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Epidemiology and Health System Journal - Volume:5 Issue: 2, Spring 2018

Epidemiology and Health System Journal
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Spring 2018

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/03/23
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Shervin Assari * Pages 43-49
    Background And Aims
    Exposure and vulnerability to racial discrimination is not solely a function of race but the intersection of race and gender, with Black men experiencing more discrimination than Black women. This phenomenon is explained by the subordinate male target hypothesis, suggesting that majority of men specifically target men of color. If that is the case, implicit bias would be most common among the majority of men. The current cross-sectional study investigated race by gender differences in implicit bias against Blacks.
    Methods
    Data came from Harvard University’s Project Implicit, an online survey, conducted during 2006-2016. Data included 444 422 implicit association tests (IATs) which were taken by Blacks (n=56 384) and Whites (n=388 038). Using IAT, the dependent variable was implicit bias against Blacks. Independent variables were race, gender, and age. Using SPSS, linear regressions were utilized to test the additive and multiplicative effects of race and gender on implicit bias against Blacks.
    Results
    Race (b = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.38-0.39) and gender (b = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.05-0.05) were associated with IAT score suggesting higher implicit bias against Blacks among Whites and men. A significant interaction was found between race and gender (b = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.04-0.07), suggesting the highest level of implicit bias against Blacks among White men.
    Conclusion
    It is not solely race and gender but their intersection that shapes social distribution of implicit bias against Blacks. This finding extends the previous literature showing that not solely race or gender but their intersection influences exposure to discrimination.
    Keywords: Ethnic groups, Racism, Racial discrimination, Race, Whites, Blacks, African Americans, Gender, Bias, Implicit bias
  • Reza Heidari-Soureshjani *, Farnaz Kargaran Dehkordi, Tayeb Mohammadi Pages 50-54
    Background And Aims
    Anxiety can be defined as a state of fear and worry. Test anxiety is one of the students’ constant fears that produces destructive and negative effects on students’ educational performance and mental condition. There is not an exception among students with learning disorders and they all experience such type of anxiety. Therefore, in this research the test anxiety was compared in these two mentioned types of students.
    Methods
    The present analytical-descriptive study was conducted on a sample of 129 students composed of 86 normal and 43 cases with learning disorders in Lordegan county. The cases were selected by simple random sampling and Sarason Anxiety Questionnaire was used for gathering data and finally the collected data was analyzed via analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and SPSS 16.0.
    Results
    The mean of anxiety level among students with learning disorders was 24.21 (±4.33) and 20.65 (±6.81) before and after the test respectively, and the measured mean for normal students was 18.52 (±5.56) before the test and 16.7 (±5.47) after the test. This result showed a significant difference between these two types of students (P 0.05).
    Conclusion
    In these 2 studied groups, the test anxiety was decreased sharply after the test in comparison with that before it. As well, it was concluded that the normal students’ anxiety was less than the anxiety of students with learning disorders in both phases.
    Keywords: Test anxiety, Learning disorders, Students
  • Mehri Rejali, Seyede Soghra Ahmadi * Pages 55-59
    Background And Aims
    This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in the pregnant women and the associated risk factors in Shahrekord, Iran.
    Methods
    In this cross-sectional study, 832 pregnant women were examined up to 26 to 30 weeks of pregnancy and their UTIs were studied. The required information was collected by examining the health records of pregnant women and completion of the data registration forms. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 23.0 using chi-square and independent t test.
    Results
    According to the results of this study on 832 participants, 109 of them were diagnosed with UTI, and prevalence of UTI was recorded to be 13.1% in this study. There was a significant relationship between urinary infection and variables of delivery, pregnancy severe vomiting, genitourinary problems, infertility, and blood group.
    Conclusion
    According to the results of this study, screening and treatment of UTIs have been on time and appropriate in health systems of Shahrekord city which have led to the reduction of infant and maternal diseases. Even in the conditions that there is no UTI, continuing the process for screening and treatment is recommended.
    Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Risk factor, Cross-sectional study
  • Zahra Omrani, Elnaz Talebi * Pages 60-63
    Background And Aims
    A high number of healthcare team members are nurses. Nurses’ quality of life level is an important issue because it affects their level of care delivered to their patients. Knowledge about nurses’ level of quality of life is useful for planning. The present study was conducted to examine the quality of life of nurses and related factors.
    Methods
    This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed during 2015-2016. Samples were recruited from single nurses who worked in teaching hospitals in Tehran. To this end, 200 nurses were selected by using simple random sampling method. Data collection was performed by researchers using a researcher’s self-designed checklist for demographic characteristics and a 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36). After data collection, data analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 software.
    Results
    Of 200 nurses, 118 (59%) were female, and 82 (41%) were male. Of 200 nurses, 192 (96%) were registered nurses and the rest had Master of Science degree in nursing. The mean score of quality of life was 71.44 ± 10.12. Among subscales of quality of life, higher and lower scores were related to the subscale ‘social role functioning’ and ‘physical functioning’, respectively. Nurses’ sex was a significant factor that affected their quality of life (P
    Conclusion
    According to the findings of the present study, nurses’ quality of life was at moderate level totally; however in some subscales they had some problems. Nurses’ quality of life needs more attention. Further study in this regard is recommended.
    Keywords: Nurses, Quality of Life, Sf-36, Related factors, Iran
  • Saleh Jafarian Dehkordi, Masoud Amiri * Pages 64-66
    Divorce is one the most important public health problems which may affect many people especially parents, children, and their close relatives. To emphasize the importance of divorce worldwide, the world figures of some countries have been compared. According to transition from a traditional society to an industrial society and modern family, potential problems of divorce would be the most important difficulties of the families. Divorce is the outcome of the most acute and serious communication problems of the family. There are too much reasons for it, including: absence of compatibility and understanding, absence of securing psychic needs, violence, sexual problems, rising housing costs, high unemployment, inflation, immorality, family interference, and so on. Families are recommended to create more moral and mental familiarity situations for girls and boys before marriage, so that they would be able to somehow hinder divorce incidence through knowing each other better.
    Keywords: Marital status, Divorce, Family, Psychosocial, Social, Behavioral
  • Habib-Allah Shahriyari, Masoud Amiri *, Zahra Shahriyari Pages 67-71
    Poverty is a multi-dimensional problem and various researchers, based on their field, have investigated different aspects of poverty. Moreover, poverty, as a global problem, could be an interesting subject for both developed and developing countries. In recent decades, both international organizations and different countries have had some programs for reducing poverty. The evaluatinon of power and capacity of national economy for coping with poverty is the first essential step. In addition, in a long-term period, poverty would depend on economy development, but in the short-term, considering the proper concept of poverty with potential available financial resources is necessary. Then, calculation of poverty line and percentage of poor people using the appropriate methods is the next step. In recent decades, Iran’s economy has had different problems such as rising inflation, unemployment, balance of payments deficit in macroeconomics and its effect on poverty and in equal income distribution in microeconomics. Effects of the price balancing on poverty is also an important subject that its evaluation is possible with the data acquired after subsides policy. Another aspect is the picture of poverty in rural and urban communities in the last year and near to implementation of this policy. This article presented an overall picture of poverty in urban and rural communities of Iran as well as worldly defined indices in poverty literature.
    Keywords: Poverty, World, Iran, Developed, Developing
  • Moslem Taheri Soodejani * Page 72