فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 21 (پاییز 1395)

Nowadays, social scientists and civil rights issues of concern to civil society are emphasized. View on issues in this area, suggests that instead of adopting a passive position and repeat the socio-political literature West, at humbly on the way wide pension law, the rights of citizens to receive true effects. This concise, representation of civil rights in the Quran and Nahj al-Balagha into the frame takes up the words of the Notes may reflect researchers to focus more and deeper. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cognitive concept of citizenship and its place in the territory of the Quran and Sunnah.
In this cross-sectional study done by relying on Islamic sources.
Findings: In the Quran and infallible word while explaining the general rules of civil rights and crystallization mechanisms in the implementation of this law is designed in the community.
Despite the appearance of so-called emerging civil rights and basing it on the teachings of liberal delusions, conceptual aspects and the need for protection of these rights, previously unmatched cohesion emphasis on Islamic teachings of God's image. Looking at the Quran and Nahj al-Balagha, the rights of citizenship and human rights dimensions without the dark descent and even religion (in so sure of this law) is clearly visible. However, realization of civil rights and social rights requires an understanding of people from all social, economic, cultural, civil and diplomatic services. A community of citizens, will be possible.
Please cite this article as: Abbasi M, Sadr Tabatabai SMA, Kalhornia Golkar M. Reflection on the effects of Citizenship in the teachings of Quran and Nahj al-Balagha. Bioeth J Q 2016; 6(21): 7-22.

In the post-modern era of government administration, role and responsibility of government, compared to what has previously played, is changed and citizens role-playing and their rights in the context of a good administrative system, are the main modern governance parameters. Two major steps in the contemporary governments’ performance are put at the top of new governance’s agenda: A) Establishing good governance system and decent government according to new and valuable norms such as general principles of administrative law; B) Guaranteeing and safeguarding citizens’ rights by supervisory mechanisms and also beget a platform for their active play-role in the arena of state affairs management. Hereto, these factors, which are put at the top of government duties’ agenda, provide main citizens’ modern rights in contemporary governance. Due to extreme importance of these citizens’ rights in new administrative procedures, this paper strives to investigate in the most important of these rights, via pondering into the good administration principles, and present them clearly.
Primary question of this paper relies on explanation of citizens’ rights instances which are derived from fundamental parameters and values of good administration. By pondering and investigation on relative books, articles and legal rules in this research, we have received that the most important of these citizens’ rights are as below: right to equality in protection under the law and to enjoyment of opportunities and facilities, right to freedom and customer appreciation, right to proportional, rational, accurate, evaluated government functions, right to enjoyment of on time and quick public services, right to transparent government and freedom of information, right to recognition and respecting to legal expectations and acquired rights, right to accountable government, right to sound state and prohibition of abuse of power, right to smart government adopted to science and technology, right to participation, right to effective and efficient government and right to responsive government.
Please cite this article as: Petoft A, Jamshidi A. Citizens’ Rights in the Light of Modern Administrative Procedures. Bioeth J Q 2016; 6(21): 23-50.

Tourism and the Ethics of Citizenship be considered interdisciplinary sciences Not only requires the application of various fields experimental science, but also But only time will be achieved Sustainable Tourism that also be considered components of applied ethics. The Ethics of Citizenship is also an essential component of the creation of sustainable tourism. This field of research that is considered a subset of applied ethics review and explain any action and reaction of human society and their effect on the human biological factors. Without applying of the Ethics of Citizenship meaningless any kind of endeavors to achieve sustainable tourism. Many concepts of The Ethics of Citizenship and sustainable tourism is associated together, But more than ever before makes two principles of justice and security as a basic framework for sustainable tourism relationship between The Ethics of Citizenship and sustainable tourism. The necessity of this study is that, firstly, Iran is one of the important historical, religious, cultural and medical tourism poles in the region and the world. Secondly today, this industry is considered as an important source of government of income and in this way our country could create a change the approach relative to fossil energies, means the fossil energies towards tourism. The aim of this research emphasis on ethical framework of sustainable tourism by explanation of the concepts of justice and security. Outcome of this research can be mentioned to the role and function of moral obligations in sustainable tourism. The research was conducted in the context of applied ethics and has followed the descriptive and analytical methodology.
Please cite this article as: Shiravand M, Hosseini SS. Review of the Ethics of Citizenship and its Relation to Sustainable Tourism. Bioeth J Q 2016; 6(21): 51-71.

The increasing development of various social and psychological disorders among different segments of society, the need to promote ethics, citizenship, consistent with religious values have doubled. In this regard, the discovery of the foundations of ethics, citizenship and social behavior draws the preferences system. This study aimed to investigate various aspects of "self-control" in the ethics of citizenship based on the teachings of Imam Ali (AS) was performed. In this project an analytical, descriptive, Alevi teachings about the ethics of citizenship with a focus on the issue of "self-control" has been observed. "Self-control" in the process of behavior modification and deletion abnormalities and realize social harmony among citizens and thereby regulate emotional experiences are very important in order to achieve social and business acceptance of mental health. This is achieved through examining the Alawite doctrine that "self-control" in both attitude and behavior shaping Islamic ethics draws citizenship and social education of citizens addressed to the normative approach also emphasized the need to revise the social ethics and different ways, strengthen self-control targets.
Please cite this article as: Mohases M, Motamad Langrodi F. Self-control aspects in Citizenship ethics, Based on the teachings of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). Bioeth J Q 2016; 6(21): 73-88.

Citizenship rights and bioethics have their special theoretical and meditative foundations regarding to their objectives, characteristics and functions that they have been taken into consideration by various fields of sciences including public law, politics, philosophy, ethics and medicine. One of the most important topics in this area is determining the relation between bioethics and Citizenship rights which needs to be investigated and researched more in the latter studies. The purpose of this paper is to expand the cognitive and practical knowledge of the concept of Citizenship rights through determination of the relationship between Citizenship rights and bioethics and explains that the existence of such a relation would lead to the perfection of Citizenship rights. In This paper we try to evaluate the relation between the two concepts with an Analytical and Descriptive method. The outcome would be a transition from a "National citizenchip" with social-political concerns to a "global citizenship" with global biological concerns.
Please cite this article as: Asgharnia M, Beheshti MS. The transition from national citizenship to global citizenship; the relation between Citizenship rights and bioethics. Bioeth J Q 2016; 6(21): 89-110.

Air pollution that began with the discovery of fire and increased by the spread of human communities then gradually emerged as a problem of the communities since the Industrial Revolution, continues to be a major harmful factor to human health and life and the environment. This is despite that the fight against air pollution began, in some cases, hundreds years ago, and in domestic legislation of some countries from nineteenth century and in most countries from the middle of twentieth century.
In the second half of the twentieth century after the publication of results of researches on the effects of air pollution on human health and the environment, countries came to the conclusion that the fight against this problem will be possible only through international cooperation. The result of this consensus was several international conferences and treaties to protect the environment in general or specifically to fight against air pollution.
The next important step in this regard was emergence of the concept of "the right to the environment" as a human right which began with the 1972 Stockholm Declaration. After the adoption of the Declaration, not only some human rights instruments set "the right to the environment" among other human rights and some environmental law instruments expressed the relationship between the environment and human rights, but also judicial and regulatory human rights bodies by giving environmental interpretation to the human rights, recognized "the right to the environment" as a derivative human right. In addition, some judicial and regulatory bodies outside the human rights systems have acknowledged the relationship between environmental protection and human rights. So, now there is not any doubt about "the right to clean air" as a component of "the right to the environment" as an autonomous human right or at least as a derivative human right.
Please cite this article as: Abbasi M, Soudmandi A. Human Rights and the Right to Clean Air. Bioeth J Q 2016; 6(21): 111-134.

The scale for a democratic system in an international community, as written down in the human Rights declaration, is a sign of civilization of a government from one hand and on the other hand is a necessity whose basis is the freedom of countries, but freedom expression, whose apparent type is press freedom, requires creating a desirable atmosphere based on law. But what is the position of rights about press freedom considering the limitation posed for international human rights system? According to the act 19 of the Human Rights, press freedom has been considered as right- freedom in field of human rights as a tool for expressing freedom and clarity of government's cultural and social activities which is a requirement for creating a democratic system and provider of freedom in public. The contract of political-civil rights, entering this issue, wants the governments increase their capabilities about promoting this type of right-freedom in their territories. The present study looks for studying the dimensions of rights over press freedom and related limitations in sight of human right teachings; what are the esteem rights over press freedom in the international human right system? The key question of the author of the present work is this one and also the answer to it. In this essay, emphasizing the human rights declaration as the most important document of international human system, studies the right over press freedom in the international law. Precise knowledge about this right requires development of availability of information to people and protecting it. The aim of the present study is to develop the literature of press rights in the international field of human rights and pay attention to the damages and challenges which they face. In fact, the method used here is aimed at the original goal analyzing several theories in this field that the writers have tried to express the challenges and damages for the international community as opposed to the above, mentioned principle with some scrutiny.
Please cite this article as: Khosravi H, Zamaneh Ghadim N, Bagheri Hamed Y. The Right to Freedom of Press in the Light of the Teachings of Human Rights. Bioeth J Q 2016; 6(21): 135-156.

Citizen's rights are basic human rights that God has created it with his alter ego. One of the most important teachings of human rights, the rights of the accused, guarantee and support throughout the judicial process In light of the provision of legal mechanisms necessary for the support and assistance of counsel in the criminal proceedings. The realization of the rights of the accused in the possibility to benefit from selective lawyers, elected and free of foundations and civil rights deemed fundamental effects. Custodians of transnational criminal policy through a number of binding documents and guidance on global and regional levels, And criminal policy of Iran in the shadow of Fratqnyny regulations, legislation, legislative down The right of access to legal counsel and defendants in support of having it identified and finally to have recognized. Unfortunately, enforcement officials mentioned the many challenges faced, thus, in this study the role and mechanisms for supporting this noble human rights approach, one of the main important factors in protecting citizen's rights and guarantee a fair trial in a criminal case will be discussed.
Please cite this article as: Mahdavipour A, Naghibi SMR. The defendant's right to counsel in criminal justice authorities; manifestation of civil rights. Bioeth J Q 2016; 6(21): 157-176.

Privacy is a prevalent concept but almost unknown meaning that there has not been any exact and comprehensive definition regarding. In article 8 of the European convention of human rights, without any definition on this phrase, the Instances of this privacy have been introduced by the terms of private life, family life, home and correspondence.
The European court of human rights as the convention commentator institution, Meanwhile expanding the instances of home and correspondence has allowed the member states to intervene individuals home and correspondence, on the basis of supporting the society if necessary, based on law and in the event of the determined aims in article 8 of European convention. Although the presented comments and case law of European court in this context shows that in contrast of individuals rights with the interests of society, superiority is marked In favor of the rights of individuals.
In the present article in a descriptive-analytic fashioned way by considering decisions of the European Court of protection of human rights and by the aim of comparing that with Iranian criminal procedure provisions in the privacy of home, correspondence and conversations we reached to conclusion that although the Iranian legislator has tried to show his commitment to respect the rights of individuals, but the ambiguity of some phrases and the broad powers granted to the judicial authority has caused the rights and freedoms of individuals to be in the exposure of danger, In this respect, Requires amendments in the code of Criminal Procedure as the amendment of article 60 in determining sanction for the police abuse, amendment of article 140 by way of expanding night search and amendment of article 144 about determining instances of army forces presence.