فصلنامه سیاستهای مالی و اقتصادی
سال چهارم شماره 16 (زمستان 1395)

Globalization and the growth of trade among the economies, increase of the economies’ impact on each other and the economies that have a higher trade to GDP ratio (more open), are strongly influenced by global economy circumstance and particularly, their major trading partners. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of China’s monetary policy on the degree of openness of Iran during 2002-2012. In this regard, the causalities between monetary and trade variables in two countries are analyzed. For this purpose, the study used vector error correction test, the Granger causality test and the Johansen – Juselius cointegration test. The results of this study indicate the effects of monetary policy are more effective on China’s degree of openness than Iran. Moreover, the Granger test results show that there is a bilateral relationship between these two variables. In other words, change in the money supply can affect the degree of openness, and openness can influence on the money supply in China and China’s degree of openness has a significant effect on Iran’s degree of openness.

There are different views about definitions of entrepreneurship. Shane and Venkataraman introduce entrepreneurship as discovery, assessment, and use of opportunities, and Schumpeter believes that entrepreneurship is creative destruction and innovation in a current position. But most of the entrepreneurial scientists are agree that entrepreneurship is the main factor in economic development. In recent years, by the growth of studies in the research area of entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurship development has become as one of the known factors in dynamic business environments and economic development of countries. In terms of sanctions, Iran put itself in self-sufficiency status and tried to explore, evaluate and use internal opportunities. Now with the disappearance of international sanctions, more opportunities will be created in entrepreneurship development, that uses these opportunities can help for rehabilitation of the country situation in economic development. One of the key factors in facilitates this process is the policies that are applied for entrepreneurship development in the country and exploitation of available entrepreneurial opportunities. The emphasize of this article is, to present a conceptual framework, in the direction of highlighting the role of government policy in the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities and facilitating entrepreneurial activities. This research has an overviews nature, and reviews, analysis, documents conclusions, text and theoretical foundation have been used to provide a theoretical framework. Findings show that government policies can influence on exploitation process of entrepreneurial opportunities in different domain like economic, social, politic, cultural or education.

Resilient economy policies suggest some approaches for the country's economic development strategy, such as thwarting and circumventing the sanctions, lack of dependence on the oil sector, and downsizing the government and reinforcement of it. The enemies of the sacred system have led to obstruction and failure in achievement to its goals since the earliest days of the Islamic Revolution. According to the today's needs (and subject to “resistive economy; action and implementation”), to cope with the sanctions and economic problems, this paper studies the overall resistive economy Policies. The paper aimed to create efficient solutions and Policies. In addition, in this context, some concepts are addressed such as a model for an economy, Parallel economy, Defensive Economy and Restorative economy.

The foreign direct investment is one of the factors affecting capital markets in different countries. Improvements in capital market and facilitate in the investment situation are one of the factors affecting countries’ economic growth path. In the recent economic literature, transparency is regarded as an important issue that influences foreign capital inflow into countries. For this reason and because the Middle East is formed by developing countries and so FDI has a great importance in this area. This paper studies the influence of transparency on FDI in these countries. Transparency involves a country's situation in terms of property right, the size of corruption and efficiency of the judicial system. The data that are examined within this study covers the period 2000-2015. The results indicate that transparency has a positive impact on the foreign direct investment in these countries, meaning that rising transparency increases FDI in these countries.

Resilient economy policies suggest some approaches for the country's economic development strategy, such as thwarting and circumventing the sanctions, lack of dependence on the oil sector, and downsizing the government and reinforcement of it. The enemies of the sacred system have led to obstruction and failure in achievement to its goals since the earliest days of the Islamic Revolution. According to the today's needs (and subject to “resistive economy; action and implementation”), to cope with the sanctions and economic problems, this paper studies the overall resistive economy Policies. The paper aimed to create efficient solutions and Policies. In addition, in this context, some concepts are addressed such as a model for an economy, Parallel economy, Defensive Economy and Restorative economy.

There are different views about definitions of entrepreneurship. Shane and Venkataraman introduce entrepreneurship as discovery, assessment, and use of opportunities, and Schumpeter believes that entrepreneurship is creative destruction and innovation in a current position. But most of the entrepreneurial scientists are agree that entrepreneurship is the main factor in economic development. In recent years, by the growth of studies in the research area of entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurship development has become as one of the known factors in dynamic business environments and economic development of countries. In terms of sanctions, Iran put itself in self-sufficiency status and tried to explore, evaluate and use internal opportunities. Now with the disappearance of international sanctions, more opportunities will be created in entrepreneurship development, that uses these opportunities can help for rehabilitation of the country situation in economic development. One of the key factors in facilitates this process is the policies that are applied for entrepreneurship development in the country and exploitation of available entrepreneurial opportunities. The emphasize of this article is, to present a conceptual framework, in the direction of highlighting the role of government policy in the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities and facilitating entrepreneurial activities. This research has an overviews nature, and reviews, analysis, documents conclusions, text and theoretical foundation have been used to provide a theoretical framework. Findings show that government policies can influence on exploitation process of entrepreneurial opportunities in different domain like economic, social, politic, cultural or education.

Globalization and the growth of trade among the economies, increase of the economies’ impact on each other and the economies that have a higher trade to GDP ratio (more open), are strongly influenced by global economy circumstance and particularly, their major trading partners. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of China’s monetary policy on the degree of openness of Iran during 2002-2012. In this regard, the causalities between monetary and trade variables in two countries are analyzed. For this purpose, the study used vector error correction test, the Granger causality test and the Johansen – Juselius cointegration test. The results of this study indicate the effects of monetary policy are more effective on China’s degree of openness than Iran. Moreover, the Granger test results show that there is a bilateral relationship between these two variables. In other words, change in the money supply can affect the degree of openness, and openness can influence on the money supply in China and China’s degree of openness has a significant effect on Iran’s degree of openness.