فهرست مطالب

Journal of Nuts
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2013

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1392/03/24
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • S. Shayanfar*, M. Kashaninejad Pages 1-4
    One of the undesirable features in pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.) is the incidence of non split nuts, which affects the price of the final product. In order to attain the kernel inside, the non-split nuts are mostly cracked mechanically. However, this practice may damage the kernel. Akbari variety of pistachio nut was selected to evaluate the influence of different non-mechanical treatments on splitting the nuts. Different treatments were applied by soaking the nuts in water at different temperatures (10, 100 °C) and roasting and heating by oven and microwave in different orders. The results indicated that soaking along with thermal treatment had a significant effect on the amount of splitting (P<0.05), while no significant effect was observed in the methods in which the samples were not soaked. Furthermore, the temperature of the water applied for soaking and also thermal treatment medium led to significant differences in the final results. Additionally, the order of application of different treatments were analyzed and proved to be significantly effective (P<0.05) on the splitting percentage of the nuts.
    Keywords: Microwave, Non, mechanical methods, Pistachio, Splitting
  • M. Abaspour, A. Imani*, T. Hassanlo Pages 5-12
    Almond oil is used in many cosmetic products as a snack, in confectionery (marzipan, «turrón», nougat), food products (almond milk, ice cream, chocolate), culinary recipes and also cosmetic base. For surveying the effects of almond genotype and growing location on oil percentage of oil seed content and fatty acid of almond, seeds of 6 almond cultivars: Ferragnes, Tuono, Azar, Sahand, Nonpareil and Ne Plus Ultra were collected from tree growing in Tabriz (Sahand Station) and Kesht Sanat Jovin regions in Iran and analyzed for oil content and fatty acid in 2011. In this experiment, at least 2g almond kernels from each cultivar of almond with 3 replications were examined individually. Oil extraction methyl esters were done in one step and according to the GC/MS, analysis of fatty acid methyl esters tacked place and according to the HPLC, alpha and beta tocophyrol were determined Our results showed significant variation between cultivars and some degree of different growing location. Oil content varied from 47. 36% to 60. 54% of the total kernel dry weight in Tuono and Azar respectively. 8 fatty acids of seeds of 6 almond cultivars were determined, with the percentages varying from 0. 01% eicosenoeic acid to 78. 7% linoleic acid. The results of analysis of eight different fatty acid methyl esters according to the GC/MS methode showed that Oleic acid, Linoleic acid and Palmitic acid contents were deferent as major fatty acids among cultivars in a way that oleic acid contents of samples range between 72. 44% (Touno) and 79. 14% (Azar). linoleic acid values were varied between 12. 05% (Touno) and 18. 47% (nonpareil). Palmitic acid contents were obtained between 5. 71% (Ferragnes) and 6. 97% (Ne plus ultra). According to the results, almond genotype and growing location on oil percentage and fatty acid composition of its seeds were found affect that could be considered in almond agro_breeding program.
    Keywords: Almond, Caltivar, Fatty acids, Genotype, Oil
  • M. Houshiyarfard*, H. Rouhani, M. Falahati-Rastegar, E. Mahdikhani Moghaddam, S.Malekzadeh Shafaroudi Pages 13-20
    During 2010 and 2011, Aspergillus species from section Flavi were isolated from rhizosphere in main peanut-growing region of Iran, Astaneh-e Ashrafiyeh, Guilan Province (northern Iran). The soil samples were taken from fruiting zone of peanuts in 3 districts and 10 locations, during the pod-filling period. The populations of Aspergillus section Flavi showed significant differences in cfu g-1 among sampling locations. Individual assays averaged from 188 and 139 Aspergillus section Flavi population/g soil in two years, respectively. So that, we were unable to detect A. section Flavi on soil dilution plates at greater dilutions (<10-2). The A. parasiticus was the dominant species isolated in fruiting zone of all peanut plants. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the ratio of L and S strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates in locations. In two locations, higher frequencies and prapagule densities of Aspergillus section Flavi in soil were found. Prapagule density levels of Aspergillus section Flavi for two years indicated that continuous planting of peanuts result in no variable Aspergillus species from section Flavi in Astaneh-e Ashrafyieh.
    Keywords: Aflatoxin, Aspergillus species, Iran, Peanut
  • H.R. Karimi*, S. Sevandi- Nasab, H. R. Roosta Pages 21-26
    The effect of three salicylic acid (0, 50 and 100 mg l-1) and K2SO4 (0, 0.1 and 0.2 %) levels on some characteristics nut and physiological parameters of pistachio trees cv. ‘Owhadi’ were investigated. Treatments were applied at endospermic growth stage of seed and cotyledons appearance. The results showed that potassium increase yield, splitting percentage; nut fresh mass and kernel dry mass and decrease blank percentage whereas the application of salicylic acid was unaffected on splitting percentage and decrease blank percentage. Simultaneous application of salicylic acid and potassium increase K and Zn concentrations of leaves.
    Keywords: Blank, Bud abscission, Mineral nutrient, Pistacia vera, Splitting
  • M. Farsi*, K. Vahdati, M. Lotfi, D. Hassani, M. Mirmasoumi Pages 27-40
    Male florets and pistillate flowers of cvs.Chandler and Hartley of Persian walnut were cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 0.05 mg l-1 biotin, 0.5 mg l-1 folic acid, 100 mg l-1 glutamine and different concentrations of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Kinetin (KIN) and for pistillate flowers culture, these concentrations were 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg l-1). After four weeks, the percentage of callogenesis of male florets in cv. Chandler was more than cv. Hartley. In the sixth and tenth weeks, the rate of callogenesis of male florets was depended on cultivars, the ratio of NAA: KIN and interaction between them; so in the sixth week, the highest rate of callogenesis was obtained in the higher ratio of NAA: KIN. In the tenth week, the effect of cultivars was not significant and the highest rate of callogenesis of male florets was obtained in treatments 4 (2.5 mg l-1 NAA with 1.25 mg l-1 KIN), 5 (1.25 mg l-1 NAA with 1.25 mg l-1 KIN), 7 (2.5 mg l-1 NAA with 0.5 mg l KIN) and 8 (1.25 mg l-1 NAA with 0.5 mg l-1 KIN) of cv. Chandler. By culturing pistillate flowers on modified MS medium, nodular compact calli formed on the upper and lower part of flowers. During the next weeks, callogenesis occurred in sepals and leaflets of pistillate flowers and then stigmas and styles swelled and formed nodular calli. Similar to male florets, the rate of callogenesis in pistillate flowers depended on cultivars, the ratio of NAA: KIN and interaction between them. In the sixth and tenth weeks, the highest rate of callogenesis of cv. Chandler pistillate flowers was obtained in treatments including high or same concentrations of NAA: KIN. Callogenesis of pistillate flowers of cv. Hartley was achieved from different ratios of NAA: KIN. The lowest rate of callogenesis in the sixth and tenth weeks was obtained in the low concentrations of NAA and KIN. With increase of callogenesis in treatments 3 0.5 mg l-1 NAA with 2 mg l-1 KIN), 6 (1 mg l-1 NAA with 1 mg l-1 KIN), 10 (1 mg l-1 NAA with 0.5 mg l-1 KIN), 11 0.5 mg l-1 NAA with 0.5 mg l-1 KIN), 12 (0.25 mg l-1 NAA with 0.5 mg l-1 KIN), 14 (1 mg l-1 NAA with 0.25 mg l-1 KIN), 15 (0.5 mg l-1 NAA with 0.25 mg l-1 KIN) and 16 (0.25 mg l-1 NAA with 0.25 mg l-1 KIN) of cv. Chandler and treatments 9 (2 mg l-1 NAA with 0.5 mg l-1 KIN) and 11 (0.5 mg l-1 NAA with 0.5 mg l-1 KIN) of cv. Hartley, the tissues of pistillate flowers turned into masses of nodular calli similar to embryogenic ones.
    Keywords: Callus, Catkins, Male florets, Pistillate flowers, Somatic embryo, Walnut
  • H. R. Karimi* Pages 41-46
    The aim of this research was evaluate the seedling behavior of among Pistacia species can be used as rootstock in pistachio. Differences in stem diameter were observed among the species. The thickest stems were developed by P. atlantica (5.67 mm), P. vera cv. ‘Qazvini’ (25.47mm) and ‘Badami-e-Riz-e-Zarand’ (5.13 mm) whereas the thinnest stems were measured in P. atlantica subsp. kurdica (3.48 mm), P. atlantica subsp. mutica (3.52 mm) and P. atlantica subsp. cabulica (3.84 mm). P. atlantica produced more leaf number per seedling than the other species and cabulica had the most SPAD index. The correlation between various morphological traits showed that a few growth characters were significantly correlated with echophysiological. However, leaf dry weight was in significant correlation with RWC for P. vera cv. ‘Badami-e-Riz-e-Zarand’ and ‘Sarakhs’, fresh weight of leaf for P. khinjuk and P. atlantica subsp. kurdica, shoot dry weight was in correlation with stomata resistance for P. atlantica subsp. mutica and cabulica and leaf fresh weight and dry weight negatively correlated with SPAD for P. atalntica.
    Keywords: Correlation, P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, Morphological traits, Stomata resistance
  • M. Shahmoradi, M. Rasouli*, R. Footuhi Ghazvini, A. Imani, Y. Hamidogli Pages 47-54
    Self-incompatibility in almond and Prunus species is an important trait that prevents self fertilization. Selfincompatibility in almond is controlled gametophytically by the multiallelic S-locus. Present study was done in order to identification and preliminary selection of self compatible progenies resulted from controlled crosses in almond using specific primer SfF/SfR. Some important morphological traits of parental crosses were evaluated using almond descriptor. Also, progenies (F1) of five crosses inculding; A (Tuono × 101 Genotype), B (Supernova × 101 Genotype), C (Genco × Shahrood 21), D (Tuono × Shahrood 12) and E (Tuono × shahrood 17) were tested using PCR in order to DNA amplification and self-compatibility evaluation. The result of PCR method found that using SfF/SfR pair primer, self-compatible progenies showed 449 bp bands, while this band not observed in self incompatible progenies. In addition, all self- incompatible progenies appeared no S1 allele at any condition. According to Chi-square test, ratios of self-compatible to self-incompatible progenies were to Mendelian principles. It can be suggested that PCR method of this research has high potential in order to distinguish self-compatible and incompatible genotypes.
    Keywords: Almond, PCR, Sf, allele, S1, allele, Self, incompatibility, SfF, SfR primer
  • S. Sedaghat*, M. Rahemi Pages 55-61
    Pistacia vera cv Badami-e-riz and P.vera cv Ghazvini are the most important and popular rootstocks in Iran, which tolerate salinity and phytophthora fungi. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of polyamines and IBA on root regeneration of transplanted bare- rooted ‘Badami-e-riz’ and ‘Ghazvini’ pistachio rootstocks. The mean comparison between IBA and polyamines applications on root regeneration showed that 1000 mg l-1 IBA significantly affected shoot length, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root length. Root number, fresh and dry weight of root and root diameter mean in ‘Badami-e- Riz’ and ‘Gahzvini’ pistachio rootstocks. Though both chemicals increased lateral root formation and improved root regeneration, IBA treatments were more effective. However the percentage of seedling survival was higher value. Therefore, it can be used to help the survival of seedlings following transplantion.
    Keywords: Badami, e, Riz', Gahzvini', IBA, Putrescine, Spermidine, Spermine