Iranian Journal of health, Safety and environment
Volume:6 Issue: 2, Spring 2019

Removal of the fluoride ion of drinking water requires an effective technique. In study zeolite clinoptilolite by Al+3 ions and nanoscale iron (nZVI) modify was used to remove fluoride from water. Contact was done by a fixed bed absorbent column. In this column, experiments were carried out using aqueous solutions and drinking water with mass. The dynamics of the adsorption process were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results showed that highest uptake capacities 1.14 and 2.4mg/g for the modified zeolitic Al and nanoscale iron (nZVI) respectively, were obtained with a 5g mass column, an inlet 10mg/L fluoride solution, and a flow rate of 3mL/min, but the sorption capacities decreased when drinking water used. Experimental data were fitted to both models Langmuir and Freundlich, and the methods indicated that these materials are suitable for the removal of fluoride from water in fix bed systems. In general, it can be concluded that modified zeolite clinoptilolite with fixed bed an effective and economical method to remove fluoride from groundwater.

Increase the system efficiency in photocatalytic systems is necessary for economic aspects. In this study, for photocatalytic destruction of toluene in a circular fluid bed or substrate reactor, the effect of UV radiation changes and bed temperature was investigated. The Efficiency of the photocatalytic system was studied in various conditions of relative humidity variables, UV intensity and bed temperature. This study showed by increasing the photocatalyst loading percentage of more than 20%wt., there is no significant change in the efficiency of toluene degradation. In a steady state of all other parameters, when the intensity of the UV radiation rises from 5 w/m2 to 17 w/m2, Toluene degradation efficiency also has an increasing trend. Also, we found that with increasing temperature, the efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation of toluene is increasing. The independent effect of each of the variables on the efficiency of toluene removal are interdependent and mutually influential, and in order to have the appropriate efficiency, all variables should be examined together in the appropriate conditions.

This study examined the utility of adding habit strength to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in predicting the intention and behaviour of junk food consumption. A Cross-sectional data were performed on 271 high school boy that sampled randomly from ten high schools in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Participants completed measures of the TPB, habit strength and food frequency in relation to junk food consumption. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to test the predictive power of the model. The traditional model explained 15% and 10% of the variance in intention and behaviour, respectively. Subjective norm and PBC (Perceived Behavioral Control) emerged as significant predictors of intention. Also, PBC and intention revealed as a significant predictor of behaviour. The extended model accounted for 28% and 11.6% of the variance in intention and behaviour, respectively. Habit significantly increased the explained variance in both intention and behaviour and emerged as the strongest predictor. Also, subjective norm and PBC remained as a significant predictor of intention and behaviour, respectively. The intention was a non-significant correlate of junk food consumption. Junk food consumption is more controlled by habit and PBC, rather than intention.

Personal protective clothing (PPC) can cause heat strain. The purpose of this study was Heat strain control by two portable cooling vests under wearing vapor protective suit and hot condition. An experimental study was conducted in a climatic chamber on 15 male students under warm conditions (ambient temperature =40°C, relative humidity=40%). Each participant performed the test without a cooling vest and with Spadana (Of 70% cotton and 30% polyester with 10 pockets for PCM: Hydrogel packages and a total weight of 2.3kg) and Techkewl-7026 (100% cotton with 4 pockets for PCM packages and a total weight of 2 / 2kg) phase change material cooling vests. The activity rate on a treadmill was light (2.8km/h) and the test lasted 30 minutes for each stage. Cooling effects were evaluated by measuring heart rate, oral temperature and skin temperature. Results showed that the mean and standard deviation for heart rate, oral temperature and skin temperature with a Spadana cooling vest were 100.55 (8.12)(bpm), 36.83 (0.25)°C and 31.52(1.85)°C, respectively, and for Techkewl-7026 cooling vests were 103.64 (10.9)(bpm), 36.98(0.34)°C and 34.2 (1.4)°C, respectively, and for without cooling vest were 113.33(11.23)(bpm), 37.05(0.35) °C and 37.93(0.48) °C, respectively . The difference between parameters with cooling vests and without cooling vest was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The use of Spadana and Techkewl-7026 phase change material cooling vests can reduce thermal stress through a reduction in heart rate, oral temperature, skin temperature and sweating rate.

In recent studies, some variables such as weight of the school backpack, how to carry it or backpack features are currently under study in relation to low back pain (LBP) among students. The present study aimed to assess the role of school backpack and training habits on the development of spinal pain among Iranian students. A current cross-sectional study was performed between November 2015 and April 2016 on 616 primary school children with age between 11-13 years in Karaj city, Iran. We gathered information on demographic characteristics and ergonomic data on backpacks via a specific checklist. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) to determine the prevalence of spinal complaints was used among the participants. To assess the ergonomic status of backpacks, the students were asked to carry with the consistent and conventional method.
Study findings showed that unfortunately, only 1.9% of students carried their bags correctly. Musculoskeletal complaints in the neck region were significantly higher among students who do their homework on the floor in compare with students that doing their homework behind the desk. Musculoskeletal complaints in the shoulder region of students had a significant association with Bag handle type, TV & game time, doing homework position, Bag use with 2 ropes and Bag weight/body weight.
Findings of the present study recommended that we need to step up public health strategies and develop a monitoring system that is both preventative and proactive.

The overweight and obesity are considered as a risk factor for the heat strain. This study was planned to assess the oral temperature changes among overweight and normal-weight subjects during light and moderate exercises under exposure to hot and very hot conditions. An experimental study was conducted on 35 subjects with normal-weight and 35 subjects who had overweight. The subjects rested for 30 minutes. Then, each subject performed a light exercise (2.8 kilometers per hour on the treadmill) under exposure to very hot and moderately humid conditions for 60 minutes. In the next phase, subjects performed a moderate exercise (4.8 kmph on the treadmill) under exposure to hot and moderately humid conditions for 60 minutes after 30 minutes of rest. The oral temperature was measured every 4 minutes. The rest oral temperature of overweight subjects with body mass index more than 27kg/m2 was significantly higher than that of normal-weight subjects in both conditions (P<0.015). While the exercise oral temperature of overweight subjects with body mass index more than 27kg/m2 compared to that of normal-weight subjects was significantly higher only in the moderate exercise under exposure to hot conditions (P=0.001). The rest and exercise oral temperature of overweight subjects with body mass index more than 27kg/m2 was higher than that of normal-weight subjects when they performed a moderate exercise under exposure to hot conditions.

Several factors influence the efficiency and effectiveness of organizations, one of them is work engagement. Nowadays job stress has become one of the most costly and a common problem in the workplace. United Nations introduced job stress as twentieth-century disease. Emergency unit in hospitals is stressful environments with high working pressure. This study is a cross-sectional study to determine the most common stress factors and assess work engagement among emergency center technicians in Markazi Province in 2015. Data were collected by using three questionnaires containing demographic questionnaire, job stressors questionnaire and job engagement questionnaire (UWES-9 Scale. SPSS version 19 software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the patient care stressor had the maximum mean stress score (3.63±0.59) and physical stressors had the lowest mean stress score (3.26± 0.77). A significant relationship was observed between individual stressors and all aspects of work engagement and interpersonal stressors and vigour (P≤0.05). The results of this study showed that work engagement can have an effect on job stress or job pressure. There was a negative association between work engagement and job stress.

There are several methods for assessing the ergonomics risk of upper-limb disorders in occupational health studies. The main objective of the present study is to determine the intra and inter-examiner reliability of three risk assessment methods of SI, OCRA Checklist and ART in repetitive tasks. Early, nine examiners used the three methods to assess the physical exposure level of the upper limb in workers 30 tasks with different levels of the profession for two assessment periods. In the results obtained using ICC for inter-examiner reliability, the risk categorizations were ρ: 0.54 to 0.77 for SI, OCRA Checklist and ART, Also the intra-examiner reliability for the final score of the three methods was κ: 0.59 to 0.67. The reliability for risk categorizations and the final score of this method using ICC obtained as moderate to good. However, the overall results showed that the reliability of the ART method was higher than the two other methods. The findings demonstrated that all three methods are appropriate for assessment in workplaces. These methods should be used based on assessment objectives, examiner skill and required duration time for assessing the tasks.

Implementing interventions in the field of breakfast consumption and subsequently evaluating them is an appropriate solution to promote healthy breakfast consumption and improve health status. The present study aims to systematically investigate the educational interventions in relation to breakfast consumption among students.
In this study, the SID, IRANMEDEX, IRANDOC, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched for the period from January 2000 to March 2018. The selection criteria for final articles include having as their topics education and intervention relating to breakfast consumption among pre-school and other school students as well as the availability of the full text of the articles.
In general, 3742 articles were identified, out of which 17 articles—containing educational intervention relating to breakfast consumption among the students—were selected after removing duplicate articles and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria. However, 5451 students had participated in the 17 investigated articles. The main emphasis in these interventions was on increasing breakfast consumption and knowledge and changing attitudes towards breakfast and its benefits.
The use of theories and models for intervention increased the frequency of breakfast consumption among the students in all the reviewed studies. Accordingly, it seems necessary to design, implement, and assess more educational and interventional programs. More attention should be devoted to different theories and models of health education and promotion and to some lesser noteworthy factors, such as the role of schools, teachers, and parents in education, and modern communication technologies.