نشریه پژوهش در توانبخشی ورزشی
پیاپی 8 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

Most female wheelchair users are likely to experience shoulder impingement syndrome after a while. Wheelchair users encounter impingement syndrome pain while doing daily activities. The current study aimed to explore the effect of a combined protocol included massage and flexibility and strength training on shoulder pain and function of women using wheelchair, who suffered from impingement syndrome.
10 of 19 women using wheelchair experienced shoulder impingement syndrome and five females (31 ± 2) were voluntarily selected. After signing the consents they were in 8-weeks supraspinatus transverse friction and strengthening protocol. The measures included visual analog scale, wheelchair user's shoulder pain index, Hawkins- Kennedy impingement test, and goniometer. Data was compared using a dependent sample t-test.
Only 40% of participants completed the protocol. Although the program fidelity was 56%, decrease of shoulder pain and increase of glenohumeral range of motion was significant (P ≤ 0/05).
The current study findings supported the results representing that using transverse friction besides strengthening exercise would control wheelchair user's impingement syndrome pain and increase shoulder function. There were some serious problems for those women, making them prevented to go to the Spinal Cord Injury Society. So, these problems would cause their program fidelity to decrease.

The aim of this study was to investigate the Effect of CST90 fatigue protocol on timing and electromyography activity of gluteus medius muscle of soccer players
This is an intragroup study. Timing and electromyography activity of gluteus medius of soccer players (15 subjects, Mean ± SD: Age (yr): 25.4±3.8, Height (cm): 177.3±3.6, Weight (kg): 69.8±4.6) before and after engaging on CST90 were measured. Surface Electromyography (ME 6000¡ Mega Electronics Ltd.¡ FIN-70211 KUOPIO), Polar pulse meter, and foot switch devices were used to collect data. Electromyography activity of muscle was record during single leg drop and Megawin, Matlab and SPSS software were used to analyze data. Descriptive and repeated measure of ANOVA were used.
Results of this study show differences in timing of gluteus medius muscle activity in different periods of test but it wasn’t significant (F=2.55, F= 1.89, P>0.05). Significant differences were observed between feed forward and feedback activity during EMG recordings (F=4.84, F= 3.71, P≤0.05). Also there was a significant difference between initial and final EMG recording (P≤0.05).
With regarding to gluteus medius muscle role in pelvis stability, femur movement, controlling the knee valgus, and also effects of fatigue on timing and muscle activity, trainers should add specific programs (i.e: induced -endurance and tolerance) for gluteus muscle and therefor prevent knee instability.

Leg stiffness is one of the variables related to sports performance and lower extremity injuries. This variable is usually measured by hopping test. The aims of this study were to compare the leg stiffness between three strategies of hopping (maximal, preferred, controlled), and between three styles of hopping (bilateral, by dominant leg, by non-dominant leg) and the comparison of bilateral leg stiffness with the sum of the two leg stiffness.
27 Young healthy men performed hopping test on a force plate, in front of a high speed camera, in 9 methods (3 strategies × 3 styles). Leg stiffness was calculated by dividing the maximum vertical ground reaction force to vertical displacement of center of mass in contact phase. Repeated Measures ANOVA and Paired Sample T-Test were used to statistical analyses.
The main results of the study were non-significant difference in bilateral leg stiffness between 3 strategies, significant difference in dominant leg stiffness between preferred and controlled strategies, difference between dominant and non-dominant leg stiffness in maximal hopping, and violation of spring formula in amounts of unilateral and bilateral leg stiffness.
Based on the results, leg stiffness is dependent on the strategy and the style of hopping test and may not be in agreement with spring formulas and bilateral symmetry assumption. Considering these points may be important to determination of optimum leg stiffness to high athletic performance and low injury risk and diagnosis of the athletics at high risk of lower extremity injuries.

Foot ulcer has been reported as one of the main challenges of diabetic patient. Rocker shoes mostly are recommended for foot ulcer management. Based on the available literature it is controversial whether the Temporal-spatial gait parameters and joint kinematic differs in diabetic subjects or not. Moreover, it is not well understood which kind of rocker is more effectiveness. Therefore the aims of this research were to answer to the above mentioned questions.
This was an Interventional-quasi experimental study, in which 20 normal individuals and 20 subjects with diabetic foot were recruited. A Qualysis motion analysis system, were used to record the Temporal-spatial gait parameters and kinematic parameters during walking. The difference between the mean values of the parameters and the between subject effects were evaluated by use of variance analysis with repeated measure test. The statistical analysis was done by use of SPSS17.
The results of this study showed no difference between the Temporal-spatial and range of motions of ankle, knee and hip joints in both groups while walking with toe rocker and heel rocker. There was also no difference between normal and diabetic subjects regarding the aforementioned parameters (P-value>0.05).
The results confirm no difference between normal and diabetic subjects regarding walking with aforementioned rockers. Therefore, it is recommended that these rockers can be used to manage the forces applied on foot without any difference between the influences on range of motions of the lower limb joints.

The aim of this study was to compare the Functional Lower Extremity Evaluation scores in physically active adolescent with and without the genuvarum.
Thirty two physically active adolescent selected and assigned in to two groups of with ( n = 17) and without ( n = 15 ) genuvarum. To determine genuvarum, distance between two medial condyle of the femur in the most prominent area was measured using a caliper. Lower extremity function using Functional Lower Extremity Evaluation that measures 3 components of lower extremity function: control, power, and endurance was assessed. Independent t-test was used to statistical analysis ( α≤0.05 )
There are significant differences in Functional Lower Extremity Evaluation scores between individuals with and without genuvarum.
results indicated that genuvarum reduced the Functional Lower Extremity Evaluation scores and can reduce the function and so could increase the likelihood of injury.

Strengthening factors affecting maintaining balance can be used as a basic strategy in the treatment of balance dysfunctions in elderly people. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of closed kinetic chain exercises and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on ankle joint proprioception of elderly males. Amongst 380 elderly males from Farsan city, Iran, 45 participants were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15. Average age in the closed kinethic chain group was 69.93 ± 6.70 years, in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation group was 67.20 ± 6.90 years, and in the control group was 72.53± 6.95 years. All the participants voluntarily participated in this study. The amount of error in the reconstruction of the ankle joint angles was measured in inversion and eversion motions in angle 15 degree. Experimental groups performed closed kinetic chain exercises and PNF in 45 minute, 3 sessions per week for eight weeks and the control group was asked to continue their daily activity. One-way ANOVA revealed that there was a significant difference (p≤0.05) in the average error rate of reconstructing joint angles of all three angles (inversion range of angle was 15 and eversion range of angle was 15). Furthermore, the post hoc test results showed that closed kinethic chain exercises’ effect was significantly more than PNF exercises on the proprioception (p≤0.05). The findings of the current study demonstrated that the closed chain exercises due to weight-bearing can be more effective than PNF exercises on ankle joint proprioception of elderly males.

Karate is an activity with weight bearing nature along by vary yerks movements that these movements exerted much mechanical pressure on athlete lower extremities. The purpose of this study was to Survey Symmetry in Selected parameters of plantar pressure distribution in elite males Karate athletes.
11 male Karateka were nonrandom and purposefully chosen. Plantar pressure and related parameters were measured by platform emed, in 5 Steps. The foot was divided into 10 masks, then calculated peak pressure, peak force, contact area, contact time in each anatomical zone.
The obtained data were analyzed by Paired-t test and symmetry index. The results of this paired t-test, except peak force in mask 3,4 and peak pressure in mask 4; did not show any significant differences between the other parameters. Symmetry index also showed that the peak force and peak pressure in first and second metatarsal of front leg, peak force in mid-foot part of front leg, peak force in thumb back leg, peak pressure in fifth metatarsal of back leg and all parameters in third and fifth fingers in back leg is higher rather than front leg.
It seems that elite karate players often use back foot as weight bearing and front foot to progress and hit that such difference using of two foot in long term will affect the plantar pressure distribution in elite karateka.

Back pain is a common complaint which is created by poor physical conditioning, and psychological stress. This study aimed to determine the effect of 8 weeks Pilates exercises in selected patients with chronic low back pain.
36 male subjects suffering from chronic low back pain were randomly divided in two groups of Pilates and control. sibjects of Pilates group were asked to do some specific Pilates exercises for 8 weeks. Back pain questionnaire, Static and dynamic balance were evaluated.
the results suggested that Pilates group had a better total pain and psychological pain scale (p=0.001) and also static and dynamic balance (p=0.001).
our results demonstrate that Pilates exercise can be effective in alleviating low back pain and improving balance.
our results demonstrate that Pilates exercise can be effective in alleviating low back pain and improving balance.our results demonstrate that Pilates exercise can be effective in alleviating low back pain and improving balance.

The aim of this study was to compare the strength and range of motion of lower extremity between elderly women fallers and non-fallers.
Material and This was a cross-sectional study. Subjects were classified into two groups with a history of fall and no history of fall. Maximum isometric ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion muscle strengths and maximum isometric quadriceps strength were measured by using hand-held dynamometer. Passive ankle dorsiflexion and knee extension range of motion were measured by using universal goniometer. Independent t test was used for statistical analysis and was performed using SPSS.
Findings: The results showed that the maximum isometric strength of the quadriceps and ankle plantar flexor muscles, passive ankle dorsiflexion and knee extension ROM in elderly women with history of falls is significantly less than older women with no history of falls, while no significant difference in muscle strength of dorsiflexion was found.
It seems that decreased maximum isometric strength of the quadriceps and ankle plantar flexor muscles, knee extension and ankle dorsiflexion ROM are among the factors that play a role in the fall of elderly women over 65 years. Therefore, these factors should be taken into account while we develop corrective exercise and rehabilitation programs for this population.

The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of military students’ injury before and after 5 months of military march.
The research method of this study was descriptive and the subjects were military students of Police University. The sample of 196 students with the mean and standard deviation for age 19.5±1.1, height 176.9±5.1, weight 66.4±6.5 and BMI 21.2±1.8. The questionnaire was used to collect the data at the beginning of the program and after 5 months the second part of the questionnaire was filled to compare the groups’. Independent t test was used and SPSS v.18 was used to analyze the data.
The results showed significant difference between that the injury before and after the march differs significantly. The most sights that had been injured were ankle (25.9%) and shin (21.9%) had the highest rate of injuries while the rate of injury in the first part of the program while the rate of injury was changed into knee (34.4%) in the second part.
In the first part, most of the injury types were acute injuries (shin splint, blisters etc…), but in the second stage after the march training the injury types of injuries were replaced with chronic injuries such low back pain and stress fracture. These findings indicate the importance of the repetitive movements in the military march that should be modified in the march training repetitive movements.

Neuromuscular weakness of hip muscles is as one of the factors in occurring more anterior cruciate ligament injury in female. So the first purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in gluteus medius activity and onset time between male and female in landing, and the second purpose is investigating the changes in gluteus medius activity between single leg landing and double leg landing.
The kind of this study is descriptive-comparison, and 9 male and 9 female collegiate volleyball players participated voluntarily. Results of activity and onset time in single leg jump-landing and double leg jump-landing record with ME6000 and investigated with dependent and independent T tests (p≤0/05).
Results showed there is not any significant differences in gluteus medius activity between male and female in single leg and double leg jump-landing (p>0/05). In comparison of single leg and double leg landing, onset and activity in single leg landing is significantly more than double leg landing (p More activity of this muscle in single leg jump-landing shows that use of single leg jump-landing exercise is better for improving the neuromuscular system. Onset and activity of this muscle is similar between genders, so neuromuscular weakness of gluteus medius cannot be the reason of more occurring anterior cruciate ligament injury in female. More researches on other hip muscles is needed for recognizing the reasons of more occurring of anterior cruciate ligament injury in female.