نشریه روانشناسی خانواده
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، پاییز و زمستان 1395)

Indiscipline is a multidimensional phenomenon that has undesirable effects on classroom. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between parenting styles and attachment styles in school with mediation of emotional self-regulation, social skills and the Mind Theory in female third grade high school students of Ahwaz. Of this population‚ 440 female students were selected through multistage random sampling method. Instruments used in this study included the Baumrind's Parenting Style Questionnaire (BPSQ), the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), a researcher-made indiscipline inventory, the Schering Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (SEIQ), The Teenage Inventory of Social Skills (TISS) and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). The results of the modified model showed that the parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian and permissive) and the attachment styles (secure, avoidant insecure and ambivalent), not only directly affect indiscipline, but also indirectly exert an effect through mediation variables of emotional self-regulation and social skills. Mind reading in the proposed model was not recognized as a mediator variable in the corrected model and could only directly effect the indiscipline. It can be concluded that the parent's knowledge of appropriate parenting style, developing emotional, social skills and guiding them in successful experiences could lead to equipping them with emotional abilities, managing emotions, and wider social relationships, and thereby, reducing their indiscipline.

Authentic and balanced relationships between parents and children are one of the effective factors in children’s well-being and mental health. Transactional analysis is considered a comprehensive communication theory about personality and can help parents deal with their children. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of transactional analysis on maternal parenting styles. The design of this study was of a quasi-experimental type with pre-test, post-test and control group. 30 mothers participated in this study, assigned to experimental and control groups (15 each). The experimental group were trained in eight 90 minute sessions of trancactional analysis. To collect the research data, the Baumrind Parenting Style Inventory (PSI) was administered to both groups before and after the intervention. Results revealed that mothers in the experimental group scored higher in the authoritative style and lower in authoritarian and permissive styles in their post test. It can be concluded that trancactional analysis training may have helped mothers in controling their emotions and sorting to adult relationships instead of scolding their children.

Marital problems cause many crises in daily lives of a large number of families. What is the role of early maladaptive schemas in development and maintaining of these problems? What is the possible role of difficulty in emotion regulation in early maladaptive schemas and marital problems? The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and marital problems. Two hundred and eighty seven married volunteer students (158 females, 129 males), living in Urmia, participated in this study. Participants completed the Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital State Questionnaire (GRIMS), the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). The results showed a significantly positive correlation between early maladaptive schemas and marital problems, and difficulty in emotion regulation. The results of path analysis showed that the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and marital problems was mediated by difficulty in emotion regulation. According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and marital problems is not linear and the difficulty in emotion regulation can play a meditational role between the two.

Post divorce adjustments is a process of separation from the marital relationships, solving emotions caused by marital dissociation, consolidation of relations with previous and new wife or both of them after divorce. The present research aimed to compare the impact of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) on strengthening the divorced womens’ self-esteem and post-divorce adjustment. The study was of a quasi-experimental type with pre-test, post-test and control group. 36 women were randomly assigned to experimental groups: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy group (ACT), Compassion Focused Therapy group (CFT) and control group. Two experimental groups (ACT & CFT) received 8 weekly 90 minutes’ sessions of ACT and CFT. They were assessed by utilizing Cooper-Smith Self-esteem Inventory (SEI) and Fisher Post-Divorce Adjustment Scale (FADS) in pre test, post test and follow up phase. Post test result showed a significant improvement in the womens’ post-divorce adjustment and self-esteem in the ACT and CFT groups. The impact of both therapeutic approaches in the follow-up phase was sustained. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that both Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Compassion Focused Therapy, could not only promote the level of post-divorce adjustment in divorced women but also resulted in their improved self-esteem.

The experience of happiness in an enduring marriage causes internal satisfaction among couples. It also affects the well-being and development of their children. The present study was set up to investigate the lived experiences of couples who expressed satisfaction with their married life. Following a phenomenological approach, this study conducted in-depth and exploratory interviews among 14 married males and females who believed they had happy marriages. Data were collected , coded and organized in the form of themes and subthemes. 256 codes, 21 subthemes and 5 themes were identified through the content analysis of the data. The five main themes extracted were feeling of happiness, moral factors in happiness, presence of others, happiness raising behaviors and constructive marriage. The result revealed that happiness in marriage entails a feeling of comfort and satisfaction created by moral and ethical consideration observed by the couple, performed in the presence of others and accompanied by happiness raising behaviors. Mutual relationships between meanings and standards of happy marriages were also revealed.

The failure of couples in resolving marital problems could be expressed in various forms so that each of them can be a threat to the health of marital relationship. One common type of marital discord is marital dissatisfaction, which is affected by many factors, including lack of differentiation, forgiveness and meaningfulness in life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of differentiation, life meaningfulness and forgiveness in predicting marital satisfaction among married female students of Islamic Azad University of Dezful. For this purpose, a sample of 256 married female students was selected. Four types of instruments were used: Skowron’s revised Differentiation of Self Questionnaire (DSI-R), the Life-Regard Index (LRI), the Forgiveness scale (FS), and Enrich Couple Scales (ECS). The results showed that a significant positive relationship existed between differentiation, life meaningfulness, and forgiveness and marital satisfaction. Results also showed that differentiation, meaningfulness in life, and forgiveness had a important role in explaining and predicting the variance of marital satisfaction.

Divorce is an undoubtly damage to the family. Yet, official statistics show that Emotional divorce is now considered a more serious problem. Emotional divorce is a kind of abnormality in the family system through which the relationships does not end in divorce but couples continue their common life for some reason while their marital life may lack love, companionship, and friendship. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of counseling with an emphasis on Choice Theory in reducing emotional divorce among couples. The statistical population included couples referring to counseling centers in Ahvaz from which three couples were selected. Multiple baseline experimental single case was used as the method of the study .A counseling program based on Choice Theory was conducted for eight 90-minutes weekly sessions in the form of the couple therapy treatment. After the intervention, a follow-up was performed with a monthly interval. The participants at baseline, treatment and follow-up responded to Emotional Divorce Scale (EDS). Results showed that the counseling program could reduce the couple's scores on the scale which may, in turn, imply a reduction in their emotional divorce. Couples therapists are recommended use this model to improve the couple's emotional intimacy .