نشریه حقوق بشر
پیاپی 23 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

The disclosure of confidential reasons the defendant under Article 67 (2) of the Statute is one of the duties of the prosecutor of the essential elements of a fair trial. The disclosure of confidential reasons to allow the accused before the confirmation of charges to be informed of the reasons for confidentiality and prepare to defend. But without formalities and evaluate arguments in support of charges of topics in the field, to the Pre-Trial Chamber to confirm or not the charges. According to the provisions of Article 61 (7) of the Statute, the issue of "confirmation of charges" refers to the issue of whether sufficient grounds for obtaining accused of having committed crimes there? The defendant in the session confirmed the allegations, not only has the right to have the charges dismissed, but the right to notice of the reasons for confidentiality provided by the prosecutor, they will challenge even for the charges of his own confidential reasons, the prosecutor rejected and would provide its reasons.

Good governance like any other concept in the field of social sciences will be the product of time and place. This term was first introduced in the late 1980s. Over the last two decades, it has been increasingly used in public rights, human rights, economics, management and international documents. A good governance is a new discourse which is defined by terms such as rule of Law, partnership, repossibility, accountability, transparency, effectiveness, and efficiency. These terms has received considerable attention in recent years.
In this article, by using descriptive-analytical method and authoritative library resources, it has been attempted to briefly elucidate the concept of this term and the grounds for its emergence and expansion. In this regard, at first concept and bases of good governance formation and its objectives and consequences will be examined. Then, we examine the components of good governance in international documents and the ratio of good governance and human rights is discussed. Finally, the relation between this concept and human rights has been described as a good governance criterion.

The right to work has been recognized in many international instruments. According to this right, everybody deserves to enjoy decent and appropriate job opportunities.On the other hand this right includes states’ obligations to provide enough opportunities. This article seeks to explain historical roots of the right to work. The study shows that industrial revolution, workers’ movements, recession in some periods of time and deep changes after the Second World War were the most important factors in emerging the right, which later was accepted as a welfare right in the context of human rights.

This article seeks to analyze the principles of constitution review in the constitution stipulating gender leadership. Despite the prevailing view in the tradition Sex for leadership, as the highest political office, but none of the principles of the constitution refers to this. Silence constitution on the grounds that the conditions necessary for leadership means to be unnecessary of gender for this position. Although this issue is still in the fields of culture and society does not provide executive. Theoretically and legally, there is no limit to the enterprises led by women and constitution has enough capacity to fill all of the women's political authorities.

The purpose of linguistic right is to create an acceptable situation for speakers in minority languages which they are able to use their mother language. Since this right is a collective right, people learn from each other’s how to use their mother language to communicate and through the use of that express their affiliation with members of their minority group. Much of this learning takes place in the field of education. The importance of education in the mother language is directly related to recognizing a broader range of human rights. Since the right to education is among the second generation of human rights, governments are required, according to the language development system, to take steps to ensure that minorities enjoy the right to learn and use their mother language in their education in accordance with domestic laws and international obligations.

The term "citizenship" refers to an identity between a person and a city, state or nation. When combined with the term "global", it typically defines a person who places their identity with a "global community" above their identity as a citizen of a particular nation or place. The idea is that one’s identity transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights are or can be derived from membership in a broader class: "humanity". The message of Global citizenship is that the core social, political, economic and environmental realities of the world today should be addressed at all levels - by individuals, civil society organizations, communities and nation states - through a global lens. The lack of a global democratic government that is accountable and responsible against citizens in the face of global challenges, demonstrate the ineffectiveness and lack of effectiveness of the world existing structures. Therefore, to supplement the existing structures, global citizenship is performative and citizen-oriented. Citizens through information and communication networks participate in solving global issues, including environmental problems, human rights, peace and global poverty. This type of citizenship is promoted thorough information technology, environmental, multicultural and human rights education.