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Archives of Breast Cancer - Volume:6 Issue: 1, Feb 2019

Archives of Breast Cancer
Volume:6 Issue: 1, Feb 2019

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1398/01/26
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Parvin Akbari, Pegah Gavidel, Mossa Gardaneh * Pages 1-3
  • Mamak Tahmasebi* Pages 4-5
  • Maedeh Rezaei, Forouzan Elyasi *, Zeinab Hamzehgardeshi, Ghasem Janbabai, Mahmood Moosazadeh Pages 6-16
    Background
    Stress is a reaction to physical, psychological and emotional events. Respective to other chronic diseases, breast cancer (BC) is a dire stressful situation greatly disheartening the patients. Therefore, patients with BC need long lasting physical and emotional support to cope with the stress. The purpose of this study was to systematic studies concerning with supportive stress management interventions in patients with BC.
    Methods
    In this review, the literature search was performed in scientific databases including Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, and Irandoc, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed [including Medline], and Elsevier. The keywords were retrieved from Medical Subject Headings (Mesh). The articles published from 1997 to 2017 were included. Accordingly, 440 articles were initially retrieved. After reading titles and abstracts, 152 articles were selected for reading full-texts. Finally, 54 articles including 3 books were used to structure the review.
    Results
    All the included studies had an interventional design focusing on stress management approaches and their related covariates in women with BC. The findings were assessed regarding two distinct approaches. First, the studies assessing stress management interventions were scrutinized. Next, the impacts of the duration of the interventional sessions, the number of the participants and the contents of sessions were explored. Of the selected articles, 6 were about mindfulness, 2 about relaxation, and 7 about stress-related cognitive-behavioral therapy. In addition, one study was related to resilience training and 2 studies investigated problem-based approaches.
    Conclusion
    Stress management interventions can be helpful in reducing stress in BC patients. Therefore, it is advisable to incorporate stress management strategies along with routine pharmaceutical therapies in these patients.
    Keywords: Supportive program, stress management, relaxation, cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness
  • Marziyeh Ghalamkari, Mohammadreza Tabary, Azam Tarafdari, Afsaneh Alikhassi, Farhad shahi* Pages 17-20
    Background
    Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been shown to reduce the risk of developing estrogen-positive breast cancer. Tamoxifen, a potent SERM, has been successfully administered as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. However, uterine pathologic changes may develop due to the effect of tamoxifen as both an agonist and antagonist of estrogen on the uterus. Here, we discuss a case of breast cancer treated with tamoxifen to clarify one of the most important complications, namely, endometrial hyperplasia.
    Case Presentation
    A 51-year-old woman presented with left breast mass and axillary lymphadenopathy. Mammography showed a 26-mm spiculated mass consistent with invasive ductal carcinoma in core needle biopsy. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the tumor was ER- and PR-positive, HER2-negative, and P53-negative. Adjuvant chemotherapy was completed, and the patient was referred to undergo adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). After the completion of RT, treatment with tamoxifen was initiated at the recommended dose of 20 mg/day.
    Questions
    The questions are when to use tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, How to follow the patient treated with tamoxifen, and when to discontinue tamoxifen therapy.
    Conclusion
    Use of tamoxifen for at least 5 years after diagnosis is a reasonable option for the prevention of breast cancer or its recurrence in high-risk patients. Premenopausal women on tamoxifen presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding must undergo transvaginal ultrasonography. For premenopausal women taking tamoxifen, irregular vaginal bleeding should be evaluated by hysteroscopy or uterine ultrasonography, and, if the etiology remains unclear, a biopsy should be done. There are no evidence-based recommendations for uterine malignancy screening in patients who take tamoxifen. Current recommendations are annual gynecologic examination and evaluation of any abnormal vaginal bleeding.
    Keywords: Tamoxifen, adjuvant hormone therapy, breast cancer, abnormal uterine bleeding
  • Najmeh Salarhaji, Sareh Behzadipour*, Sedigheh Tahmasebi Pages 21-28
    Background
    In many of past studies, the role of God as an attachment figure in reducing psychopathological symptoms has strongly been confirmed. In an effort to account for the effectiveness of attachment to God in mitigating psychopathological symptoms in healthy people we came upon self-compassion as a potential mediating variable in this process. Hence, in the current research, we studied this relation in Iranian Muslim women diagnosed with breast cancer.
    Methods
    A total of 360 Muslim women diagnosed with breast cancer were asked to fill the Attachment to God Inventory, Self-Compassion Scale, and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. Data were analyzed using path analysis method with AMOS 22.
    Results
    The anxiety dimension of attachment to God was significantly correlated with the severity of anxiety, but the avoidance dimension had no direct effect on any of the symptoms. Also, the anxiety dimension was found to be positively correlated with depression and stress indirectly via self-compassion. However, in the case of the avoidance dimension, no such relationship was observed. As a result, attachment anxiety causes a decrease in self-compassion in this group of women, and this, in turn, results in more severe psychopathological symptoms like anxiety, stress, and depression.
    Conclusion
    Considering the results of this study, we conclude that improvements in the mental health of Muslim women diagnosed with breast cancer are not exclusively achieved by attachment to material symbols. Rather, attachment to God as a spiritual symbol can have a great impact on the mental health of these women. In fact, secure attachment to God can help improve mental health through positive effects on self-compassion and should be considered as a treatment in psychological interventions.
    Keywords: Breast cancer, attachment to God, depression, anxiety, self-compassion
  • Abed Mahdavi *, Hossein Jenaabadi, Seyed Rahmatollah Mosavimoghadam, Seyed SamanehShojaei Langari, Masoud Gholamali Lavasani, Yaser Madani Pages 29-34
    Background
    Considering the role of psychological components in the life of patients with cancer, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between mental, existential, and religious well-being and death anxiety in women with breast cancer.
    Methods
    In this descriptive, correlational study, the statistical population included all women with breast cancer referred to Shahid Rahimi Hospital in Khorramabad in 2017. A sample of 100 patients was selected through convenience sampling and data were collected using Templer’s Death Anxiety Scale, the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, and the Spiritual Well-being Scale. For the purpose of data analysis, mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression were applied using SPSS 22.
    Results
    The study findings indicated a significant, negative correlation between mental well-being, existential well-being, and religious well-being and death anxiety in patients with breast cancer (α = 0.05).
    Conclusion
    According to the results of this study, mental, existential, and religious well-being are important contributors to mental health and quality of life of patients with cancer. Therefore, enhancing these components in cancer patients can be introduced as a complementary treatment along with medical treatments in order to improve psychological problems in clinical settings.
    Keywords: Breast cancer, existential well-being, death anxiety, mental well-being, religious well-being
  • Abed Mahdavi *, Seyed Rahmatollah Mousavimoghadam, Yaser Madani, Maryam Aghaei, Maryam Abedin Pages 35-41
    Background
    In many of past studies, the role of God as an attachment figure in reducing psychopathological symptoms has strongly been confirmed. In an effort to account for the effectiveness of attachment to God in mitigating psychopathological symptoms in healthy people we came upon self-compassion as a potential mediating variable in this process. Hence, in the current research, we studied this relation in Iranian Muslim women diagnosed with breast cancer.
    Methods
    A total of 360 Muslim women diagnosed with breast cancer were asked to fill the Attachment to God Inventory, Self-Compassion Scale, and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. Data were analyzed using path analysis method with AMOS 22.
    Results
    The anxiety dimension of attachment to God was significantly correlated with the severity of anxiety, but the avoidance dimension had no direct effect on any of the symptoms. Also, the anxiety dimension was found to be positively correlated with depression and stress indirectly via self-compassion. However, in the case of the avoidance dimension, no such relationship was observed. As a result, attachment anxiety causes a decrease in self-compassion in this group of women, and this, in turn, results in more severe psychopathological symptoms like anxiety, stress, and depression.
    Conclusions
    Considering the results of this study, we conclude that improvements in the mental health of Muslim women diagnosed with breast cancer are not exclusively achieved by attachment to material symbols. Rather, attachment to God as a spiritual symbol can have a great impact on the mental health of these women. In fact, secure attachment to God can help improve mental health through positive effects on self-compassion and should be considered as a treatment in psychological interventions.
    Keywords: Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy, emotional expressiveness, defense mechanisms, breast cancer
  • Abdolali Assarian, Negar Mashoori, Vahid Soleimani, Erica Patocskai * Pages 42-46
    Background
    Breast cancer, which is the most common site-specific cancer in women, usually metastasizes to lung, liver, bone, and brain, although other sites can be involved less frequently. Parotid gland invasion by breast cancer, first reported in 1950, is extremely rare with very few reports worldwide.
    Case presentation
    A 54-year-old woman with stage IIIA breast cancer presented with a right parotid mass and signs of facial nerve palsy 3 months after treatment completion, which was finally diagnosed as metastatic involvement of parotid gland.
    Conclusion
    Breast cancer metastasis to parotid gland is extremely rare but can happen metachronously or synchronously even years after the primary disease. Therefore, this diagnosis should be kept in mind in any patient with a history of breast cancer presenting with a periauricular mass. Despite proposed treatments, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, patients have a poor prognosis with a reported 5-year survival rate of 10%. However, palliative management should be recommended to all patients with parotid metastasis.
    Keywords: breast cancer, parotid gland, metastasis