فصلنامه سلامت اجتماعی و اعتیاد
پیاپی 19 (پاییز 1397)

Substance abuse can be considered as a biological, psychological, social and spiritual phenomenon. Unfortunately, contemporary youth may turn to substance abuse to escape from individual and social problems. Substance abuse is one of the social and public health problems that imposes considerable burden on the community. Substance dependence leads to unemployment, crime, family problems, and transmission of disease. Substance dependence is a multifactorial disorder with a chronic and recurrent trend and also preventable and treatable. Identifying the factors associated with substance abuse is essential and contributes to prevention. Well-being as a multidimensional concept involves several dimensions such as spiritual dimension and is associated with substance abuse. The present study aimed to investigate the role of spiritual well-being in preventing substance abuse. This study was a review research and dealth with the assessment of spiritual well-being and its relationship with substance abuse. Spiritual well-being is a combination of religious, social and psychological factors. Spiritual well-being leads to an individual’s adaptation to life-threatening events such as chronic illnesses and is considered as one of the main factors in improving the quality of life. A review of theoretical and research fundamentals shows that there is a negative relationship between spiritual well-being and the tendency to substance abuse. Also, spiritual well-being plays an important role in preventing substance abuse through its direct and indirect impacts on the individual psychological aspects. Accordingly, it can be said that planning for the promotion of spiritual well-being in adolescents and young people leads to the promotion of quality of life and mental health and thereby avoids the tendency to substance abuse. In sum, it can be concluded that the spiritual factors play a very important role and are considered as a protective factor in the prevention and treatment of substance abuse.

This study aimed to investigate the correlations of the components of emotional intelligence and parenting styles with the tendency to substance abuse in students. The present study was a descriptive-correlational research. The research sample consisted of 312 secondary school students of district 1 of the city of Zanjan who were selected by a convenient sampling method. To collect data, the Parenting style Inventory, the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, and the Addiction Tendency Questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between some components of emotional intelligence and the tendency to substance abuse. Authoritarian parenting style had a significant positive correlation with the tendency to substance abuse, and the authoritative parenting style had a significant negative association with the tendency to substance abuse. The results indicated the importance and the roles of parenting styles and emotional intelligence components in the tendency to substance abuse. Therefore, educational programs based on the components of emotional intelligence and parenting skills can be an appropriate approach in preventing high-risk behaviors among students, especially in the tendency to substance abuse.

Low levels of emotion regulation resulting from the inability to effective cope with emotions and manage them, play a role in the onset and craving of substance use. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on reduced craving in substance-dependent individuals. The present study was a quasi-experimental research in the form of pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population of the present study included all substance-dependent individuals referred to addiction treatment camps in the city of Famenin in 2015. Among them, forty substance-dependent individuals were selected by using a convenient sampling method and were included randomly in experimental and control groups. The data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The results showed that emotion regulation training can reduce craving in substance-dependent individuals (p<0.001). The difficulty in emotion regulation is one of the problems of substance-dependent individuals and training how to express and manage emotions can be effective in reducing the problems of these individuals.

The aim of the present study was to compare distress tolerance and positive and negative affects between substance-dependent individuals and normal subjects. This research was a casual-comparative study. The research statistical population included all substance-dependent individuals referred to Semnan Internship and Work Therapy Center. Also, the statistical population of normal subjects included normal relatives of substance-dependent individuals. In order to select the sample, 80 subjects (40 normal subjects, 40 substance-dependent individuals) were selected by a convenient sampling method and completed the Distress Tolerance Scale and the Positive and Negative Affect schedule (PANAS). The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between normal subjects and substance-dependent individuals on the components of distress tolerance and positive and negative affects, so that substance-dependent individuals had lower scores on the Distress Tolerance Scale compared to normal subjects. Also, substance-dependent individuals scored higher on negative affect than normal subjects. Overall, the results indicated that substance-dependent individuals had difficulties in emotion regulation and suffered from negative affect. Therefore, this issue should be considered by the experts of substance dependence.

The aim of this research was to assess the effectiveness of positive therapeutic interventions on promoting hope in Substance-Dependent Individuals. The present study was a quasi-experimental research in the form of pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population of this study included Substance-Dependent Individuals in the city of Varamin. Sixty Substance-Dependent Individuals were selected by a convenient sampling method and were included randomly in experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eleven 60-minute sessions of interventions based on the notes of O'Hanlon and Bertolino (2012) for one month. The data were collected by the Miller Hope Scale (MHS). Results were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The results showed that the scores of hope significantly increased after positive therapeutic intervention in the experimental group compared to the control group. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that positive therapeutic interventions affect the increase of hope in Substance-Dependent Individuals. Therefore, positive therapeutic interventions can be a good method to improve hopefulness in Substance-Dependent Individuals.

This study aimed to assess the associations of meta-cognitive beliefs, cognitive failure, and ambiguity tolerance with cognitive emotion regulation in substance-dependent women. The present study was a descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population of this study included all substance-dependent women in addiction treatment camp and addiction treatment clinics of the city of Tabriz in 2017. Among them, 100 substance-dependent women were selected by a convenient sampling method. To collect data, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), the Tolerance for Ambiguity Scale (TAS), the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis with enter method. The results showed that ambiguity tolerance was positively and significantly related to adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and was negatively and significantly associated with maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The variables of cognitive failure and meta-cognitive beliefs had significant negative associations with adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Cognitive failure and meta-cognitive beliefs had positive significant correlations with maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Cognitive failure (negatively) and ambiguity tolerance (positively) predicted adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies significantly. Ambiguity tolerance significantly and negatively predicted maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Given these results, it can be concluded that meta-cognitive beliefs, cognitive failure, and ambiguity tolerance have an important role in emotion regulation.

The present study aimed to compare the factors affecting sustainable treatment of substance-dependent individuals with relapse, without relapse, and under methadone maintenance treatment. The present research was a causal-comparative study. A total of 150 people were selected as research sample using a convenient sampling method. The research instrument included Cloninger’s Temperament & Character Inventory (TCI) and a researcher-made questionnaire of family, emotional (mood), environmental, and occupational-financial factors. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the three groups regarding occupational and financial factors, so that the mean scores on occupational-financial factors were higher in the methadone maintenance treatment group. Also, the three groups were different from each other regarding the personality factor of harm avoidance and cooperativeness, so that the mean scores on cooperativeness were higher in the group without relapse than the other two groups, and the mean scores on harm avoidance were higher in the group with relapse than in the other two groups. Therefore, it can be said that family support, the acceptance of substance-dependent individuals as a patient in the family, trust in them, as well as the collaboration of the members and their participation in the substance-dependent treatment program can play an important role in preventing relapse. In addition, given that individuals with high scores on harm avoidance are at risk of returning to substance use, identifying these individuals and further monitoring their performance can be effective on more sustainable treatment, and consequently, the rate of damage caused by substance dependence and relapse is reduced in these individuals. Occupational factors also play a critical role in sustainable treatment. Hence, it can be said that having an occupation and occupational skills also contribute to the sustainability of substance-dependence treatment. Therefore, the need to create occupational opportunities to prevent relapse is emphasized.