فهرست مطالب

Enteric Pathogens - Volume:4 Issue: 4, 2016 Nov

International Journal of Enteric Pathogens
Volume:4 Issue: 4, 2016 Nov

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/11/30
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • Mohammad Mahdi Ahmadian, Attari, Mohsen Amini, Hassan Farsam, Gholamreza Amin, Mohammad Reza Fazeli, Hamid Reza Monsef Esfahani, Hossein Jamalifar, Amir Bairami* Page 1
    Background
    Infectious diseases are still one of the main causes of death according to the World Health Organization (WHO) reports. Plants due to their biochemical metabolites have been considered as one of the important sources for investigation in this field. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological researches are considered effective in developing new anti-infectives. Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) has been used as an anti-infective agent by ancient Iranian medical sages.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to isolate bioactive agents of sumac epicarp with probable antibacterial activity.
    Materials And Methods
    Grounded epicarp of sumac fruit was fractionated with different solvents. The fractions were dried and subjected to antibacterial investigation. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest antibacterial activity. This fraction was further investigated through TLC-bioautography which led to the isolation of two crystallized compounds. The structure of these compounds (1 and 2) was identified using spectroscopic techniques. Isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial activities.
    Results
    Compound 1 which was named 1,2-dioxo-6-hydroxycyclohexadiene-4-carboxilic acid was isolated from R. coriaria L. for the first time. It showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 0.02%). Compound 2 which was identified as gallic acid showed weak antibacterial effects on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (MIC > 0.1%).
    Conclusion
    This is the first report about the chemical structures of antibacterial constituents of R. coriaria L. Previous studies have shown anti-methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) activity of sumac total extract. Compound 1 as the most effective anti-S. aureus component of sumac extract would be responsible for this activity and could be the subject matter for future investigations.
    Keywords: Rhus coriaria L, Sumac, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Chemical Fractionation, NMR
  • Piyumali Sandareka Arachchi, Chinthika Prabhashinie Gunasekara*, Manjula Manoji Weerasekera, Nushka Lahiri Ubhayawardana, Deepaka Weerasekera, Kamani Samarasinghe, Bimalka Seneviratne*, Neluka Fernando Page 2
    Background
    Helicobacter pylori has been identified as a group I carcinogenic bacteria that infect the gastric mucosa leading to gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, lymphoma and gastric cancer. Pathogenesis of H. pylori depends on the virulence of the strain, host immune response and modulating factors like smoking and diet.
    Objective
    This study aimed to assess the association of selected HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) alleles; HLA-DQA1*0102, HLA-DQA1*0103 and HLA-DQB1*0301, with the presence of H. pylori infection and disease severity among dyspeptic patients.
    Methods
    Gastric tissue samples from 100 dyspeptic patients, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at a tertiary care hospital, were collected. Presence of HLA alleles was confirmed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). H. pylori infection was determined using PCR and Histology. The histological interpretation was done according to the ‘Sydney classification’. Statistical analysis was done with the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 22; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA).
    Results
    Respective percentages of HLA-DQA1*0102, HLA-DQA1*0103 and HLA-DQB1*0301 were 39%, 31% and 20%. Of the 25 samples positive for H. pylori infection respectively 56% (14/25), 36% (9/25) and 12% (3/25) were positive for HLA-DQA1*0102, HLA-DQA1*0103 and HLA-DQB1*0301 alleles. Considering the association with H. pylori infection, only HLA-DQA1*0102 showed significant association (p=0.044). No significant association was found between the HLA alleles and the histological severity among the H. pylori infected patients.
    Conclusion
    In conclusion, HLA-DQA1*0102 allele has a significant association with H. pylori infection while HLA-DQA1*0103 and HLA-DQB1*0301 shows no significant association in a Sri Lankan dyspeptic patient population.
    Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, Polymerase chain reaction, Sri Lanka
  • Sholeh Saeb, Mansour Amin*, Reza Seyfi Gooybari, Nasrin Aghel Page 3
    Background
    Microorganisms resistant to most antibiotics are rapidly spreading, and there is an urgent and continuous need for novel antimicrobial compounds. The genus Citrus belongs to the family Rutaceae has many biologically active secondary metabolites.
    Objectives
    The purpose of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of essential oil and extract of Lemon (Citrus limon), Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and Pummelo (Citrus grandis) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi.
    Materials And Methods
    The fresh Citrus leaves were shade-dried and powdered. Antimicrobial metabolites were extracted from them by 80% methanol for extract and using a Clevenger-type apparatus for essential oil. Eight different concentrations of the each leaf extract and essential oil were prepared. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay of Citrus leaves metabolites were subjected against four bacterial strains by agar disc diffusion and E-test method.
    Results
    In this study, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of different Citrus leaf extracts were determined against all four food-borne pathogens. The C. grandis leaf essential oil had potent antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens, and the C. limon leaf essential oil was effective on Gram-positive bacteria. S. typhi was resistant against two leaves essential oils.
    Conclusions
    The results showed that there was no antimicrobial activity effect in all extracts on tested bacteria. In this study, the antibacterial effect of essential oil of Citrus leaves on four strains of pathogenic microorganisms was confirmed. The C. grandis leaf essential oil had the most powerful antimicrobial properties, suggesting its potential application as natural preservative in foods or an effective medicine against different pathogenic microbes.
    Keywords: Antibacterial activity, E test, Citrus grandis, Citrus reticulata, Citrus limon, Extract, Essential oil, pathogen bacteria
  • Marjan Rahnami Farzami, Massoud Hajia*, Alireza Dolatyar, Mohsen Imani, Roghieh Saburian, Mohammad Rahbar Page 4
    Objective
    Cholera is endemic in Iran and each year we are facing with some outbreaks throughout the country. The objective of this study was to analyze the isolated cholera strains at outbreak 2013 for studying the their similarity and compare their homology in order to find out the route of infection either emerge from abroad or reemerge from inside native strains.
    Methods
    All diagnosed V. cholerae isolates were entered to the study after re identification at referral laboratory of Health Ministry based on standard procedures. These specimens were examined for specific serogroups by O1 polyvalent and Ogawa/Inaba monospecific antisera and tested by MIC Test Strip Method against Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic Acid, Cefixime, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethaxazone, and Erythromycin.
    Results
    A total of 257 clinical Vibrio cholerae was isolated in an outbreak of Iran at 2013. The dominant causative type was Inaba. Vibrio cholerae was reported and isolated from 12 provinces, while 81.71% of cases from two southeast provinces. The outbreaks started from August and lasted in November. In Antibiotic susceptibility test isolates were 100% resistant to Nalidixic acid, Tetracycline and SXT while all were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Cefixime and Ampicillin. However, 23% of strains were sensitive to Erythromycin and all were isolated at the first two weeks of outbreak either from Iranian citizen or foreign travelers. Homology of isolates was investigated through genotyping by PFGE method and their clonality was compared with previous isolated Iranian native strain. Overall 92% of analyzed strains showed a homolog pattern. These strains were located in 8 clusters. Although isolated strains at 2011 had 80 % homology with recent isolates, located in complete distinct cluster than all strains isolated at 2013. PFGE analysis revealed no dissimilarity between those stains resistant and sensitive to Erythromycin.
    Conclusion
    This study confirmed that isolated Inaba strains at 2013 had different clonality pattern in PFGE than previously identified, suggested have foreign route from the neighboring countries
    Keywords: Vibrio cholera, Outbreak, PFGE
  • Zahedeh Naderi*, Reza Ghanbarpour, Masoud Sami Page 5
    Background
    Antimicrobial resistance is one of the main challenges in diarrheal diseases in human and animals. Regardless to the main reason of the disease, approximately all antimicrobial actions including treatment, control and prevention are mostly centralized against Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains.
    Objectives
    This work purposed to antimicrobial resistance (AR) and determinate virulence genes and phylogenetic groups in E. coli isolates (n=170) obtained from calves with diarrhea.
    Materials And Methods
    Isolates were molecular characterized for 17 AR genes and 3 phylogenetic sequences. AR phenotyping were performed on all strains for 12 antimicrobial agents by using disc diffusion method.
    Results
    All AR genes but qnrS were identified with different prevalence in E. coli isolates that the most common genes were aadA (20%), blaTEM (11.7%) and sulII (11.2 %) belonging to aminoglycoside, β-lactamase and sulphonamide families, respectively. Resistance to the penicillin and sulphamethoxazole drugs was found in 100% of isolates and followed by tetracycline (73.5%), streptomycin (60%), trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole (56.5%) and kanamycin (53.5%). The phylogenetic groups A and B1 considerably surrounded the majority of isolates with the frequency of 65.8% and 30.6%, respectively.
    Conclusions
    In Iran, diarrheic calves have an important role as reservoir of resistant E. coli strains against the some drugs which are registered for treatment of calf diarrhea.
    Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, diarrhea, calves, Escherichia coli, phylogenetic
  • Yahya Tahamtan*, Fatemeh Golestan, Elham Moazamian Page 6
    Background. Colicin produce by colicinogenic E. coli (CEC) arenarrow limited spectrum antimicrobial agents that are able to kill or prevent close related strains.
    Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluation effect of Colicin to induce immunized mice to prevent infection caused by E. coliK99.
    Patient and Methods. The experiment was conducted into two mice groups (30 in each group) with two weeks old. All mice were administered by streptomycin sulfate prior to treatment to eliminate resident E. coli. Group one was orally inoculated with PBS as control and the second was immunized by Colicin solution as immunize group. Both control and immunized group were challenged by 3 LD 50 of E. coli K99 and follow a week.
    Results. Immunized mice group were not showed severe clinical signs. While diarrhea with different sings of colibaccillosis was established in control group and infected mice was died.
    Conclusion. Overuse antibiotics developed serious new types of multi drug resistance in human medicine and therefore has limited their use in farm animals. The study indicates the use of Colicin and biotherapy instead of antibiotic is more safe and efficient for control of E. coliK99 infection. Immunized mice by Colicin solution protected E. coli K99 colonization and reduce fecal shedding. Investigation in livestock for applying Colicin in farm animal is recommended.
    Keywords: Immunize mice, Colicin, colibacillosis
  • Forough Talazadeh*, Mansoor Mayahi, Katayoon Nofouzi, Ebrahim Golzari, Rahil Chegini Page 7
    Background
    In poultry production, improving immunity is very important to prevent infectious diseases. One solution to improve the immunity of animals and to decrease their susceptibility to infectious disease is administration of immunostimulants. Surveys have indicated that some bacteria can work as immunomodulators such as Mycobacterium vaccae and can promote Th1-mediated mechanisms, and switch off pre-existing Th2 preponderance (1).
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Tsukamurella inchonensis bacterin on the immune response against Influenza and Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler chickens .
    Materials And Methods
    A total of 170 day-old broiler chicks were purchased and divided randomly into 5 equal groups. Chickens of group A received 106 bacterin subcutaneously on two days before vaccination against Newcastle disease and avian influenza. Chickens of group B received 106 bacterin subcutaneously on six days after the first injection of bacterin. Chickens of group C received 106bacterin subcutaneously on six days after the second injection of bacterin. Chickens of group D, vaccinated against Newcastle disease and avian influenza but did not receive bacterin. Chickens of group E, did not vaccinate against Newcastle disease and avian influenza and did not receive bacterin. All groups except group E, were vaccinated with live Newcastle vaccine and AI-ND killed vaccine (subtype H9N2). Blood samples were collected and antibody titer against Newcastle disease vaccine and avian influenza vaccine was determined by HI test.
    Results
    The results of present study showed that receiving of Tsukamurella inchonensis bacterin for 3 times, significantly increased the specific antibody response to avian influenza subtype H9N2 vaccine. Also about Newcastle vaccine, significantly increased the specific antibody response to Newcastle vaccine at 21 and 28 days after vaccination.
    Conclusions
    Receiving of Tsukamurella inchonensis bacterin can enhance immune response against NDV and AIV.
    Keywords: Avian Influenza Virus (AIV), Tsukamurella inchonensis bacterin, immune, response, Newcastle disease virus, broiler chickens
  • Mansoor Mayahi, Forough Talazadeh*, Mahya Abdolshah Page 8
    Background
    Immune responses are crucial for optimal health and can be affected by several factors including host genetics. The increasing need for chicken meat has provoked producers to try to optimize breeding through genetic methods. We expect that new broiler lines have shorter breeding period and grow fast, be resistant to disease, be robust (characterized by a high level of utilization of nutrients and a good metabolism), have a high viability rate, powerful skeleton, have high flexible capacity and show consistent growth. Unluckily, genetic advancement has also led to several negative influences. So, in broiler chickens, changes are now found which not happened before or were relatively unusual. These changes involve: pulmonary hypertension syndrome, limb disease ,sudden death syndrome, abnormal bone growth, subclinical diseases such as Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens, immunosuppression and sensitivity of chickens to mycotoxin intoxication.
    Objectives
    The recent study was performed to examine the effects of genetic strain of broiler chickens on immune response against Newcastle disease vaccine. So three genetic strains of broiler chickens including Ross 308, Cobb 500, and Hubbard F15 were investigated in this study.
    Materials And Methods
    36ooo one-day-old broiler chicks Hubbard F15, Cobb-500 and Ross308, were divided into 3 equal groups with 2 replicates and 6000 birds per replicate. The birds were reared under similar conditions from one-day-old to 49 days of age. All groups were vaccinated against Newcastle disease. Blood samples were collected before vaccination and on 7, 17, 27, 35, 42, 48 days and antibody titer against Newcastle disease vaccine was determined by HI test.
    Results
    The Cobb 500 and Hubbard stains respectively had the highest and the lowest immune response against Newcastle diseases vaccine. Ross 308 had second status among strains.
    Conclusions
    On the basis of present study Cobb 500 and Ross308 chickens had better immune response against Newcastle diseases vaccine and recommended for rearing respectively.
    Keywords: genetic strain, Ross 308, Cobb 500, Hubbard F15, Newcastle disease, immune response
  • Aliehsan Heidari, Enayatollah Kalantar*, Parviz Fallah, Mohammad Hossein Dehghan, Sadegh Saedi, Moniereh Sezavar, Morteza Ghoghaee Page 9
    Taeniasaginata can cause severe health and economic problems particularly in endemic areas. The disease cause by this cestode is related to poor sanitary conditions, inadequate hygiene, open defecation, inadequately cooked beef and poverty.
    A 35 years man found yellowish white tapeworm proglottids moving in his feces and consulted to the Department of Emergency, ShahidRajaei hospital, Karaj, Iran. He complained of lower abdominal discomfort, anal itching and moving something in the stomach. He was given wrong prescription. The patients had the history of eating undercooked beef.
    We report one case of T. saginata infection based on adult tapeworm recovery from the patients. The specific identification of the worm was based on based on standard procedures. Three months after expelling the tapeworm, the man felt better and returned to his normal life.
    Keywords: Taenia saginata, Beef, parasitic infection