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Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management - Volume:5 Issue: 3, Summer 2019

Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management
Volume:5 Issue: 3, Summer 2019

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1398/03/19
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • I. Kayes *, S.A. Shahriar, K. Hasan, M. Akhter, M.M. Kabir, M.A. Salam Pages 265-278
    Meteorological parameters play a significant role in affecting ambient air quality of an urban environment. As Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is one of the air pollution hotspot among the megacities in the world, however the potential meteorological influences on criteria air pollutants for this megacity are remained less studied. The objectives of this research were to examine the relationships between meteorological parameters such as daily mean temperature (o C), relative humidity (%) and rainfall (mm) and, the concentration of criteria air pollutants (SO2, CO, NOx, O3, PM2.5 and PM10) from January, 2013 to December, 2017. This study also focused on the trend analysis of the air pollutants concentration over the period. Spearman correlation was applied to illustrate the relationships between air pollutants concentration and temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.  Multiple linear and non-linear regressions were compared to explore potential role of meteorological parameters on air pollutants' concentrations. Trend analysis resulted that concentration of SO2 is increasing in the air of Dhaka while others are decreasing. Most of the pollutants resulted negative correlation with atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, however, they showed variable response to seasonal variation of meteorological parameters. Regression analysis resulted that both the multiple non-linear and linear model performed similar for predicting concentrations of particulate matters but for gaseous pollutants both model performances were poor. This research is expected to contribute in improving the forecast accuracy of air pollution under variable meteorological parameters considering seasonal fluctuations.
    Keywords: Air pollution, Humidity, PM2.5, PM10, Regression Analysis, Temperature
  • G.R. Puno *, R.C.C. Puno Pages 279-294
    Geomorphometric features and land use/land cover are essential in the context of watershed prioritization for resources conservation and protection. Watersheds in tropical regions like the Philippines are under threat of degradation due to the combined effects of uncontrolled agricultural activities in the uplands and frequently increasing erosive precipitations brought about by climate change. Watershed managers are challenged with these pressing issues and concerns because most watersheds have no sufficient data as a basis for decision making. This paper presents the method of analyzing the different geomorphometric features and the existing land use or land cover to assess the propensity of the watershed against erosion so that areas needing immediate treatment can be prioritized. Arbitrarily, fourteen subwatersheds coded as SW1 to SW14 were delineated using a digital elevation model and geographic information system tool. Geomorphometric features categorized as areal aspect, relief features, and channel morphology parameters were generated and analyzed. Parameters having direct and inverse effect to erosion risk was used as the criteria in the ranking process. Land use/land cover was added to geomorphometric parameters to come up with compound values for final prioritization. Results showed that SW13, SW14, and SW4 were classified under very high priority implying focus for appropriate management actions while SW10, SW6, and SW7 were classified under very low priority suggesting favorable environmental condition in these areas. The study provides significant information helpful to watershed managers and planners especially in crafting a plan for integrated watershed management wherein programs and projects implementation have to be prioritized.
    Keywords: Digital elevation model, erosion, Geographic Information System, watershed management
  • J. Jiang *, T. Ri, T. Pang, Y. Wang, P. Wang Pages 295-308
    Precisely management of water quality in urban rivers is of significant and water environmental capacity provide a useful tool. This study presented a water quality analysis simulation program model-based approach for dynamical load reduction in Ashi River, highly contaminated tributaries of Songhua River, China. The actual and surplus dynamic environmental capacity of CODCr and NH3-N, as the two controlling endpoints, were computed based on “segment-end-control” method for monthly or seasonal management. The dynamic pollution control scheme and monthly to annual control strategies were produced based on calculated results. Results show that CODCr and NH3-N need to be cut down to approximately 462.47t/a and 5.2t/a at Zhujia-Acheng down reach and 282.42 t/a and 9.25t/a Acheng down-Chenggaozi town reach, respectively under 90% hydrological design reliability to keep the water quality at class-IV. The CODCr and NH3-N of three ditches should be strictly controlled throughout the year. Some interesting temporal-spatial characteristics of surplus environmental capacity were also found in the study. This study provides local governments with technical measurements and policy recommendations for highly contaminated water body treatment. In the future, the river water quality management in the winter season should take into particular consideration.
    Keywords: Ashi River, Chemical oxygen demand, Ammonia nitrogen, Water environmental capacity, Water quality analysis simulation program (WASP)
  • A. Masih * Pages 309-318
    In view of pollution prediction modeling, the study adopts homogenous (random forest, bagging, and additive regression) and heterogeneous (voting) ensemble classifiers to predict the atmospheric concentration of Sulphur dioxide. For model validation, results were compared against widely known single base classifiers such as support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, linear regression and regression tree using M5 algorithm. The prediction of Sulphur dioxide was based on atmospheric pollutants and meteorological parameters. While, the model performance was assessed by using four evaluation measures namely Correlation coefficient, mean absolute error, root mean squared error and relative absolute error. The results obtained suggest that 1) homogenous ensemble classifier random forest performs better than single base statistical and machine learning algorithms; 2) employing single base classifiers within bagging as base classifier improves their prediction accuracy; and 3) heterogeneous ensemble algorithm voting have the capability to match or perform better than homogenous classifiers (random forest and bagging). In general, it demonstrates that the performance of ensemble classifiers random forest, bagging and voting can outperform single base traditional statistical and machine learning algorithms such as linear regression, support vector machine for regression and multilayer perceptron to model the atmospheric concentration of sulphur dioxide.
    Keywords: Air pollution modeling, Ensemble learning techniques, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest, Bagging, Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Voting
  • M. Reisi *, M. Ahmadi Nadoushan, L. Aye Pages 319-330
    Cities are experiencing rapid population growth and consequently extensive urbanization. Land-use/land-cover change is one of the important elements worldwide, which significantly affect the environment. This study aims to describe the emergence of urban heat and cool islands as a result of changes in land-use/land-cover. Land surface temperature over a 32-year period in Isfahan city, Iran was retrieved. The results confirmed the effect of land-use/land-cover change on Landsat land surface temperature. The average land surface temperature changed from 37.5°C in 1985 to 42.7°C in 2017 during August. The highest land surface temperature in the study area for both years occurred on bare soils (40.66°C in 1985 and 45.88°C in 2017). The second highest Landsat land surface temperature was recorded in central parts of the city with dense built-up covers (36.93°C in 1985 vs 42.45°C in 2017). The central parts of the city were found to have a lower Landsat land surface temperature compared to bare soils, which contributes to the formation of urban cool islands. As expected, water bodies and vegetation had a lower Landsat land surface temperature compared to other land covers. The results also showed changes in land use types during 1985 and 2017, with an increase in water bodies (148.82%) and built-up areas (39.67%) and a decrease in vegetation (20.08%) and bare soil (12.42%). The areas converted from vegetation to built-up experienced an increase in Landsat land surface temperature, which confirmed the effect of land-use/land-cover on microclimate.
    Keywords: Landsat land surface temperature (LST), Land-use, land-cover (LULC), Urban cool island (UCIs), Urban heat island (UHIs), Semi-arid areas
  • H.D. Tran *, H.M.T. Vi, H.T.T. Dang, R.M. Narbaitz Pages 331-344
    Constructed wetlands have not been commonly used in Vietnam due to the lack of information in the selection of proper types of constructed wetlands, type of reeds, design parameters and performance efficiency, in tropical climates. This paper focuses on Canna generalis, which is a common reed and easy to grow both in water and wet land conditions. Two kinds of hybrid constructed wetlands were employed, including Facultative pond combined with free water sub-surface constructed wetlands system and horizontal subsurface flow combined with Aerobic pond system. It was found that the ponds played an important role in the hybrid system performance and enhanced the performance of constructed wetlands. The pollutant removal efficiencies of the hybrid systems were all higher than the single constructed wetlands. The BOD5, TSS, NH4-N and PO4-P removal efficiencies averaged 81%, 85%, 93% and 77%, respectively for the hybrid horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands system operated at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.075 m/day, while they were 89%, 97%, 97%, and 68%, respectively for the hybrid free water sub-surface constructed wetlands system operated at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.1 m/day. The removal rate constants (kBOD5, kNH4-N, kPO4-P) of the experimental hybrid constructed wetlands were similar to those in previous studies. However, these constants were higher for the hybrid free water subsurface constructed wetlands because of the modified structure flow of the free water subsurface constructed wetlands applied in this study, compared to conventional ones, as well as the additional benefits of the ponds in the hybrid systems.
    Keywords: Canna Generalis, Constructed wetlands (CW), Free water subsurface (FWS), Hybrid system, Kinetic constant, Pollutant Removal
  • G.A. Aliyu, N.R.B. Jamil *, M.B. Adam, Z. Zulkeflee Pages 345-356
    The analysis of changes in water quality in a monitoring network system is important because the sources of pollution vary in time and space. This study utilized analysis of the water quality index calculation, hierarchical cluster analysis, and mapping. This was achieved by assessing the water quality parameters of the samples collected from Galma River in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria in wet and dry seasons. The Analysis shows that sampling point number 15 located downstream of the river has the largest number of water quality index of 105.77 and 126.34, while sampling points 1 located upstream of the river has 62.71 and 78.09 in both wet and dry seasons respectively. This indicates that all the monitoring sites were polluted and the water could be utilized for industrial and irrigation specified due to the purposes only. Hierarchical cluster analysis and mapping revealed consistency and variations. For both networks, cluster 1 is located in the middle of the river watershed, while clusters 2, 3 and 4 show variations within the river watershed. 3 sampling points in wet season located at the upstream of the river were specified for Irrigation and Industrial uses, while the rest of the sampling points in both seasons were specified for irrigation purpose only. From this study, water quality index and multivariate techniques for environmental management can be employed in monitoring river resources, and research of this kind can help inadequate planning and management of the river system.
    Keywords: Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), Galma River, Mapping, statistical analysis, Water Quality Index (WQI)
  • I. Fayaji, M.H. Sayadi *, H. Mousazadeh Pages 357-370
    In the current study, the qualitative status of potable well water was assessed using the groundwater quality index during a course of 4 years (2014-2017). This study was carried out with an aim to monitor the drinking water resources from 12 potable wells on the multivariate analysis basis and for determination of groundwater quality index, the following 13 physicochemical parameters including electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, total hardness, potassium, fluoride, bicarbonate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, and nitrate were used. On the basis of Piper diagram, the results revealed that the type and faces of samples were chloride-sodic and bicarbonate-sodic respectively. Groundwater quality index level in the potable well water of case study area was 42.89 to 56.58 and zone water was in the good and medium range. Besides, 66.7% of the wells were in the good range and 33.3% of wells were in the medium range of water quality index. In this study, potassium and fluoride level in all the zone wells was lower than the ideal level and the electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sodium, magnesium and sulphate in all the wells was higher than the ideal range for drinking purposes. Based on this study results, the potable water quality of most of the study area wells generally in 2017 vis-à-vis 2014 had reduced and its main reason was the presence of geology formations, agricultural runoffs and absorbing wells in this zone.
    Keywords: Groundwater Quality index, Hydrochemical, Potable water quality, pollutant water, World Health Organization (WHO)
  • G.C.B. Paclibar *, E.R. Tadiosa Pages 371-382
    Non-native plants that can cause adverse effects are otherwise known as invasive alien plant species which pose a major threat to plant biodiversity conservation and sustainability. This study is dedicated to determine the plant diversity and to assess the vulnerability of Quezon Protected Landscape, Southern Luzon, the Philippines to invasive alien plant species. Data from 90 10x10 m randomly established plots using the quadrat method showed that there are 318 plant species wherein 208 are native, 100 are non-native, and 10 are invasive. Results from the association of the physicochemical factors and the presence of invasive alien plant species through Spearman rho test revealed that most of the physicochemical factors have significant association except percent slope and hill shade. Soil pH, aspect and number of non-native plants show positive association while soil moisture, leaf litter thickness, elevation, species richness, species evenness, plot species diversity index, and the number of native plants signify negative association. Differences between the plots of with and without invasive alien plant species in physicochemical factors indicate that most of the physicochemical factors have a significant difference between plots of with and without invasive alien plant species except percent slope, hill shade, and aspect. Lastly, the MaxEnt model exemplifies that the most suitable predicted conditions for invasive alien plant species are at the edges of boundary and buffer zones. This study implies that most of the physicochemical factors are linked to the presence of invasive alien plant species and Quezon Protected Landscape has a low vulnerability to invasive alien plant species invasion.
    Keywords: Invasive alien plant species (IAPS), Maxent model, physicochemical factors, Quezon Protected Landscape (QPL), Species distribution modelling (SDM)
  • F. Rostami, S. Feiznia *, M. Aleali, M. Heshmati, B. Yousefi Yegane Pages 383-398
    Grupi and Kashkan marl formations comprise a considerable part of Zagros region. These formations have a considerable erodibility and sedimentation potential because of their special geological and mineralogical characteristics. The objective of this study was to compare the erosion and sediment yield of Kashkan and Grupi formations in Merk watershed located in southeast Kermanshah, using the Modified Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee model. This model is suitable for estimating erosion and sediment intensity within each geomorphologic unit comprising nine effective environmental factors as geological, pedological, climate, runoff, topography, land cover, land use, surface, and river erosion factors. The results indicated that Kashkan formation comprises siltstone, sandstone, shale, and conglomerate, and Grupi formation contains shale, clay, and limestone with a high erodibility potential. Field measurements and soil samples analyzed for effective factors releaved that sediment yield for Merek watershed was 18080.6 m3/ha/y. Furthermore, field measurement and soil samples analyzed for effective factors releaved that sediment yields for Kashkan and Gurpi were 7243.3 and 10837.5 m3/ha/y, respectively. The reasons for erosion intensity and sedimentation in the two mentioned formations are slopes, vegetation and land use in addition to the type of rocks in Kashkan and Gurpi formations which are predominantly marl and shale.
    Keywords: Erosion, Gurpi formation, Kashkan formation, Kermanshah, Merk watershed