Journal of Archives in Military Medicine
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Apr 2017

Arterial Stiffness (AS) is of great interest in the prediction and the management of cardiovascular events. The evaluation of AS using 2 points of measurement of the pulse wave velocity was of considerable increasing interest in the early 21st century. This paper aimed at focusing on the modeling of different measurement methods. Several measurement techniques are presented. A review of the bibliography and an explanation of the link between cardiovascular events and arterial stiffness are summarized. Novel apparatus that were developed for determining arterial stiffness claimed superiority over pioneering methods either through greater simplicity of use, better repeatability, or a more pertinent arterial pathway.

University students are the developers of their nations’ future and make up a significant number of young people. The number of students is increasing as universities and higher education centers develop. Hence, paying attention to student’s physical and mental health is among the most important issues. The aim of the present analytical cross-sectional study was to determine the epidemiological pattern of loneliness and related factors among Maragheh University of Medical Sciences students.
The research was an analytical cross-sectional study, in which 323 Maragheh University of Medical Sciences students were selected by means of applying the inclusion criteria with a convenience sampling method. Then, the required data were collected through demographic profile questionnaire and Russell’s revised UCLA loneliness scale. The data were analyzed using the Chi square test.
The prevalence of moderate and severe loneliness was reported to be 50.5% and 31.6%, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between loneliness of the participants and their gender (P The results of the present study accentuate the necessity of paying attention to the state of loneliness in students, exploring situations and reasons that intensify the feeling in this age group, and identifying intervention plans that could reduce it.

Drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is among the most important opportunistic human pathogens that may infect military personnel during war by generating a broad range of virulence factors, the expression rates of which are firmly arranged by cell density-dependent cell-to-cell signaling called quorum sensing (QS).
This study aimed at identifying putative inhibitors of LasR by structure-based virtual screening on ZINC database, testing prospective candidates on pqsE with computer aided inhibition studies followed by structure analysis, and examining the extension of specific drugs with potential anti-virulence properties for the treatment of infections induced by drug-resistant P. aeruginosa.
Structure-based virtual screening in ZINC database was used through Autodock Vina in order to assess putative inhibitors of LasR. Prospective candidates’ inhibitory efficiency on pqsE was examined by means of computer aided inhibition studies followed by structure analysis.
Twenty possible quorum sensing inhibitors were introduced that could be used in different conditions to inhibit quorum sensing and thus reduce bacterial resistance and pathogenicity. A software was also designed to provide graphical user interface to vina and to automate the process of virtual screening.
This study provided a perspective for development of specific drugs with potential anti virulence properties in military medicine for the treatment of infections induced by drug-resistant P. aeruginosa

Manual load carriage is performed by Indian Army soldiers at different high altitudes (HA) in day to day operation. Such task puts extra stress on cardiorespiratory and skeletomuscular systems. A study was designed to find out the effect of electromyographic and cardiorespiratory responses of load carriage at different high altitudes with varying gradients. Eight healthy Indian infantrymen (mean (± SD) age of 27.2 (± 3.9) years, height of 171.1 (± 2.5) cm, and weight of 66.8 (± 6.7) kg) participated in the study. They were acclimatized at two heights (3550 and 4300 m). On completion of their acclimatization each participant was checked for healthy cardiorespiratory signs and subsequently they walked on a motorized treadmill at a speed of 3.5 km.hr-1 and 0% and 10% gradients under three different experimental load carrying conditions (0, 10.7 and 21.4 kg). Continuous electromyography of three pairs of leg muscles i.e. vastus medialis, gastrocnemius, and tebialis anterior and breath-by-breath recording of oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during the experiments. Relative work load (RWL) was calculated from maximum aerobic capacity at respective high altitudes. High altitude had significant effects on the responses of gastrocnemius and vastus medialis muscles as well as on VO2 and RWL. Increased responses of VO2 and leg muscle could be attributed to withstanding the stress of HA and strain of load carriage at steep slopes.

With the idea of exploring the biological activity of some newly synthetized chemical compounds and their combinations for development of novel antimicrobial collagen biomaterials, a serial investigation was initiated, starting with the preparation and biological activity study of Collagen/ZnTiO3 nano-composites. This serial investigation continued with the preparation and biological activity study of new collagen-based composites in which self-prepared reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets were included as an antimicrobial agent. The new porous collagen/RGO composites demonstrated specific antimicrobial activity to different types microbial species; well pronounced activity against Gram-positive microorganisms (Listeria innocua and Bacillus cereus, both bacteria with typical chains forming, large size cells, and Candida lusitaniae, fungus with specific micelle organization) and lack of activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas putida, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli; all bacteria with small size cells) combined with lack of cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells.
For the first time, well-pronounced antifungal activity of collagen/RGO composites, depending on the RGO concentration was observed. Sterile zone of 17 mm was measured for C. lusitaniae on collagen/RGO composite, 2:1 wt/wt. The possible mechanism of the biological activity of the new collagen/RGO composites was correlated with their characteristics and the specific cell morphology and size of the test microorganisms. The results of this investigation demonstrated that with their specific and adjustable bioactivity, the new collagen/RGO composites are promising antimicrobial biomaterial for variety of biomedical applications, including tissue engineering.

Professionalism is an important characteristic of professional jobs including nursing and medicine. Many professional values during the crisis are glaring.
This study was conducted to explain the role of the Iran-Iraq war in the professionalism of healthcare disciplines based on the documented experiences of medical staff.
This is part of a qualitative study which used the conventional content analysis in 2014 - 2016. The researcher collected and analyzed 119 memories of the healthcare providers about the Iran-Iraq war, simultaneously.
Professionalism was one of the main categories emerged from the analysis of data. This theme included six sub-themes, “promotion of personal and professional empowerment”, “compliance with laws and regulations”, “holistic care”, “expression of good traits”, “interpersonal relationships”, and “sublimation of spirit”.
Experiences of healthcare providers in the war can be applied in peacetime and future crisis through broadening their perception of nursing and medicine professions and improving their sense of professionalism.

Animal attack is a major public health problem worldwide with mortality reported to the centre for disease control and prevention. In the United States, a person is more likely to be killed by an animal than from lightning strike. Wolves are apex predators and have attacked humans since antiquity. Wolf attacks remain a reality in the US, Canada, Russia, and India, despite advances in security and surveillance technologies.
A 12-year-old male sustained multiple lacerations on his face and hands leading to extensive bleeding after a predatory wolf attack at high altitude. Tachycardia with feeble pulse, tachypnea, and mild hypothermia were present. The child was managed through resuscitation, rewarming, tetanus, rabies, and antimicrobial prophylaxis, and transferred to tertiary care. Wounds were not sutured.
Wolf-human interactions require diligent efforts for threat assessment, mitigation measures, and community responses under one health approach. Communities in close proximity of wolf populations need to be supported with real time wildlife surveillance and containment systems.

Primary malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is a rare occurrence. This tumor, compared to other malignant tumors of the oral cavity, has higher tendency to metastasize or locally invade the adjacent structures. Its most common site of occurrence in the oral cavity is the palate followed by the maxillary gingiva. Oral melanoma does not have a pathognomonic clinical manifestation and in rare cases, it may not even cause clinical discoloration of the mucosa either; in this case, it is referred to as amelanotic melanoma. Most cases of amelanotic melanomas are metastatic rather than primary tumors. The Survival rate of patients with mucosal melanoma is lower than that of patients with cutaneous melanoma. Prognosis is much poorer for amelanotic melanoma due to difficult and delayed diagnosis compared to cutaneous melanoma.
In this study, a 33-year-old white male presented to the oral medicine department of Shahed University, school of dentistry, complaining of an extensive pink-redexophytic mass on the attached gingiva of the maxillary right central incisor extending posteriorly to the maxillary right first molar. He had it for the past five months. The patient had no systemic disease and the panoramic radiograph of the patient showed no pathological lesion.