International Journal of Medical Laboratory
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Aug 2017

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common orthopedic surgery. The main focus in the research of THA is immune responses in these patients following the blood transfusion.Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the immune modulation indexes such as T cell amplification, Tcell surface markers and also production of cytokines in the patients undergoing THA surgery following blood transfusion.
A total of 30 patients referred to Imam Hussein Hospital for THA surgery were included in the study between May 2015 to May 2016. Transfusions of 500 ml allogeneic red blood were done during and immediately after recovery of THA operation. Along with pre- and post-operation, immune modulatory effects of transfusion, including proliferation of T lymphocyte, secretion of T cell cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin(IL)-4 and expression of T lymphocyte surface markers such as human leukocyte antigen D related (HLA-DR) and CD25 were evaluated.
Blood transfusion induced the expression of CD25 and HLA-DR markers in the THA patients. Blood transfusion also increased the secretion of IL-4 in post-operative stages in the THA patients. Results showed the increased IL-4 levels after blood transfusion. Whereas the levels of secretion in INF- γ were decreased after blood transfusion.
Allogeneic blood transfusion in the patients with the THA induced a cascade of immune and inflammatory responses, including increasing in T cell amplification and change in the secretion of interleukins that causes a modulation of immune responses. Further investigations should be performed to verify this hypothesis.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram negative opportunistic pathogen of nosocomial infections that causes pneumonia, urinary tract infection (UTI), meningitis, septicemia and diarrhea. The emergence and spread of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae often cause failure in the treatment of infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from clinical urine specimens.
In this descriptive-sectional study, from December 2013 to August 2014, 130 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were collected from hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections and identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was evaluated by the standard disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). E.test method was used for determining of meropenem minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Carbapenemase producing was investigated by the Modified Hodge Test (MHT). blaKPC was evaluated by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using specific primer pair.
The results showed that 61 (46.9%) isolates were non-susceptible to at least one of the carbapenems. 35 (26.9%), 5 (3.8%) and 5 (3.8%) isolates were resistant to imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem, respectively. 45.9% (28 of 61) of isolates were carbapenemase producing and all of them were negative for the presence of blaKPC.
With respect to the high prevalence of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, it is recommended that MHT is performed in routine laboratories for limiting and controlling the spread of the carbapenem resistant isolates.

Group B streptococcus (GBS) may cause neonatal infection during and or after the delivery, and is the leading cause of sepsis, bacteremia, pneumonia and meningitis. The virulence factors are carried by both capsule and surface proteins by which serotypes and genotypes are determined. However, some genotypes are believed to be related in severity of neonatal diseases, therefor this investigation was aimed to determine the surface proteins genotype of detected GBS from both vagina and urine of pregnant women.
In the present study, a total of 346 vaginal and urine samples were obtained from the same pregnant women. Following culturing the samples on sheep blood agar medium and related tests (CAMP, Hiporate hydrolysis) the suspected colonies were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The detected GBS species were then genotyped using multiplex PCR assay.
Out of 346 specimens, 57 (16.47%), and 33 isolates (9.5%) were identified as vaginal and urine GBS, respectively. Genotype rib was predominant in both vaginal discharge and urine specimens, by frequencies of 56.1% and 54.5%, respectively. Other genotypes of vaginal GBS were as epsilon (36.8%), anlpha-C (3.5%), and alp2/3 (3.5%); while GBS in urine were as epsilon (36.4%), alp2/3 (6.1%), and anlpha-C (3%).
The prevalence of GBS in both vaginal and urine samples were reliable in comparison to other societies. These results showed that genotype rib of GBS, which seems to be associated to neonatal diseases, is dominant genotype in both urine and vaginal samples.

DNA cloning, sub-cloning and site directed mutagenesis are the most common strategies in nearly all projects of recombinant protein production. The classical method of restriction site cloning is unsatisfactory due to the need for supply of restriction enzymes and the inefficiency of the digestion reaction. Many new methods, including recombinatorial cloning and ligation independent cloning need additional enzymes and kits. In this project we insert a full-length streptolysin O gene into an expression plasmid without using any uncommon commercial enzymes.
Steptolysin O gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and introduced into the pPSG-IBA35 vector using a quick-change PCR. At the same time the gene was double digested and sub-cloned into pET28a (). Both constructs were introduced into BL21 DE3 cell. Proteins were purified by Ni-NTA column and hemolytic activity was evaluated by spectrophotometry using human red blood cells.
Steptolysin O was subcloned into the pET28a () and pPSG-IBA35 vectors and expressed in E. coli. Protein was purified with over 90% purity. The IC50 of C and N terminus his-tagged protein were 0.22 and 0.29 µg/ml, respectively in hemolysis assay.
This study showed for the first time that full-length streptolysin O can be expressed in E. coli cytoplasm without any toxicity for the bacteria itself. The only additional amino acids expressed on the protein were his-tag. To study the role of this toxin it would be better to express the protein with the same strategy to have minimal extra amino acids on the protein.

Metabolic syndrome, a common metabolic disorder, for the serious health consequences such as insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities has been considered as a major clinical challenge with obscure causes. Oxidative stress is an important component of metabolic syndrome, contributing in its development. Troxerutin, a semi-synthetic derivative of natural bioflavonoid rutin, exerts various pharmacological activities, which among all, strong anti-oxidative property is of great importance. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of troxerutin on metabolic parameters and oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome induced by fructose in male rats.
In order to induce metabolic syndrome, animals received the water containing 20% fructose for 8 weeks. Troxerutin was administered to animals with the dose of 150 mg/kg orally for 4 weeks after induction of metabolic syndrome following biochemical analysis and oxidative stress marker assessment.
Data showed that high-fructose diet leads to elevation of blood glucose and insulin resistance and causes abnormalities in lipid profile as well as oxidative stress enhancement (signs of a metabolic syndrome) (p Troxerutin administration reverses the deleterious effect of metabolic syndrome in rats with high-fructose diet.

Leishmaniasis is an intracellular protozoan- parasitic disease, the common vector of transmission. Both zoonotic and anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are endemic in different foci. With regard to the cutaneous form, 1.0-1.5 million cases were reported annually with 90% of the cases. Although antimony-containing compounds that are the main drugs used to treat Leishmaniasis has been recommended for CL treatment by the World Health Organization, but there are some restrictions in this case, including high expense, side effects, frequent injections need, and incomplete efficacy. The current research was conducted the effect of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus beta-haemolytic Supernatants’ on Leishmania major promastigotes (PMs) viability: an in vitro study.
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus beta-haemolytic cultured for preparing supernatant, then Leishmania (L) major strain [MRHO/IR/75/ER] PMs cultured in Novy-Nicolle-Mac Neal (NNN) and roswell park memorial institute 1640 media. The cell proliferation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, BrdU (Chemiluminescent) was performed as described by Roche Diagnostics. The mean of the viability PMs of Leishmania (L) major strain [MRHO/IR/75/ER] in culture according to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus beta-haemolytic supernatant, Glocantime concentrations and in the control group (Glocantime) was obtained.
It was shown that there was a statistical significant difference among Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus beta-haemolytic supernatant inhibits growth of Leishmania (L) major strain [MRHO/IR/75/ER] PMs with the control group (p These exciting results suggest that Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus beta-haemolytic Supernatants have significant therapeutic potential as novel anti-leishmanial.

The quality of platelets (PLT) during storage is influenced by various factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential effects of the air bubbles and foam in the bag of platelet and its effects on the quality of the final product.
In this paired-study, the air bubbles and foam, which develops after the preparation of the platelet units were excluded from the control units (n=10), but not from the test units (n=10). Various in vitro variables after the 5-day storage was evaluated, including measurements of PLT counts, mean PLT volume (MPV), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), PH, swirling, aggregation response, and the expression of CD62P.
PLT count was lower (p=0.001) and LDH was higher (p=0.006) in the test vs. control units. PH was maintained at >7 (day 5) and swirling remained at the highest level (score=2) for all units throughout storage. No significant difference in MPV and CD62P expression was detected between the groups.
It was found that the storage of platelets in bags containing air bubbles and foam after five day storage period increased disintegration of the platelets.