فهرست مطالب

Journal of Nuts
Volume:2 Issue: 3, Summer 2011

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1391/02/13
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • H.R.Kabirian, H. Afshari, M. Mohammadi Moghadam, H. Hokmabadi Pages 1-6
    In order to evaluate pistachio contamination to Aspergillus flavus in Semnan province; samples of pistachio kernels were collected from the last processing pistachio stage in traditional and semi-mechanized processing plants in 2010. They were examined for the presence A. flavus fungi. The samples were cultured on AFPA media. All plate were incubated for 3 to 7 days. At the end of incubation period, the plate were evaluated and isolates of A. flavus were identified and relative density of them were recorded. The isolates of A. flavus were evaluated for their ability to produce aflatoxins, when grown on natural substrate (autoclaved rice flour). The aflatoxins were extracted with chloroform and analyzed by TLC and densitometer. The results indicated that population density of A. flavus is varied with the type of processing plants. Traditional processing plants have more population density of A. flavus than semi-mechanized processing plants. 55 isolates of A. flavus out of the 86 tested isolates (%63.95) were able to produce one or several types of aflatoxins, while 31 isolates (%36.04) were unable to produce any type of aflatoxin. Among evaluated isolates, %9.30 of isolates produced all types of the aflatoxins, %8.13 produced AfB1,Af 2 and AfG1, %34.88 of isolates produced AfB1 and AfB2 and %11.62 of isolates only produced AfB1. Among aflatoxigenic isolates, the strength of toxin production varied from weak to strong.
    Keywords: Pistachio, Aspergillus flavus, Semnan province
  • S. Sedaghat*, M. Rahemi Pages 7-14
    Pistacia vera L. is a decidious tree. To investigate the influence of soaking seeds in polyamines (PAs) spermine (Spm), spermidine (Spd) and putrescine (Put) on seed germination and enhancing lateral root development of ‘Ghazvini’ pistachio seedling rootstock, the experiment were carried out in petri dishes and plastic bags. Seeds were soaked in PAs(Spd, Spm, and Put) at three concentrations(0, 2 and 4 mMl-1 for 6 and 12 h and then seeds were put in petri dishes and sown in plastic bags to evaluate seed germination and lateral root formation in seedlings, respectively. The results showed that soaking seeds in PAs significantly increased hypocotyl- radicle length, mean germination time, (MGT) and germination rate (GR). The shoot length, leaf area, root number, fresh weight, dry weight, root diameter and root area of seedlings were significantly affected by soaking seeds in PAs. We concluded that pre soaking seeds in PAs are a useful method to induce lateral root in Pistacia vera seedling rootstocks.
    Keywords: Ghazvini, Pistacia vera, polyamines, spermidine, spermine, putrescine
  • Hamid R. Ziaolhagh Pages 15-22
    The rate of agricultural and horticultural waste is high in Iran, and one of the best preventive methods is to convert fruits and crops to the products which have long shelf life and high quality. Traditionally apricots are dried in front of sun with excessive sulfuring which is proved to be harmful for human. In the current study apricots were dried by either solar tunnel dryer or conventional sun drying. Ascorbic and citric acids with the concentrations of 0.3 and 0.5 percent and 3 and 5 minutes of dipping were used as a replacement of SO2. After drying the samples were analyzed for vitamin C, moisture and soluble solids content, pH and firmness. The results were analyzed with completely randomized design based on factorial test. Finally, the solar dryer and ascorbic acid with concentration of 0.3% and 3 minutes of dipping were preferred for producing dried apricots.
    Keywords: Ascorbic Acid, Citric Acid, Dried Apricots, Solar Drying, Sun Drying
  • H. Sajadian, H. Hokmabadi Pages 23-28
    Calcium deficiency causes Endocarp Lesion disorder in pistachio nut. To investigate the effects of various calcium treatments on Endocarp Lesion disorder and some nut qualitative characteristics in Pistachio cv. Akbari, an experiment was done in completely randomized design with four treatments (- control treatment, 2- calcium chelate foliar spray, 3- calcium nitrate and 4– calcium sulfate (gypsum), calcium nitrate and calcium chelate foliar spray) in three replications in 2010. The results showed that the percentage of noncontaminated nuts and the percentage of contaminated nuts to mentioned disorder were significant (P <0.01). The most percentage of non-contaminated nuts and the least percentage of contaminated nuts were observed in three calcium treatments, but there was no significant difference between them. Qualitative characteristics of nut such as the percentage of splitting nuts, non-splitting nuts, small nuts and immature nuts were significant (P <0.01) but the percentage of blank nuts wasn’t significant. The most percentage of splitting nuts, the least percentage of non-splitting nuts and small nuts were obtained in gypsum, calcium nitrate and calcium foliar treatment (T4) and in calcium nitrate treatment (T3) respectively but there was no significant difference between two treatments. The least percentage of immature nuts was measured in gypsum, calcium nitrate and calcium foliar treatment (T4). The result of leaf nutrients amount measure (calcium, magnesium, sodium, calcium to magnesium ratio) showed magnesium was significant (P <0.05), sodium and calcium to magnesium ratio were significant level but amount of calcium was not significant. The least amount of magnesium and sodium and the most ratio of calcium to magnesium (Ca / Mg) in leaves were observed in gypsum, calcium nitrate and calcium foliar treatment (T4). High ratio of calcium to magnesium reduces magnesium poisoning and also the Endocarp Lesion. According to the results, application of gypsum, calcium nitrate and calcium foliar treatment (T4) can be more favorable than other treatments in reducing Endocarp Lesion disorder and improving nut quality in pistachio cv. Akbari
    Keywords: Pistachio, Calcium deficiency, Endocarp Lesion disorder, nut qualitative characteristics
  • B. Madam, M. Rahemi, A. Mousavi, P. Mart, Iacute, Nezg., Oacute, Mez* Pages 29-34
    Iran is one of the most important regions for origin and diversification of wild almond species in the world. Over 20 species, naturally distributed in many regions, have been identified to date in Iran. These can be used as rootstocks in different Prunus species such as almond or peach due to their adaptability to severe (drought) environmental conditions and resistance to some pests and diseases. Results showed that P. eburnea had the most stem biomass, and P. scoparia the least leaf area and the largestroot system among the three species, which can indicate better adaptation to drought conditions. The correlations between themeasured traits suggest that the relationship between shoot and root morphology is unique for each species. In addition, results indicated that P. eburnea had the highest seed germination percentage and P. elaeagnifolia the lowest. Finally, there was significant difference between wild rootstocks in grafting success, with P. scoparia and P elaeagnifolia showing the best behavior.
    Keywords: Almond, Prunus, rootstock, breeding, drought resistance
  • Osman Mahmodzadeh, Ali Imani Pages 35-40
    In this experimental, effect of some of antifrost on morphology, anatomy content of selective almond cultivars flower buds of 3 late, medium and early flowering cultivars of almond in Pheranshahr region using factorial design base on complete block randomize with 3 replications was investigated. This region is considerate as cold temperate. Experimental trees were planted with 6×6 m in 2000. In this research, trees no irrigated. Antifrost treatments including: Thiofer, Crop aid and Fosnutren that trees were sprayed using Thiofer and Crop aid in 5 /1000 in 26 November 2010 and 19 March 2011. But Fosnutren was applied with 5 /1000 at 5 may 2011. Of course before applying of treatments, sampling from flowerbuds for proline determination and bud characteristics study was carried out. This work was repeated in three stage of flower bud development. Results of present study showed that proline rate was significantly decreased by development stage of flower buds in all cultivars for example proline rate in cultivars of Sanky, Azar and Shekofeh before applying of treatments was0.44, 0.52 and 0.66 micromol per fresh weight (g.). While proline rate in medium of winter in cultivars of Sanky, Azar and Shekofeh treated by Thiofer, and Crop aid was 1.25 and 0.88, 0.1.25, and 0.82, 0.99 and 0.90 and in end of winter 0.56 and 0.44,0.59 and 0.87 and 0.47 and 0.56 (μmol)per fresh weight (g.) respectively. Also, it was fund that treatments no effect significantly on morphology and anatomy of selective almond cultivars flower buds.
    Keywords: almond, antifrost, flower buds, proline
  • Kazem Moghadam Hussein Zadeh, Saeed Piri Piraivat Lou, Ali Imani Pages 41-46
    Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is the one of the native and valuable shrub in Iran. Identification of the superior genotypes of hazelnut is the firs step for cultivation developing and breeding programs of this nut crop. In this research, had been studied phenological, morphological and pomological characters according to hazelnut’s descriptor for two years (2009-2010) on four populations of hazelnut in the category of Mamoli Gerd, nakhonak, Kolaparak and khormaie in four regions of mountain in Talesh. The quantity and quality data from phenological, morphological and pomological characters collecting by method of random sampling and quantity analyzing by the method of ANOVA and Duncan test and quality data by the method of Chi Square (X2) test. The results of this study showed that studied genotypes have wide range of phonological and morphological characteristics and these were categorized in separate groups. With analysis of data, superior genotypes were identified for high productivity, resistant on spring later cold, high weight of fruit, high percent of fruit brain, and appropriate time for harvesting and resistant on pets and diseases. Development and cultivate of superior genotypes in study area can be useful to local people due increasing income and economic stimulation companion with agriculture and animal husbandry activities.
    Keywords: Corylus avellana, Phonology, Morphology, Genotype, Ag, Evlar Talesh
  • Shima Shayanfar, Mahdi Kashaninejad *, Morteza Khomeiri, Zahra Emam Djomeh, Younes Mostofi Pages 47-57
    Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was used to increase the shelf life of fresh in hull pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.), meeting the market demand for fresh high quality products. Fresh in hull pistachio nuts were stored at 5°C and three different gaseous conditions including 10% O2, 20% CO2 and 70% N2 (MAP1), 100% CO2 (MAP2) and ambient atmosphere for 42 days. The samples of 300 g of pistachio nuts were packaged in sealed high barrier poly propylene (PP) bags (26×20 cm). The permeability of films for CO2 was 3910 cm3/m2 dbar at 23°C and 50% RH. The thickness and the surface of the used films were 2.00 mm and 78.90 cm2, respectively. External appearance, weight loss, firmness and color attributes and microbial growth were investigated at regular intervals throughout the storage period. Significant differences were found between packaged and unpackaged fresh in hull pistachio nuts in the most of parameters considered. The firmness in the nuts decreased markedly in control samples. This trend was also observed in the nuts stored under 10% O2, 20% CO2 and 70% N2. However, the firmness in those nuts stored in 100% CO2 increased. On the other hand weight loss was quite slighter in the samples stored at MAP comparing to the control ones (p<0.01). MAP had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the storage time, with the external appearance being the limiting factor for shelf-life of pistachio nuts. Storage in 100% CO2 and 5°C showed the best results among the treatments in terms of retaining physical properties and sensory attributes, increasing the health and extending the shelf-life of fresh in hull pistachio nuts.
    Keywords: Pistachio nuts, Modified atmospheres packaging, Quality attributes, Firmness