فهرست مطالب

Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences - Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter 2017

International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/10/15
  • تعداد عناوین: 14
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  • Arash Khaki, Nava Ainehchi Pages 1-2
  • Nila Ricks, Louise Comer, Fuqin Liu, Heather Degrande, Olusola Adeniran Pages 3-10
    Substance use has detrimental effects on reproductive health, especially on pregnancy outcomes. In this paper, we review the literature on substance use among both men and women during the preconception period. Preconception care (PCC) is increasingly recognized as a vital component of optimal maternal and infant health outcomes. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued recommendations of PCC that include risk reduction before conception. There is a gap in the literature regarding substance use during the preconception period, however, as the emphasis on risk reduction before conception has focused mainly on women and selected substances. Further, there is a need to understand the existing evidence on substance use related disparity issues such as who has the highest prevalence, who has the worse effects, and who is least likely to get screened and treated. An understanding of these disparity issues is critical to effective PCC and optimal pregnancy outcomes.
    Keywords: Preconception care, Substance use, Pre, pregnancy health
  • Ahmed Alawlaqi, Mohammad Hammadeh Pages 11-17
    Background
    Previous research has documented that sexual abstinence can improve sperm quality. Sexologists have reported that sperms stored in a latex condom decrease at a rate of 60% per minute.
    Objective
    The objective of the current review is to explore the relationship between sexual abstinence duration and other factors that affect standard and substandard semen production.
    Design: A scientific review of published literature.
    Main Outcome Measure: Specific focus is to discuss how sexual abstinence behaviours relate to the production, quality and efficiency of sperms and semen in relation to the different characteristics such as duration of abstinence, age, and psychological behaviours. The study will also seek to verify if there is a link between sexual abstinence and semen production or what triggers semen production in men.
    Results
    From the reviewed literature, data analysis on oligozoospermic samples indicated a peak motility of 30% after 1 day of abstinence. After 2 days of abstinence, the recorded average percentage of the normal sperm morphologies among the moderate and mild oligozoospermic samples ranged from 7% to 8.5%. The increase of the normal sperm morphology was statistically significant (P
    Conclusion
    The data obtained supports the literature on abstinence in facilitating male infertility treatment. Thus, the data argues that so as to present the best semen samples for fertility treatment, men should collect semen sample after 3-8 days of abstinence as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Patients that present normal sperms give sperm donations for cryopreservation ought to be informed not to exceed the 10-day abstinence duration as the quality of the sperms is compromised.
    Keywords: Sperm quality, Oligozoospermia, Sexual abstinence, Total motile sperm count, Sperm morphology
  • Solmaz Fakhari, Simin Atashkhoei, Hojjat Pourfathi, Haleh Farzin, Eissa Bilehjani Pages 18-23
    Breast cancer, recognized as the common cancer among women, is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With regard to developments presented in screening, diagnosis, and especially therapies of this disease, survival of patients has improved in recent years, and as a result, the population at risk of complications attributable to treatment has increased, as well. Postmastectomy pain is one of the life-threatening complications of breast cancer. The nature of the mentioned pain is commonly neuropathic with abnormal sensation in intercostal nerve distribution region of upper and lateral parts of thorax, axilla, and medial and posterior parts of arm and shoulder. This pain strongly affects patients’ quality of life. At present, the strongest theory about the etiology and mechanism of this phenomenon is related to the neuralgia of intercostobrachial nerve caused by the damage to the nerves after mastectomy. The type of surgery, especially complete axillary dissection (CAD), radiotherapy, chemotherapy, age, pre- and post-operative breast pain, type and size of tumor, all are considered as important risk factors. The best method for prevention and treatment of postmastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is multimodal approach. As the best treatment is prevention, may be prevention of this syndrome with consideration of the causative factors, timely resolution of these factors and improvement of surgery techniques could be achieved. Treatment approaches include both pharmacological interventions and non-pharmacological strategies. Pharmacotherapy is the major treatment of cancer-related pains. Intercostal nerve block, radiofrequency pulse, stellate ganglion block, neuromodulation techniques, intrathecal drug delivery, epidural injections of local anesthetic, mastopexy and use of botulinum, complementary and alternative therapies, scrambler therapy, acupuncture, yoga, and music therapy are the novel proposed strategies in this regard. Employing proper treatments can improve patients’ quality of life.
    Keywords: Postmastectomy pain, Breast cancer, Neuropathic Pain, Intercostobrachial nerve
  • Narjes Deyhoul, Tina Mohamaddoost, Meimanat Hosseini Pages 24-29
    Objective
    Infertility is a universal barrier affecting people all over the world and its cause and importance may vary according to the geographical location and socio-economic condition. Infertility Awareness is the first step in maintaining pregnancy power in lifestyle modification.
    Materials And Methods
    Some studies were conducted on some databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Springer and Science Direct. Twenty-five English papers with similar subject as ours published from 2010 to 2015 were reviewed.
    Results
    Reproductive system disorders, the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases and hormonal disorders are among the infertility causes in men and women. Lifestyle-related factors such as obesity, nutrition, smoking and alcohol consumption, mobile phone use, sexual violence and anxiety were evaluated as pregnancy changers.
    Conclusion
    Having a healthy lifestyle, running regular tests and checkups under medical supervision and maintaining normal body weight can prevent from fertility problems. Infertility in women will be treated by medicine, minor surgery, laparoscopic procedures, and hormone therapy and by avoiding early pregnancy failure. This article is useful and beneficial for all medical and scientific researchers who want to uproot infertility.
    Keywords: Infertility, related risk factors, Infertility symptoms, Infertility causes
  • Milad Azami, Marzieh Parizad Nasirkandy, Akram Mansouri, Zahra Darvishi, Shoboo Rahmati, Ghobad Abangah, Hamid Reza Dehghan, Milad Borji, Shamsi Abbasalizadeh Pages 30-36
    Objectives
    Pregnant women are among the most vulnerable groups for Helicobacter pylori infection. The infection may cause nausea, vomiting, anemia, fetal growth restriction, fetal anomalies and low birth weight of infants. H. pylori prevalence during pregnancy is vary widely between different geographical regions and given the importance of this infection in pregnancy, systematic review and meta-analysis has been done.
    Materials And Methods
    The current study has been conducted based on PRISMA guideline. The time interval of the investigated studies was from the beginning of 2000 until March 2016. In order to achieve the related literature, databases sources such as Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, Embase, Springer, Wiley online library, as well as Google Scholar search engine was used. The search was done using Mesh keywords. Furthermore, all the articles that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. The data has been analyzed using the random-effects models for meta-analysis and the Stata 11.1.
    Results
    In 24 studies, a total of 19426 pregnant women had been investigated. The worldwide prevalence of H. pylori infection in pregnant women was calculated to be 46% (95% CI: 38-54). The lowest prevalence of H. pylori infection was seen in Europe, 25% (95% CI: 9-40) and the highest prevalence in South America 62% (95% CI: 53-71).
    Conclusion
    This meta-analysis shows that about half of the pregnant women worldwide are infected with H. pylori and the prevalence of this infection in South America and Africa is far more than other continents.
    Keywords: Prevalence, Helicobacter pylori, Pregnant women, Systematic Review, Meta, Analysis
  • Radhakanta Pal, Mainak Maiti, Bidisha Roychoudhury, Poushali Sanyal, Bijit Chowdhury Pages 37-40
    Objective
    A prospective observational study to analyze whether optimal weight gain in pregnancy with respect to pregestational body mass index (BMI) can influence pregnancy outcome.
    Material and
    Methods
    The study was done in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Kolkata over a period of one year. Two hundred early booked (before 10 weeks) singleton pregnant women were involved. According to pregestational BMI, and total antenatal weight gain all women were categorized into groups and the pregnancy outcome was compared in different groups. All the data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test for categorical variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for continuous variables using the SPSS version16.
    Results
    Analysis shows antenatal weight gain has a statistically significant (P
    Conclusion
    Our study concluded that most of the Indian women do not have weight gain as per Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation, with increased risk of medical and surgical complications in obese group of women.
    Keywords: Pregestational BMI, Antenatal weight gain, Pregnancy outcome, Pregnancy complications, obesity
  • Seyedeh Hajar Sharami, Mohammad Hadi Bahadori, Fereshteh Fakor, Fariba Mirblouk, Sodabeh Kazemi, Davood Pourmarzi, Safoora Saffari, Seyedeh Fatemeh Dalil Heirati Pages 41-46
    Objective
    This study aimed to determine the relationship between follicular fluid (FF) and serum level of vitamin C and oocytes morphology and embryo quality in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF).
    Materials And Methods
    This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted on 50 women undergoing IVF in Al-Zahra hospital in Rasht, Iran during 2014. Vitamin C level in FF and serum were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Retrieval oocyte morphology and obtained embryo quality were evaluated using inverted optical microscope.
    Results
    In our study 434 oocytes and 199 embryos were assessed. Frequencies of metaphase II (MII) oocytes were significantly higher at 1-1.5 mg/dL level of vitamin C in FF (86.4%) and 0.5-1 mg/dL serum level of vitamin C (83.2%). Odds of having MII oocytes at the 1-1.5 mg/dL level of vitamin C in FF (odds ratio [OR] = 15.02, 95% CI = 2.77-81.54) was 15 times greater than the level of 1.5-2.3 mg/dL. The most frequency of embryo with Z1 or Z2 quality were observed at 0.1-0.5 mg/dL level of vitamin C in FF (69.3%) and 0.5-1 mg/dL level of vitamin C in serum (84.3%). odds of having embryo with Z1 or Z2 quality, at the 0.1-0.5 mg/dL level of vitamin C in FF (OR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.21-7.83), was 3 times greater compared to the 1-2.3 mg/dL level.
    Conclusion
    At the certain level of vitamin C in FF, clinicians may have oocytes with higher maturity and embryos with better quality.
    Keywords: Embryo quality, Follicular fluid, IVF, Oocyte morphology, Vitamin C
  • Sahar Ghasemi, Mahin Nazari, Homeyra Vafaei, Mohammad Fararouei Pages 47-54
    Objectives
    In recent years, despite medical advances, the Cesarean Section (CS) rate and its associated complications remain very high in Iran. This is while the CS carries serious risks for mother and child.
    Materials And Methods
    clinics affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for receiving prenatal care in winter 2014. After a pre-test by using a valid and reliable questionnaire in both groups, educational intervention was provided for the intervention group. The post-test was conducted after one month of the intervention. Then, the data were analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.
    Results
    The findings showed a significant statistical differences between two groups’ behavioral beliefs, outcome evaluation, attitude, control beliefs, perceived power, and perceived behavioral control scores after intervention (P
    Conclusion
    As the results showed, it is recommend using national health-care policies for planning, implementation and evaluation of training programs based on the theories of behavioral changes, in order to promote the culture of normal vaginal delivery (NVD) and decreasing the rate of CS.
    Keywords: Educational intervention, Theory of planned behavior, Delivery mode, Primiparity, Pregnancy
  • Saeedeh Pourahmad, Esmael Hamdami, Farideh Vaziri, Khadijeh Bazrafshan Pages 55-59
    Objectives
    Infants are one of the most vulnerable social groups whose mortality is considered as the development index of a community and family health status. Since preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW) are two most important causes of death in infants and are affected by social and economic conditions and geographical living area, investigation of their important risk factors was the attempt in the present study.
    Materials And Methods
    The variables during pregnancy of 1102 newly delivered mothers referred to Shiraz (southern Iran) University’s hospitals were gathered to analyze their effects on birth weight and gestational age of their infants. Artificial neural network (ANN) method was utilized to determine and rank the effective factors on PTB and LBW separately. The performance of ANN model was evaluated by sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In addition, the amount of increase of mean squared errors (MSEs) in the trained network was considered as the ranking criterion.
    Results
    Some differences in effective factors of these two pregnancy outcomes appeared. The first three important risk factors were consumption of iron, abortion history and hyperthyroidism for PTB and gestational age, consumption of iron and number of pregnancies for LBW respectively.
    Conclusion
    The results confirmed the proper performance of ANN method. PTB may be more dependent on the mothers’ habits or internal factors while LBW depends on the mothers’ history and external factors.
    Keywords: Preterm birth, Low birth weight, Artificial neural network, Receiver operating characteristic
  • Ali Navidian, Asadollah Kykhaee, Mahmood Imani, Batol Taimoori, Parvin Soltani Pages 60-65
    Objective
    Sexual activity is one of the most important issues in life. Sex during pregnancy can fluctuate according to physical and psychological changes. This study aimed to examine the effect of sex group counseling on sexual response of pregnant women.
    Materials And Methods
    This study is a quasi-experimental intervention. Among pregnant women of Zahedan who were referred to treatment centers for routine pregnancy care in 2015, 100 women were randomly selected and divided into two groups of intervention (n = 50) and control (n = 50). The data were collected using the pregnancy sexual response inventory (PSRI) which was completed through interview before and 6 weeks after the end of the five sexual counseling sessions. The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS-20 through descriptive statistics.
    Results
    Independent t test showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P
    Conclusion
    Given the positive effects of sex group counseling on improvement of women’s sexual response and sexual activity during pregnancy, it is recommended to include this counseling intervention in prenatal care for pregnant women.
    Keywords: Sexual counseling, Sexual response, Pregnancy
  • Aila Kari, Farnaz Sahhaf, Fatemeh Abbasalizadeh Pages 66-71
    Objective
    It has been suggested that the presence of diabetes may increase the possibility of occurrence of premature rupture of the membrane (PPROM), which in turn, could lead to a dramatic escalation in the rate of pregnancy-related complications. The available data, however, are not sufficient in this regard in the literature. This study aims to examine pregnancy outcome in pregnant women with simultaneous diabetes mellitus/gestational diabetes and PPROM.
    Materials And Methods
    A total of 134 pregnant women with gestational diabetes (n = 99) or diabetes mellitus (n = 35) were compared with 135 pregnant women normoglycemic women in terms of maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes in a teaching hospital. Multiple-pregnancy, anomalous fetus, complicated pregnancies, polyhydramnios, placental problems, and intrauterine growth restriction were exclusion criteria.
    Results
    The three groups were comparable for the incidence of cesarean section, labor induction, chorioamnionitis, postpartum hemorrhage, need for ICU/NICU admission, placental retention, transfusion requirement, neonatal infection, respiratory distress, need for resuscitation, icterus, dystocia, need for insulin injection, and maternal/fetal mortality, as well as the mean Apgar and neonatal hospital stay. The mean maternal hospital stay and the duration of vaginal delivery were significantly shorter in controls than in patients with gestational diabetes. The rate of neonatal hypoglycemia was significantly higher in the group with diabetes mellitus compared to that in the two other groups.
    Conclusion
    Except for the maternal hospital stay, duration of vaginal delivery and the incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia that were significantly better in normoglycemic mothers, the three groups were comparable for the remaining outcome variables.
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Gestational diabetes, Premature rupture of the membrane
  • Yagoob Garedaghi, Yaghoub Firozivand Pages 72-75
    Objectives
    Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii infection is known to be a critical point for women during pregnancy. Non immune pregnant women may at risk to be infected with the parasite. The parasite can be transmitted via placenta and causes adverse effects in fetus. The main objective of the present work was to study sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women referred to Health Center in Miandoab.
    Materials And Methods
    Totally 200 blood samples were collected from 18-40 years pregnant women referred to Health Center in Miandoab during one year. The sera were tested for IgG and IgM titration with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. In addition, demographic characteristics of the women were obtained through appropriate questionnaires.
    Results
    Positive IgG and IgM titers were identified in the sera of (39.5%) and (2.5%), of the pregnant women, respectively. The higher frequency of positive titers was associated with older age. In addition, 94.42% of the women with positive titer had a history of contact with cats.
    Conclusion
    Regarding the prevalence rate of 60% in non-immune pregnant women in Miandoab, the preventive measurements in nutrition and contact with cats should be considered by the women. We recommend the sera of the pregnant women should be monitored for Toxoplasma infection at least once a pregnancy period, particularly during the first trimesters of pregnancy.
    Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii, Pregnant women, ELISA method, Iran
  • Fariba Farajzadeh, Fariba Ghaderi, Parvin Bastani Pages 76-79
    Objective
    Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) with symptoms of hyperandrogenism is one of the most common endocrine disorders of women at reproductive age.
    Case Presentation
    The patient was a 19-year-old woman complaining of menstrual irregularities and was diagnosed with PCOS 5 years ago. The medications prescribed for 4 years had no significant therapeutic effect. The patient had menstrual irregularity and amenorrhea in the last 3 months. Ultrasound examination revealed bilateral polycystic ovaries. She underwent electroacupuncture (EA) for 14 sessions during 4 months in LI4, SP6, Ren19, ST36, and CV6 acupuncture points. According to ultrasound examination the polycystic view of ovaries disappeared in the 16th weeks of follow-up; sign of ovulation was observed in the ovaries and endometrial thickness increased. The ratio of luteinizing hormone (LH) to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) reduced, and her most important complaint, i.e., menstrual irregularities, was almost completely eliminated, and the regular menstruation still continued up to six months after the last session of treatment.
    Conclusion
    Use of EA improved patient symptoms through reducing sympathetic tone in the arteries of uterine and ovaries as well as reflexive increasing of circulation through low-frequency contractions in the muscles.
    Keywords: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), Acupuncture, Electroacupuncture