International Journal of Enteric Pathogens
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Aug 2016

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are major causes of diarrhea in the world particularly among infants and young children.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of DEC strains in stool samples from children under 5 years old.
Patients and Stool specimens were collected from 200 children under 5 years visiting hospital due to gastroenteritis. E. coli pathotypes were detected by using conventional culture techniques and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Sixty-eight (34%) out of 200 specimens were positive for DEC. Different pathotypes would show the following profiles: 43 (21.5%) for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC); 18 (9%) for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) including 10 (55.5%) st positive, 6 (33.3%) lt positive and 2 (11.1%) st and lt both positive; 6 (3%) for enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) and 1 (0.5%) for enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) was not isolated from any of the E. coli strains tested.
This study shows that DEC is a common cause of childhood diarrhea in Babol. EPEC and ETEC were the most frequent pathotypes in the population under study.

Anaerobic bacterial infections, especially enterotoxemia, are common ruminant disorders.
The purpose of this study was to identify the toxigenic isolates of Clostridium perfringens in the ruminants of Yazd province.
In total, 485 fecal and intestinal samples were obtained and analyzed for typing C. perfringens toxovars by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Only 179 bacterial strains passed the biochemical tests and 87 C. perfringens strains were confirmed by multiplex PCR.
Interestingly, the predominant C. perfringens toxovar was type A (89.7%), while type D (9.2%) was also identified as a pathogen in the ruminants of Yazd province.
Detection of toxigenic C. perfringens isolates with multiplex PCR was performed for the first time in this field. The multiplex PCR used in this study provides a useful and reliable tool for C. perfringens genotyping in routine veterinary diagnostics,a nd epidemiological studies of the prevalent types of C. perfringens in Iran are possible by this technique. Genotyping of C. perfringens is recommended before starting vaccination programs.

Clostridium perfringens causes necrotic enteritis (NE) and NetB is a critical pore-forming toxin in the development of this disease in chickens.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of C. perfringens in organic broiler farms and to assess the presence of netB gene among isolates and its occurrence with respect to NE disease.
A total of 103 intestinal samples (from eight farms clinically suspected to NE) were collected and evaluated by biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Genotyping results showed the prevalence of 43.69% (n = 45) for C. perfringens. All isolates belonged to type A, and other toxinotypes of bacterium were not detected. Eight isolates (17.78%) from four farms were positive for netB gene. The present study represented the prevalence of the netB gene for the first time in organic broiler farms.
The results indicate that the role of netB in the induction of NE needs to be further investigated, to clarify the role of C. perfringens as commensal or pathogenic and to authorize a much better correlation between gene expression of netB toxin and the pathogenic capacity of C. perfringens strains from organic systems.

Some herbs such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris) are rich in flavonoids, act as antioxidants, and may improve the immune function.
This study was performed to investigate the effects of Antibiofin® (mostly including Thymus vulgaris) in drinking water on immune response against avian influenza (AI) subtype H9N2 vaccine of broiler chickens.
One hundred eighty one-day-old broiler chickens were purchased and divided into 4 equal groups. Chickens of groups A and B received 0.1% and 0.2% Antibiofin® respectively in their drinking water. Chickens of group C did not receive Antibiofin® but were vaccinated against AI. Chickens of group D were not vaccinated against influenza disease and did not receive Antibiofin®. All groups except group D were vaccinated with AIND killed. Blood samples were collected before vaccination as well as after vaccination on days 14, 21 and 28, and antibody titer against influenza disease vaccine was determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.
The results of this study showed that receiving Antibiofin® at 0.1% and 0.2% concentrations, 14 and 28 days after vaccination, could increase the specific antibody titer against avian influenza subtype H9N2 vaccine compared to the control group.
Antibiofin® enhanced the systemic antibody response against avian influenza subtype H9N2 vaccine in broiler chickens

Campylobacter, a well-known enteropathogen among children shows variable clinical presentations. Age groups and seasonal distribution is dependent on geographical position.
To explore clinical manifestations and seasonal variation of Campylobacter infection and to study its importance as enteric pathogen among children.
Patients and Two hundred five children (≤12 years age) having acute diarrhea as cases and 100 children without from diarrhea were taken as control. All the fecal samples were processed for Campylobacter species by culture on to modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar and Skirrow’s Columbia blood agar media. Detection of Campylobacter specific antigen in faecal samples was also done by enzyme-immuno assay.
A total of 32 (15.61%) faecal samples of children with diarrhea had positive results for Campylobacter spp. Among them 31.25% cases had polymicrobial infections. Children below 1 year were most commonly (18.96%) affected by the infection. The organism was isolated throughout the year with a higher isolation rates during summer and monsoon months. Watery diarrhea was significantly more common in the Campylobacter infected cases.
Application of antigen assay increases detection rate of Campylobacter enteritis cases, which was significantly higher than the control group (P

Staphylococcus aureus and Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) are significant foodborne pathogens worldwide. While S. aureus can cause mild superficial skin infections or life-threatening bacteremia and endocarditis, as well as toxininduced cases such as toxic shock syndrome; E. coli O157:H7 can cause symptoms from mild diarrhea to severe hemorrhagic colitis (HC), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
The objectives of this study were to find out the prevalence and seasonal distribution of S. aureus in 214 frozen raw meat (turkey, chicken and beef) and the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in 70 raw beef with the characterization of the E. coli O157:H7 isolate by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
For the detection of S. aureus, a total of 214 frozen raw meat samples including 74 turkey meat, 70 chicken meat and 70 beef cuts (approximately 2 × 3 cm cubic parts); and for the detection of E. coli O157:H7, a total of 70 frozen raw beef samples that all were produced from national companies and consumed in Ağrı, Turkey were analyzed.
Out of 214 meat samples, 25.7 % (18/70) of the beef, 11.4 % (8/74) of the chicken meat, and 5.4 % (4/70) of the turkey meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Out of 70 frozen raw beef samples, only 1 (1.4%) was identified as both Shiga toxin 1 and 2producing E. coli O157:H7 by the detection of stx1, stx2, eaeA, hly, and fliCh7 according to multiplex PCR analysis.
Our findings demonstrate that occurrence frequency of S. aureus was higher in frozen raw beef than in raw chicken and turkey meat samples. Although the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was low in beef, the presence of virulence genes, especially toxin genesrema in a significant public health concern.

The main causes of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in developing countries differ from developed countries. In developing countries, approximately onefourth of cancer cases are caused by infectious agents. In terms of infectious etiology of esophageal cancer, Helicobacter pylori has been among the most widely investigated, but its role in etiology of ESCC remains unclear.
The present study aimed to investigate the presence of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of ESCC.
In total, 277 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded esophageal samples (177 with ESCC, and 107 without esophageal malignancy) were examined for H. pylori infection. After removing of paraffin from tissue samples, DNA was extracted and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to investigate the presence of H. pylori.
H. pylori was not detected in any of the cancerous and non-cancerous esophageal sample.
In the present study, there was no association between H. pylori and ESCC.