فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 29 (پاییز 1397)

Regarding the effect of ethical leadership style on employee involvement, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between ethical leadership and job engagement by mediating role of leader-member interaction. This study descriptive-correlational research with structural equation model was done on 162 teachers of secondary schools in District 2 of Zahedan City. The sample size was estimated based on the Cochran formula and stratified-random sampling method was done. For collecting data, standard questionnaires of ethical leadership, Job involvement and leader-member interaction were used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation model were used with application of SPSS 21 and Lisrel softwares. There was a significant correlation between ethical leadership and job involvement, ethical leadership with leader-member interaction, and interaction of leader-member with job involvement was significantly correlated (p<0.01). The direct effect of ethical leadership on job involvement was not significant (β=0.19, t=1.54). The direct effect of ethical leadership on the leader-member interaction (β=0.44, t=2.69) and direct effect of the leader-member interaction on job involvement (β=0.24, t=2.13) was significant. The indirect effect of ethical leadership on job involvement with the mediating role of leader-member interaction (β=105.53) was also significant. Applying the ethical leadership style can provide a basis for improving the leader-member interactions and consequently, increasing employee engagement. It is suggested that ethical managers observe moral norms and virtues such as honesty, fairness, commitment and responsibility in interaction with employees.

Nowadays, the term Excellence is increasingly used in management literature for continuous improvement of business. This study aimed to determine the impact of employees' moral values and social responsibility on the human resource excellence (HRE). This descriptive-correlation study was conducted on 170 employees of Ilam University in 2018. The sample size was estimated using Krejcie & Morgan table and a simple random sampling was performed. Data were collected using standard questionnaires of social responsibility, moral values and excellence of organizational resources. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling by Spss and Liserl Softwares. The highest mean score was for human resource excellence (1.46±4.04) and the lowest mean score was for economic responsibility (2.25±3.59). Among the components of organization’s social responsibility, the highest average was related to the altruistic responsibility dimension (1.01±4.91), and the lowest was related to the economic liability dimension (3.59±2.21). Moral values and social responsibility of the employees had a significant impact on the excellence of human resources. Also, the dimensions of legal, economic, moral and altruistic responsibility had respectively the highest correlation with HRE (P≤0.05). Significant impact of the mediating role of social responsibility in relationship between moral values and HRE was observed (p=0.001). The findings showed that moral values affect the HRE through developing the scope of social responsibility in the organization. Thus, promotion and institutionalization of moral values in the organization is recommended.

Nurses constitute the largest group of health care workers. In this regard, paying attention to their competencies, which guarantee the quality of services, is of particular importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe and interpret the experiences of nurses in the field of their moral and clinical competencies. The present study is a qualitative research with phenomenological approach. In this regard, after porposful sampling, semi-structured indepth interviews with 18 nurses were conducted, in 2018. Lincoln and Guba criteria were used to obtain data validity. The data were analyzed by coding in three open, axial and selected levels. Nurses competencies described in 3 dimensions, 9 themes and 22 sub-themes including ethical dimension (relationship with the patient, social principles, religious and professional commitment); individual dimension (personality traits, motivation and perceptual ability); specialized dimension (scientific knowledge and specialized skills). Based on the results, nurses competencies can be described into three dimensions: individual, ethical and specialized. Therefore, management and educational planning to improve the moral and professional compitencies of the nurses in accordance with the code of nursing ethics is recommended in order to institutionalize these competencies.

The analysis of patient autonomy and the discovery of its constructive elements in the relationship between physician and patient are of special importance. The purpose of this study is to explain the role of patient autonomy as the main component of informed consent. In this analytical study, books and published articles were purposefully searched and analyzed and then the role of patient autonomy in informed consent was discussed. The most important action that a physician should take to respect for patient autonomy is providing information to him or her about the nature of the disease and related therapeutic interventions. The researchers have interpreted this important step in the "disclosure of information" by the physician and "understanding" by the patient; it seems that in this regard, attention and emphasis on two is important: first, when we talk about the physician and patient relationship, it means the treatment team which physician is head of it; secondly, understanding of the patient's mind and conditions in which he or she lives has a special importance for autonomous choice. The basic principle in order to understanding the conditions and psychic world of the patient is physician’s empathy with the patient, to provide the appropriate and adequate information and help him or her choose consciously and freely.

Moral intelligence is one of the important and influential variables in many psychological characteristics, including psychological well-being. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of educating moral intelligence on psychological well-being of the students of secondary schools in Baghemalek, Iran city. This study is a semi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test design, which was done on the students of secondary schools of Baghemalek city in the academic year of 2017-18. The Riff’s psychological well-being questionnaire was used for data collection. After randomized selection of two secondary schools, pre-test was done using Riff’s psychological well-being questionnaire. Among those who acquired lower score than average, 60 students were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received eight sessions group education of moral intelligence. After post-test, data were analyzed by independent t-test using SPSS 22 software. Independent t-test did not show significant difference between the mean score of psychological well-being of the intervention (202.4±24.19) and control (205.85±26.33) groups (t=1.60, p>0.05), in the pre-test phase. After educational intervention, the mean difference of psychological well-being in intervention group was significantly more than control group (P≤0.01). According to the findings and considering the need of society to healthy, productive and healthy people, it is recommended to educate students on moral intelligence.

Over the past decade, the production of transgenic grains has attracted global attention through biotechnology. This study aimed to analyze the ethical and legal aspects of the crops engineering from the view of civil liability in common law. In this analytical study, published articles on the ethical and legal issues of transgenic crops were purposefully searched and reviewed, and then the arguments of advocates and opponents were analyzed in terms of civil liability in common law. Despite the burdens that genetic engineering of food products, genetic modification of crops could result in the production of high-quality types in comparison with traditional farming, increasing public availability, reducing the use of pesticides, reducing soil degradation and protecting living creatures within it. Therefore, the use of transgenic crops must be based on the balance of its benefits and burdens. One way to go out of this dichotomy is respecting the right of consumers to choose through labeling. Civil liability is a well-known course of compensation, but it cannot compensate all aspects related to this area; the legal claim in this regard is very costly and the result is doubtful. In addition, all subjects covered by the responsibility for genetic contamination and its effects are not defined in the law. The numerous ethical and legal challenges of the crops engineering and the creation of unwanted responsibilities for both the owners of these products and the traditional farmers, call for a quick legislative intervention in this area.

Moralities is an important factor in the regulation of human relationships. On the other hand, commitment is a psychological state that determines the relationship between individuals and their organization, and causes the emotional attachment of the employee to the organization. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of work ethics in organizational commitment of nurses working in Shahid Modarres Hospital of Saveh city, Iran. This research is a descriptive-correlative study which conducted on 196 nurses working in Shahid Modarres Hospital of Saveh city, Iran, in 2018. Sampling was done by simple random method. For collecting data, standard questionnaires of professional ethics and organizational commitment were used. Regression and structural equation model were used to analyze the data through SPSS and AMOS soft wares. Findings indicate that professional ethics has a positive and significant relationship with organizational commitment of nurses (B=0.706). Using regression analysis, a positive correlation was seen between professional ethics and the components of organizational commitment (emotional commitment: β=0.368, continuous commitment: β=0.489, and normative commitment: β=0.543). According to the results, it can be claimed that managers should consider increase of the organizational commitment of nurses by improving the work ethics and their components.

Regarding the importance of improving the mental health of women injured by spouse's betrayal, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment (ACT) and mindfulness techniques on forgiving, emotional regulation and marital intimacy in women injured with Infidelity. The statistical population of this quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design were women who injured with Infidelity referring to counseling centers of District 6 of Tehran, Iran in 2017. Among them, the women who were willing to participate in the study were selected in convenience and then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 persons in each group). The research tools were Rye’s Forgiveness Questionnaire (1998), Gross & John's Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2003) and Thompson & Walker's Intimacy Inventory (1983). Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 23. Forgiveness, emotion regulation and intimacy in married women suffering from extramarital relationships, after intervention, in both groups based on mind-awareness and group therapy based on acceptance and commitment, had a positive and significant increase in comparison with control group (P>0/01). Although these variables had not significant different between the two treatment groups after the intervention (P>0.05). In order to improving the mental health of the women injured by infidelity, it is recommended to family counselors and therapists to train the skills of forgiveness, emotion regulation and intimacy to their clients.