فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 28 (تابستان 1397)

Social movements refer to any collective effort that aims at securing certain interests or reaching a goal through an action outside the domain of official institution. These collective behaviors are the response to a special situation or issue. On the other hand, citizenship rights represent a set of citizenship obligations, responsibilities, and requests that address both the society and the government. Among the most important sources that contain and support citizenship rights in the current legislations one can refer to the Constitution; i.e. laws that have been codified by the elites and the regime based on cultural, political and social principles. This essay seeks to study in a descriptive-analytic way the nature of social movements their types and relations with the expansion and formation of citizenship rights. The chief conclusion is that social movements influence the structure of government and in this way they pave the path for establishing new legislations that can ground citizenship rights. The other function of social movement is the enhancement of the political and social consciousness in people that enables them to force the government to fulfill their aspirations

In Holy Quran it has been frequently stipulated that God has created the bounties in the world for mankind and there is a kind of relationship between the created bountie and him. The Creator of the universe and the Lord of all affairs has codified the laws governing the individuals and human societies and obligated man to observe the divine rules and regulations. The rights of every human individual as a citizen have been observed by the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) in his relations with them. Islamic sources particularly those of Shia origin have addressed various aspects of individual citizenship rights in Islamic government in direct and indirect ways. Imam Khomeini was a seasoned expert in Islamic studies and his various political and social ideas were basically grounded in his interpretation of the Islamic resources. He revealed various perspectives concerning the strategic patterns of Islamic Republic of Iran as well as the necessity of better and further explanation of the Islamic and Shia sources. The first human right is the right to selfhood and knowledge of one's true place as the noblest creature on the planet that is assayed by the current essay in the light of the verses of Holy Quran, words of divine saints and the knowledge of the property rights of individuals. Then, to this end, the present study using a library based research method, documented studies deals with the individual citizenship rights in Islamic Republic of Iran based on the words of Imam Khomeini.

The rule of law is considered as the basic and primary basis for the provision of citizenship rights and its implementation. Additionally, it should be acknowledged that the rule of law is used as a legal principle in order to moderate the power of the rulers and their accountability to the citizens. For this reason, we need a comprehensive and independent review that could provide the basis for the impact of the rule of law in the provision of citizenship rights. In this regard, this article seeks to answer the question of how to ensure that the rule of law enshrines citizenship rights by the legislature and the ruling class, which seems to suggest that the proper law and the belief of citizens in its implementation can serve as a tool for the rule of law. To secure citizenship rights. In this article, we have used an analytical and descriptive method to compile and write it, which is in line with the purpose of this research, which is to discover the relationship between civil rights and the rule of law

The theory of resistance economy is one of the most important theories that have been offered in the domain of economy. Many commentators believe that this theory is not merely of economic aspects in crisis conditions rather it not only pays attention to the principles of resistance, dignity, collective interests, Jihad, equality and economic justice and observation of the social rights of minorities and two important principles of dignity and justice it also provides the ground for realization of the citizenship rights. This significant issue has been assayed in the current article from the point of view of the jurisprudential aspects in the charter of citizenship rights, constitution and institutional and official documents of the country. Since citizenship rights are the bedrock of resistance economy and provides the ground for realization of economic justice in the society informing people and teaching them their citizenship rights provides the required grounds for the realization of goals of resistance economy and improvement of the business environment, because the requirements of the realization of resistance economy will be provided by the fulfillment of the citizenship rights. Therefore, we need correct implementation of laws in the light of Islamic culture and principles as well as successful experiences of indigenization around the world via national will and mutual understanding of the government, parliament and people. Then, before turning to the central problem of this article we need to explain the concepts of economic justice, resistance economy, and citizenship rights. The current study has been conducted based on library based and documented research and seeks to assay the policies of resistance economy in order to cast light on the interconnectedness of these policies and its relation with the domain of citizenship rights towards the realization of economic justice and distribution justice, creation of welfare and dynamicity based on production and employment.

Educating responsible and conscious is one of the most important and basic objectives of any education systems in countries. Every country has task to preparing citizens entering to social, economic, political and cultural life. This study is investigating importance rate of citizenship education components including knowledge, attitude and skill in social study books of 3, 4, 5 and 6 grades of elementary school. We apply Shannon’s entropy method in this research that include three phase. The whole sample (text, picture and activity) was studied. Results indicated that attention to component of citizenship skill with 183 frequencies is more than other components. Citizenship attitude is the next with 170 frequencies and citizenship knowledge is the last with 127 frequencies. Choice Ability and decision making have more important among citizenship rights component.

Islamic school has codified the citizenship rights based on transcendent vision of man. The goal of this essay is providing an answer for the following question: what is the role of the principles of Islamic politics in the explanation of citizenship rights? In the current research the latter issue is assayed through a descriptive and analytic approach. The rule of divine law; two-sidedness of man and the citizenship rights; human dignity and the citizenship rights; divine caliphate of man and the citizenship rights are among the findings of this study. Among the results of this research one can refer to the fact that Islamic religion is consistent with politics and law. Islam takes human spiritual aspect to be the major aspect of his existence while his corporeal aspect is considered as the ancillary to the former aspect and the basis that provides the ground for all human individuals to reach prosperity in this world and the otherworld. Human affairs are handled by God and the sovereignty is also based on His Will because by consciousness of this fact in policy making, codification of laws and legislation of judgments, citizenship rights and his true material and spiritual interests are observed and the grounds required for the fulfillment of the proper citizenship rights as well as the institutionalization of ethics, religious and human values in individuals and society are highlighted.

The marginalization of the outcomes of disparate development in the urbanization system. In the process of expanding cities, in recent decades, many villages and towns have been merged into cities. Yazd city has not been the exception and has included the margin of all areas of Yazd city. Since the effects of inequality in the neighborhoods of Yazd city have been reflected in the use of space in the use of urban landscapes. Therefore, when marginalized people saw unequal distribution of urban resources and rights unfair, they saw themselves unable to recover from the socio-economic situation. Therefore, in this article, we are going to examine the factors affecting the erosion and the relationship between the use of services and citizen rights by marginalization and crime. According to the dispersion coefficient of utilities and urban services in marginal neighborhoods (188.9) and non marginal neighborhoods (14.49), it is concluded that educational, health, cultural, commercial, sports, Green space is considered as one of the factors affecting marginalization. Based on ranking models of settlements, the degree of development in 41 neighborhoods of Yazd has shown a significant difference. Also, the correlation coefficient between non-development and marginalization is valid 035/0. According to linear regression, there was a significant relationship between marginalization and unfair distribution of services and lack of development. Moreover, the results of the cluster model suggest that other factors have been implicated in the marginalization of a neighborhood, other than the lack of services and utilities. The findings of this section of the study are in line with the urban ecosystem perspective. Regarding the damage and social crime of marginalization, according to a sample of 282 residents of the marginal areas of Yazd, it has been found that relatively low unemployed people have committed social crimes. Also, the results showed no significant relationship between immigration and committing social crimes. The results of this study were consistent with theories of social stratification. The marginalization problem is a result of inattention and inadmissibility of citizenship rights. The definition of Yazd margin residents as the second degree citizens is contrary to the principles of the Constitution and the Charter of Civil Rights. Therefore, the government should pay more attention to providing services for Marginalization, to nobody be considered as marginalized or resident in informal settlements

Given the role of rule of law in implantation of civil rights in different aspects of social life, this research would study pros and cons of mandatory military service. This paper adopts an analytical interpretative approach to the functional system of law. It is looking after a brief notation on the theory of rule of law, seeking to answer the questions as to what the legitimacy of Iran's system of conscription and strengths and weaknesses of this system compared to the culture of rule of law in Iran are. Findings: Inclusive nature of mandatory military service which covers all sons is an effective element in penetration of rule of law. Equal treatments whit all Iranian young man, regardless of their ethnic origins, social background, education and etc… has a constructive role in deeping the idea of citizen’s equality under the law. Should bear in mind some wrong procedures can lead to violation of civil rights of soldier. The complete implementation of law, emphasizing on this fact that soldier is a citizen along with education of rights and responsibilities, especially the constitution will to consolidation of soldier’s civil rights and the rights in society in general.

Upon the emergence of societies, the first relationship that humans needed to establish between themselves was transaction. As time went by transaction turned to one the most vital branches of human basic needs and grounded what we know today as economy. With the development of people's intellectual level economy evolved to more complicated form until numerous theories were offered in order to enhance its level of quality. One of the principles that have been emphasized in recent years is the necessity of transparent and competitive economic system. The article 44 of the constitution, according to Supreme Leader, can be a basis for resistance economy as one of the strategies of foundation of a transparent and competitive economy. Meanwhile one of the most fundamental principles that have been stipulated in the citizenship rights notified by President Rouhani is the principle of support of competitive and transparent economy. This system is influential in the creation of a healthy economy and can serve as a strategy for the realization of the vital principle of resistance economy and citizenship rights. The current essay seeks to see whether jurisprudence can provide strategies and reasons for this task and it seems that jurisprudential principles can offer a correct basis for better implementation of this principle. This study has been conducted based on document analysis and library researches.