious denominations, Shi’ism was divided into different branches, including Twelver (Imamiyya) and Isma’ilism which both were politically and intellectually dominant rulers in Islamic territories from the third to the fifth century A.H. In the present paper, a description of the situation of Twelver and Isma’ilis government in these centuries will be presented by means of written library sources which will gives us information on their territorial and governmental expansion. The question of the current paper is: What are the relations between Twelvers and Isma’ilism from the third to the fifth centuries A.H? The question will be answered by means of analyzing the current information on the relations between them (Methodology). These relations could improve political, cultural and social aspects of Shi’a Muslims’ life due to the promising situations of the time, however it all failed because of political adversaries between them (Hypothesis). The political events and situations of the time, hugely influenced the relations between Imamiyya and Isma’ilism and consequently they brought calamities to their societies (Finding).

After Mongol Empire conquered Iran in the seventh century, artistic relations between Iran and China underwent changes which were mostly noticeable in illustrated books of this time. Illustration of books in Ilkhanate era was hugely influenced by far eastern art, especially in “Sung” and “Yuan” era, as Ilkhanate rulers including Ghazan (694-703 A.H) and Uljaytu (703716 A.H) as well as court officials especially Rashid al-Din Hamadani were all interested in Chinese artistic works and their painting style. The question of the present paper is: What was the influence of Chinese art on illustration of books in this era? (Question) As a result of court members’ interests in the art of illustrating books and far eastern miniature styles, new characteristics such as illustrating, painting and drawing lines as well as illustrating animals and animated phenomena which were absent in Iranian and Islamic culture, derived from Mongol illustration and became commonplace in works of the time such as “Manafi’ al-Haywan”, “Shahnameh” and “Jami’ al-Tawarikh” (Hypothesis). Therefore, the present paper will apply a descriptive – analytical approach in analyzing the remained illustrated books of the time in libraries (Methodology) to represent the influence of Chinese artistic styles on Ilkhanate works as well as describing reactions of artists of the time toward these newfangled characteristics (Goal). As a result, aside from introducing a number of examples, the influence of accepting this artistic style and the changes in Iranian miniature styles will be presented in the current paper. (Finding)

The Egyptian revival Islamic movement had an important change in the second half of twentieth century. This change was the advent of jihadi trends. Jihadi movement is a group of Islamic movements while believe in necessity of following the Islamic principles, have a firm consist on jihad (holy war) as an important Islamic principle. Birthplace of this movement is generally Egypt and especially Egyptian Ikhwan-Al-Moslemin. Important trends to jihad existed in the revival Islamic movement and especially in Egyptian ikhwan-al-moslemin in second half of twentieth century. That was because of factors can be divided in three groups: political, social and cultural factors. They are: effects of ikhwan- al- moslemin, turture and prison, identity crisis, 1967 war, class gap, closed political conditions, immigrating from villages to cities, finally spreading the thoughts of sayid qutb. The most important goal of that movement was fighting government and abolish it to establish an Islamic government.

European companies made a lot of efforts to directly interfere in eastern commercial trades. Portuguese finally managed to conduct exclusive commercial trades between Asia and Europe; as a result, they could achieve commercial benefits which were gained by Muslims before. However, Portuguese dominance in commercial trades in East and Persian Gulf declined in the seventeenth century as it was challenged by English and Dutch companies. In fact after religious reform in Europe, distribution of power and disputes inflate all over the Europe. Then after Catholics, Protestant countries such as England and The Netherland focused their attention to commercial relations between Europe and other parts of the world, particularly Eastern countries. As a result these two countries, England and the Netherland, overcame Portuguese companies in commercial trades in East and Persian Gulf in the seventeenth century. Afterwards, Dutch and English trade companies had rivalries in Persian Gulf. In addition, the ways Dutch and English companies emerged and settled in East and Persian Gulf as well as their similar and different commercial activities are the matters which will be discussed in the present paper. The current article has applied a descriptive – analytical approach in analyzing competitions between English and Dutch companies in East India. It is concluded that English companies successfully managed to overcome Dutch companies.